FILED
                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                          Tenth Circuit

                                                       January 25, 2010
                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                         Clerk of Court
                       FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


FRANK SANCHEZ,

           Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                No. 09-2124
                                      (D.C. No. 1:07-CV-00051-LH-LAM)
THE BOARD OF EASTERN NEW                           (D. N.M.)
MEXICO, Roswell Branch Community
College District, MILBUR DOLEN;
ORLANDO CHAVEZ; JOSE
CHAVES; JOHN JACKSON;
ALBERTINA SILVA, Members of the
Board of Eastern New Mexico,
Roswell Branch Community College
District; RHODA COAKLEY,
CHAVES COUNTY CLERK; BOARD
OF REGENTS OF EASTERN NEW
MEXICO UNIVERSITY;
MARSHALL STINNETT; ALVA
CARTER; JAY GURLEY; DIEGO
ESPINOSA; PAULINE PONCE,
Members of the Eastern New Mexico
Board of Regents; BILL
RICHARDSON, in his capacity as
Governor for the State of New
Mexico; BEN LUJAN, in his capacity
as Speaker of the New Mexico House
of Representatives; BEN D.
ALTAMIRANO, in his capacity as
President Pro Tem of the New Mexico
Senate;

           Defendants-Appellees.
                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY, PORFILIO, and O’BRIEN, Circuit Judges.



      Frank Sanchez appeals the district court’s denial of his motion for an award

of attorney’s fees and costs. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

affirm.

                                   Background

      Mr. Sanchez filed a complaint alleging that the system of at-large elections

for membership on the Board of Eastern New Mexico University Roswell Branch

Community College District (ENMU), one of the defendants here, violated the

rights of Mexican-Americans under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 42 U.S.C.

§ 1973. The parties entered into a settlement agreement (Agreement), whereby

ENMU agreed to change its elective system to a single-member district system,

two of which were majority Mexican-American, in effect providing Mr. Sanchez

with the relief he sought in his complaint. As relevant to this appeal, the

Agreement provided that Mr. Sanchez “can petition the Court, as permitted in the


*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                         -2-
Federal Voting Rights Act, for a determination of the amount of any reasonable

attorney’s fees and costs within thirty (30) days after the filing of the Joint

Motion to Dismiss should the parties be unable to resolve this issue among

themselves.” App. at 71, ¶ 9. The parties filed a Stipulation of Dismissal and the

next day, the court filed its Order of Dismissal in which it “reserve[d] jurisdiction

to determine plaintiff’s request for reasonable attorneys [sic] fees and costs,” 

         After the parties failed to resolve the fee issue, Mr. Sanchez filed the fee

motion contemplated in the Agreement, seeking fees under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1973l(e)

and 1988(b). Section 1973l(e), part of the Voting Rights Act, authorizes a court

to award reasonable attorney’s fees and litigation expenses to a “prevailing party”

in “any action or proceeding to enforce the voting guarantees of the fourteenth or

fifteenth amendments.” 42 U.S.C. § 1973l(e). Section 1988(b) authorizes an

award of reasonable attorney’s fees in actions or proceedings to enforce any of a

number of civil rights statutes. The district court denied the motion on the ground

that Mr. Sanchez was not a prevailing party under Buckhannon Board & Care

Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources, 

(2001) (Buckhannon), and its progeny. 1 The district court observed that it

1
      Although Buckhannon concerned an award of fees under other statutes that
permit fee awards to a “prevailing party,” the Court recognized that Congress
employed the same “legal term of art” in numerous statutes, including 42 U.S.C.
§§ 1973l(e) and 1988, and that the Court had consistently interpreted these fee
                                                                     (continued...)

                                            -3-
had not approved the settlement agreement or any of its terms; that the agreement

was not implemented in a consent decree or equivalent order; that the agreement

was not incorporated into any court order; and that the court had not retained

jurisdiction to enforce performance of the obligations assumed by the parties

under the agreement, each of which might suffice to confer “prevailing party”

status on Mr. Sanchez under Buckhannon and its issue. Indeed, as the court

noted, the Agreement was not even presented to the court until Mr. Sanchez filed

his fee motion. Because there was no “judicial imprimatur” on the Agreement, as

required under 

, the court concluded that

Mr. Sanchez was not a prevailing party for purposes of a statutory fee award.

Mr. Sanchez appeals.

                                     Discussion

      We examine a district court’s decision as to attorney’s fees “for an abuse of

discretion, reviewing its findings of fact for clear error and its legal conclusions

de novo.” Johnson v. City of Tulsa, Okla., 

, 1102 (10th Cir. 2007).

Applying this standard, we discern no error.

      Mr. Sanchez’s first argument, that the district court erred in failing to

enforce the parties’ agreement concerning attorney’s fees, is not well taken. The

Agreement provided only that Mr. Sanchez had the right to file a motion with the

1
 (...continued)
provisions. See 

& n.4. Thus, Buckhannon and
its progeny are applicable here.

                                         -4-
court for fees “as permitted in the Federal Voting Rights Act,” App. at 71, ¶ 9,

which is what he did. The district court enforced this provision when it

determined that Mr. Sanchez was not entitled to fees as permitted under the Act

because he was not a “prevailing party,” as required under 42 U.S.C. § 1973l(e).

The court’s ruling, therefore, was not contrary to the parties’ agreement.

      Mr. Sanchez next argues that he is a prevailing party because the

Agreement effected a material change in the parties’ legal relationship, a

proposition largely undisputed by defendants and one we need not consider, and

because the change had the “judicial imprimatur” required under Buckhannon.

We disagree with Mr. Sanchez as to the latter point.

      Buckhannon rejected the “catalyst theory” of fee recovery, “which posits

that a plaintiff is a ‘prevailing party’ if it achieves the desired result because the

lawsuit brought about a voluntary change in the defendant’s conduct.”

. Instead, under Buckhannon, “enforceable

judgments on the merits and court-ordered consent decrees create the material

alteration of the legal relationship of the parties necessary to permit an award of

attorney’s fees.” 

(quotation omitted). The sine qua non is a “judicially

sanctioned change in the legal relationship of the parties”; a defendant’s

voluntary change in conduct “lacks the necessary judicial imprimatur on the

change,” even when the lawsuit was a motivating factor in the defendant’s

decision. 

                                           -5-
      In applying Buckhannon, we have explained that, absent a judgment on the

merits or a formal consent decree, a private settlement agreement must bear the

marks of a consent decree in order to confer prevailing party status on a plaintiff:

      [I]f a court does not incorporate a private settlement into an order,
      does not sign or otherwise provide written approval of the
      settlement’s terms, and does not retain jurisdiction to enforce
      performance of the obligations assumed by the settling parties, the
      settlement does not bear any of the marks of a consent decree and
      does not confer prevailing party status on the party whose claims
      have been compromised.

Bell v. Bd. of County Comm’rs, 

, 1103 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation

omitted). Accordingly, “[a] fee award cannot be based on an order that merely

recognizes the fact of the parties’ agreement and dismisses the case because there

is no longer a dispute before [the court].” 

      None of the methods for establishing the requisite judicial imprimatur is

present here. There is no judgment on the merits or consent decree. Nor did the

district court sign the Agreement, provide written approval of its terms, or retain

jurisdiction to enforce the obligations assumed by the parties. Instead, the district

court’s Order of Dismissal “merely recognize[d] the fact of the parties’ agreement

and dismisse[d] the case,” 

which does not satisfy

Buckhannon. Although the court did retain jurisdiction over attorney’s fees and

costs in the event the parties could not resolve the matter, the Agreement did not

obligate defendants to pay fees; it only provided that Mr. Sanchez could seek fees

and costs under the Voting Rights Act if the parties were unable to agree on fees

                                         -6-
and costs. Thus, the court’s continuing jurisdiction over the fee issue, standing

alone, does not amount to a judicial imprimatur on the terms of the Agreement

that effected the material change in the parties’ relationship.

      Mr. Sanchez also contends that he could have obtained an order from the

district court enforcing the Agreement prior to the court’s entry of its dismissal

order, apparently due to the fact that the parties signed the Agreement on

April 16, 2008, but did not file the stipulation of dismissal until September 18,

2008, a day before the district court filed its Order of Dismissal. The flaw in this

argument is that any inherent power the court might have had to enforce a breach

of the Agreement while the suit remained pending, thereby “lend[ing] judicial

teeth to the merits of the case,” Biodiversity Conservation Alliance v. Stem,

, 1230 (10th Cir. 2008), evaporated once the case was dismissed

without the court explicitly retaining jurisdiction to enforce the parties’

obligations under the Agreement. Consequently, any in-suit enforcement power

the court may have had does not constitute a judicial imprimatur on the material

terms of the Agreement.

      Furthermore, that the Agreement is judicially enforceable as a matter of

contract law does not equate to an explicit retention of jurisdiction by the district

court that confers prevailing party status on Mr. Sanchez, as he appears to

suggest. This is because




                                          -7-
      denying the difference between an “instrument” enforceable as a
      matter of contract law and a court order enforceable as a matter of
      judicial oversight . . . would render the prevailing approach to
      settlement agreements (and the Buckhannon passages from which it
      derives) meaningless, because any such agreement, however private,
      is a legally enforceable contract.

n.7. Thus, representations made by ENMU’s counsel

during settlement negotiations to the effect that the Agreement would be

enforceable absent court approval appear grounded in contract theory, with little

applicability to “prevailing party” status for purposes of statutory fees, and cannot

fairly be characterized as a concession by defendants that the district court

retained jurisdiction to enforce the Agreement, as Mr. Sanchez argues, see Aplt.

Opening Br. at 14. Because parties cannot confer subject matter jurisdiction by

agreement where there is none and estoppel does not apply, Prier v. Steed,

, 1214 (10th Cir. 2006), defendants’ representations have no

bearing on whether there is an adequate judicial imprimatur in this case. 2

      We also find no merit in the contention that the magistrate judge’s

oversight of the settlement process constitutes the judicial imprimatur necessary

to confer prevailing party status on Mr. Sanchez. According to Mr. Sanchez, that

oversight consisted of conducting status conferences regarding the state of the


2
       In the district court, Mr. Sanchez expressed a similar argument in terms of
estoppel, which the court rejected. He has not explicitly advanced that theory on
appeal, but to the extent it is implicit in his appellate briefs, we agree with the
district court’s conclusion that estoppel should not bar defendants from arguing
that the Agreement lacked the necessary judicial imprimatur.

                                         -8-
settlement negotiations; entering an Order to File Closing Documents as a Result

of Settlement, which informed the parties that they needed to file a motion to

have the court approve the Agreement if they desired such approval; and entering

an order granting the parties an extension of time to file the closing documents.

Setting aside the de minimis role of the magistrate judge’s involvement in the

parties’ settlement negotiations, Mr. Sanchez has not identified any legal

authority that considers such judicial involvement a ground for concluding that a

party is a “prevailing party” for purposes of attorney’s fees. In fact, the law is to

the contrary: “A court’s mere involvement in the settlement . . . is not enough” to

render a private settlement agreement “sufficiently analogous to a consent decree”

such that it confers prevailing party status on a plaintiff. 

(alteration omitted).

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


                                                     Entered for the Court



                                                     Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                                     Circuit Judge




                                          -9-