FILED
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                           Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     June 30, 2010

                                                                    Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                  TENTH CIRCUIT                         Clerk of Court



 NEW MEXICO YOUTH ORGANIZED,
 a project of the CENTER FOR CIVIC
 POLICY, and SOUTHWEST
 ORGANIZING PROJECT,

              Plaintiffs-Appellees,

       v.                                                 No. 09-2212

 MARY HERRERA, in her capacity as
 Secretary of State,

              Defendant-Appellant,

 JAMES MADISON CENTER FOR FREE
 SPEECH,

             Amicus Curiae.



            APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO
                        (1:08-CV-01156-JCH-WDS)


Scott Fuqua, Assistant Attorney General (with Gary King, Attorney General of New
Mexico, on the briefs), Santa Fe, New Mexico, for Appellant.

Sara Berger, Freedman Boyd Hollander Goldberg Ives & Duncan, P.A., (with John W.
Boyd and David H. Urias on the brief), Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Appellees.

James Bopp, Jr. and Randy Elf, James Madison Center for Free Speech, Terre Haute, IN,
filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of the James Madison Center for Free Speech on
Behalf of Appellees.
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, HOLLOWAY and HENRY, Circuit Judges.


HENRY, Circuit Judge.


       Mary Herrera, the Secretary of State of New Mexico, appeals the district court’s

grant of summary judgment in favor of the appellees, New Mexico Youth Organized and

Southwest Organizing Project. The district court ruled that Secretary Herrera’s attempt

to regulate these two organizations was unconstitutional. In assessing the

constitutionality of the attempted regulation we apply principles from Buckley v. Valeo,

(1976) (per curiam), and its progeny, especially Colorado Right to Life

Committee, Inc. v. Coffman (“CRLC”), 

(10th Cir. 2007). Because we

agree with the district court that the Secretary of State cannot constitutionally regulate the

organizations, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

                           I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       A. New Mexico Youth Organized and Southwest Organizing Project

       The New Mexico Youth Organized (“NMYO”) is a statewide project run by the

Center for Civic Policy (“CCP”), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation that pays NMYO’s

operating costs and hires NMYO’s staff. See 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3). According to the

CCP’s Executive Director, Eli Il Yong Lee, “NMYO was formed for the purpose of

educating young New Mexicans about issues such as healthcare, clean elections, the

economy and the environment.” Aplt’s App. at 97. Further, “NMYO educates the public

about how their governmental representatives vote and how these representatives are

                                              2
funded. NMYO encourages its constituents to communicate with their representatives

regarding issues important to New Mexico youth.” 

According to Mr. Lee,

NMYO “do[es] not engage in express advocacy for the election or defeat of candidates

for public office.” 

       Southwest Organizing Project (“SWOP”) is a nonpartisan project of Southwest

Community Resources, Inc., a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation that serves as SWOP’s

sponsor for Internal Revenue Service reporting purposes. According to its Executive

Director, “SWOP was formed for the purpose of empowering and educating the public

about issues such as environmental health and justice, economic development,

community development, public education, arts and culture, housing, workers’ rights,

racial justice and gender equality,” and it “engages in educational activities, nonpartisan

get out the vote . . . activities, training and leadership development, and community

development.” Aplt’s App. at 99. The group also “educates the public about how their

governmental representatives vote and . . . are funded. . . . [and] encourages its

constituents to communicate with their representatives regarding issues important to

them.” 

According to its representative, SWOP “does not engage in express

advocacy for the election or defeat of candidates for public office.” 

       In March and April 2008, NMYO and SWOP mailed advertisements criticizing

several incumbent state legislators. The mailings denounced certain initiatives the

legislators proposed during the legislative session, pointed out that the sponsoring

legislators had relied upon certain organizations for funding, and suggested that the

                                              3
legislators were beholden to corporate interests rather than actually working for the

public good. Recipients were urged to contact the legislators to express their concern

about the legislators’ votes and funding sources. The mailings were targeted to the

legislators’ constituents, and each mailing mentioned an upcoming special legislative

session focused on healthcare.

       A typical mailer looked like the one sent to State Senator Shannon Robinson’s

constituents. This mailer had a child depicted on the front with a thermometer in her

mouth and stated: “With a special session of the legislature this summer to address

HEALTH CARE, it’s important to find out WHOSE SIDE IS SENATOR ROBINSON

ON?” 

On the back of the mailer, it asked: “When New Mexico’s state

legislature makes critical decisions on our health care, who will State Senator Shannon

Robinson stand with?” 

It then highlighted a bill that Senator Robinson voted

against in the 2008 legislative session that “would have required insurance companies to

simply disclose to consumers in clear language the reasons why their health insurance

premiums are increased each year,” and stated that by voting against the bill, Senator

Robinson “voted with the insurance industry.” 

cited Senator Robinson’s

campaign finance reports and contended that, “[s]ince 2003 almost 70% of [Senator]

Robinson’s campaign contributions . . . have come from . . . [the] health care,

pharmaceutical and insurance industry[,] lobbyists[,] banks and payday loan industry[,]

liquor and tobacco industry, Political Action Committees[,] . . . [and the] oil and mining

industries.” 

concluded: “With a special session of the legislature this



                                             4
summer on health care, it’s important to CALL SHANNON ROBINSON. REMIND

HIM HE WORKS FOR YOU. Call Senator Shannon Robinson at . . . .” 

out nine pieces of direct mail between March 22, 2008 and April 5,

2008. The organization has a $225,000 annual budget, of which $15,000 was spent on

the direct mail campaign. Aplt’s App. at 35.

       SWOP sent out five pieces of direct mail between March 22, 2008 and April 5,

2008; these mailers were similar to those sent by NMYO and discussed positions taken

by elected officials during the February 2008 legislative session and the sources of those

officials’ campaign funding. SWOP has a $1,100,000 annual budget, of which it spent

approximately $6,000 on the direct mailing campaign. 

       C. Complaint and request to comply with the New Mexico Campaign
          Reporting Act

       One of the targeted legislators, Senator Shannon Robinson, sent a letter of

complaint to the New Mexico Secretary of State, Mary Herrera, and made a telephonic

complaint to the New Mexico Attorney General. A second targeted legislator, Senator

Bernadette Sanchez, also contacted the Attorney General. The complaints alleged that

NMYO and SWOP failed to register as political committees under the New Mexico

Campaign Reporting Act (“NMCRA”), N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 1-19-25 to -36 (West 1978).

       The NMCRA, in relevant part, provides as follows:

              A. It is unlawful for any political committee that receives,
              contributes or expends in excess of five hundred ($500) in any
              calendar year to continue to receive or make any contribution or
              expenditure for a political purpose unless that political committee
              appoints and maintains a treasurer and registers with the secretary of
              state.

                                             5
              B. A political committee shall register with the secretary of state
              within ten days of receiving, contributing or expending in excess of
              five hundred dollars ($500) by paying a filing fee of fifty dollars
              ($50.00) and filing a statement of organization under oath on a
              prescribed form showing:
              (1) the full name of the political committee, which shall fairly and
              accurately reflect the identity of the committee, including any
              sponsoring organization, and its address;
              (2) a statement of the purpose for which the political committee was
              organized;
              (3) the name, address and relationship of any connected or
              associated organization or entity;
              (4) the names and addresses of the officers of the committee; and
              (5) an identification of the bank used by the committee for all
              expenditures or contributions made or received.

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 1-19-26.1(A)-(B).

       Furthermore, the NMCRA requires that

              [e]ach treasurer of a political committee shall file a report of
              expenditures and contributions . . . until the treasurer files a report
              that affirms that the committee has dissolved or no longer exists and
              that its bank account has been closed.

see 

(setting forth the required contents of the report).

       The statute defines a “political committee” as:

              two or more persons . . . who are selected, appointed, chosen,
              associated, organized or operated primarily for a political purpose;
              and “political committee” includes: (1) political action committees
              or similar organizations composed of employees or members of any
              corporation, labor organization, trade or professional association or
              any other similar group that raises, collects, expends or contributes
              money or any other thing of value for a political purpose; . . . (3) a
              person or an organization of two or more persons that within one
              calendar year expends funds in excess of five hundred dollars ($500)
              to conduct an advertising campaign for a political purpose.

                                              6
       The statute defines an “advertising campaign” as “an advertisement or series of

advertisements used for a political purpose and disseminated to the public either in print,

by radio or television broadcast or by any other electronic means, including telephonic

communications, and may include direct or bulk mailings of printed materials.” 

19-26(A).

       On April 25, 2008, Secretary of State Herrera issued a letter stating that NMYO

was not required to register as a political committee under the NMCRA. On May 22,

2008, Albert J. Lama, Chief Deputy Attorney General, wrote to Secretary Herrera,

requesting that she amend her April 25, 2008 letter to reflect that the NMYO does fall

under the NMCRA. Aplt’s App. at 18–19.

       On August 18, 2008, Secretary Herrera sent a letter to NMYO stating that “it

appears that [NMYO] is operating as a political committee for purposes of the

[NMCRA]” and thus must register and file reports with the Secretary of State’s office.

The letter also stated that NMYO had ten business days to correct the matter,

and that failure to comply with the NMCRA would subject the organization to mandatory

penalties as prescribed under NMCRA. On August 28, 2008, Secretary Herrera sent a

similar letter to SWOP stating that it was “operating as a political committee for purposes

of the [NMCRA]” and demanding that it register as a political committee or face

penalties. 

       In response, on December 16, 2008, NMYO and SWOP filed a complaint for

declaratory and injunctive relief. The complaint challenged various provisions of the



                                             7
NMCRA, both facially and as applied to them, and sought a preliminary injunction,

ordering Secretary Herrera to halt enforcement of the NMCRA as it applies to them.

       D. District Court’s grant of summary judgment

       After concluding that NMYO and SWOP had standing to challenge the NMCRA,

the district court provided an overview of the law regulating expenditures by

organizations.1 The court reviewed the two categories of speech that could be regulated,

as delineated from Buckley v. Valeo, 

(1976) (per curiam), and its progeny.

These cases state that for a mailing such as this to be a regulable campaign related

communication the speech must be unambiguously campaign related. Aplt’s App. at

180. To count as unambiguously campaign related, the speech must qualify as either: (1)

express advocacy or its functional equivalent or (2) have originated from a political

committee.

       The district court then began by addressing the question of whether the mailings in

question qualify in the former of the two categories. Secretary Herrera argued that

because the mailings were sent for a political purpose, to influence or attempt to

influence an election, they may be regulated. The district court first noted that, given

well-established Supreme Court precedent, the NMCRA’s definition of “political

purpose,” see N.M. Stat. 1-19-26(M) (“’[P]olitical purpose’ means influencing or

1
  The district court also rejected the argument that the federal courts were not the proper
forum “because the [NMCRA] sets forth an administrative procedure under which a party
may ask the Secretary of State to change her decision and, if that fails, may submit to
binding arbitration to determine if an assessed penalty will be upheld.” Aplt’s App. at
178. The court held that the administrative procedures delineated in the NMCRA are not
exclusive and do not preclude parties from seeking judicial relief for alleged violations of
constitutional rights. 

                                             8
attempting to influence an election or pre-primary convention, including a constitutional

amendment or other question submitted to the voters[.]”), was overbroad and vague. 

found that the definition in the NMCRA mirrored the Federal Election

Campaign Act definition, which the Supreme Court held unconstitutional in 

–79. Thus, the court stated that in order to be constitutional, the phrase

“political purpose” may be applied only to reach contributions or expenditures for

communications that constitute express advocacy for the election or defeat of a clearly

identified candidate, or its functional equivalent. Aplt’s App. at 180 (citing FEC v. Wisc.

Right to Life, Inc. (“WRTL”), 

(2007)).

       The district court held that the communications by the NMYO and SWOP do not

satisfy this narrow definition of political purpose. The court first established that the

speech was not express advocacy. Next, the court found that such ads did not constitute

the functional equivalent of express advocacy. The court pointed to the following facts:

(1) the communications did not mention any future primary or general election in which

the targeted legislators would be running; (2) the ads highlighted the legislators’ voting

records; and (3) the ads warned that corporate interests were likely to try to influence the

legislators’ positions on health care legislation and urged recipients to contact their

legislators so that their voices could be heard. Thus, the court stated the “ads are

susceptible of a reasonable interpretation other than as an appeal to vote for or against a

specific candidate.” Aplt’s App. at 181 (quoting 

n.7).

       This conclusion was also buttressed by the fact that the ads were not mailed within

30 days of a primary election or 60 days of a general election. The court held that the

                                              9
fact that the communications were made “well outside of this period further informs the

[c]ourts’s findings that the ads were not regulable ‘electioneering communications.’” 

       Finally, the court addressed the question of whether NMYO and SWOP can be

properly classified as “political committees,” such that all of their speech may be

properly subject to regulation. NMCRA defines a political committee as an organization

operated primarily for a political purpose. The NMCRA also states that any organization

that spends over $500 in one year on a political ad campaign constitutes such a political

committee. Applying Buckley’s major purpose test, the district court struck down the

second part of the definition, stating that a spending trigger for “such insubstantial


2
 “Electioneering communication” was defined in 2 U.S.C. § 434(f)(3) as:
      (i) . . . any broadcast, cable, or satellite communication which--
                (I) refers to a clearly identified candidate for Federal office;
                (II) is made within--
                        (aa) 60 days before a general, special, or runoff election for
                        the office sought by the candidate; or
                        (bb) 30 days before a primary or preference election, or a
                        convention or caucus of a political party that has authority to
                        nominate a candidate, for the office sought by the candidate;
                        and
                (III) in the case of a communication which refers to a candidate for
                an office other than President or Vice President, is targeted to the
                relevant electorate.
      (ii) If clause (i) is held to be constitutionally insufficient by final judicial
      decision to support the regulation provided herein, then the term
      “electioneering communication” means any broadcast, cable, or satellite
      communication which promotes or supports a candidate for that office, or
      attacks or opposes a candidate for that office (regardless of whether the
      communication expressly advocates a vote for or against a candidate) and
      which also is suggestive of no plausible meaning other than an exhortation
      to vote for or against a specific candidate.
2 U.S.C. § 434(f)(3).
                                             10
expenditures is not narrowly tailored and cannot survive exacting scrutiny.” 

Applying circuit precedent, from 

, the court found that

“[b]ecause NMCRA targets organizations as a whole, requiring a reporting of each

expenditure and source of each contribution received by the ‘political committee,’

without regard to whether the expenditure was for an election-related expense, or whether

the contribution was made specifically for such a purpose, it differs in a material respect

from valid laws governing regulation of only election-related transactions.” Aplt’s App.

at 185. Thus, the district court granted summary judgment for NMYO and SWOP. The

district court also dismissed as moot the plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

       In arguing that the organizations may be regulated under Buckley and its progeny,

Secretary Herrera challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the basis

that: (1) the mailers should be classified as the functional equivalent of express

advocacy; and (2) the finding that the groups did not constitute political committees,

under Buckley’s major purpose test, is erroneous.3

       “We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the

same legal standard used by the district court.” Somoza v. Univ. of Denver, 

, 1211 (10th Cir. 2008). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, the

3
 In addition, Secretary Herrera requested this court to overturn the decision from
Colorado Right to Life, arguing that decision was “too broadly decided.” Aplt’s Br. at 5.
The principle of stare decisis, however, binds this court to that ruling. United States v.
Meyers, 

, 720 (10th Cir. 2000) (“We are bound by the precedent of prior
panels absent en banc reconsideration or a superseding contrary decision by the Supreme
Court.” (quotation marks omitted)).

                                             11
discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “When applying this standard, we examine the

factual record in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment.”

Belhomme v. Widnall, 

, 1216 (10th Cir. 1997). Particularly because “this

decision implicates First Amendment freedoms, we perform an independent examination

of the whole record in order to ensure that the judgment protects the rights of free

expression.” 

(quoting Faustin v. City & County of Denver, 

, 1195–96 (10th Cir. 2005)).

       The regulations at issue here require disclosure, thus distinguishing them from

regulations that limit the amount of speech a group may undertake. See 

(“Unlike the overall limitations on contributions and expenditures, the

disclosure requirements impose no ceiling on campaign-related activities.”). As such, the

regulations must pass “exacting scrutiny.” 

have recognized that

significant encroachments on First Amendment rights of the sort that compelled

disclosure imposes cannot be justified by a mere showing of some legitimate

governmental interest. . . . [w]e have required that the subordinating interests of the State

must survive exacting scrutiny.”); Doe v. Reed, No. 09-559, 

, at *7

(June 24, 2010). “That standard requires a “substantial relation” between the disclosure

requirement and a “sufficiently important” governmental interest. To withstand this

scrutiny, the strength of the governmental interest must reflect the seriousness of the



                                             12
actual burden on First Amendment rights.” Doe, 

, at *7 (internal

quotation and citation omitted).

       In Buckley, the Court held that the reporting and disclosure requirements then

imposed by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, as amended, 2 U.S.C. § 431 et

seq. (“FECA”), survived “exacting scrutiny” so long as they were construed to reach only

that speech which is “unambiguously campaigned related.”4 

. There

are two categories of speech which qualify as unambiguously campaign related according

to Buckley and its progeny. First, speech that expressly advocates or is the functional

equivalent of express advocacy for the election or defeat of a specific candidate is

unambiguously related to the campaign of a candidate and thus properly subject to

regulation regardless of its origination. 

. Second, all expenditures

by political committees qualify as unambiguously campaign related and accordingly,

political committees may be properly subject to extensive reporting and disclosure

requirements. 

(“Expenditures of candidates and of ‘political

committees’ so construed can be assumed to fall within the core area sought to be

addressed by Congress. They are, by definition, campaign related.”). As the New

Mexico statute does not regulate individual communications, the issue before this court is

solely whether NMYO and SWOP may be classified as political committees for the


4
 During oral argument, Secretary Herrera argued that the Supreme Court in its recent
decision in Citizens United v. FEC, 558 U.S. ---, 

(2010), abandoned this
“unambiguously campaign related” standard. Although that opinion left many issues
unresolved, we believe that requirement—that for a regulation of campaign related
speech to be constitutional it must be unambiguously campaign related standard—as it
pertains to this case has not been changed.
                                             13
purpose of requiring that they register with the New Mexico Secretary of State and file

periodic disclosure statements.

       In Buckley, the Court held a political committee may “only encompass

organizations that are under the control of a candidate or the major purpose of which is

the nomination or election of a 

. Given that Secretary Herrera

concedes that the organizations here were not under the control of a political candidate, if

NMYO and SWOP are to be deemed political committees it must be under “the major

purpose” test. Id.; see FEC v. Akins, 

, 29 (1998).


       NMCRA regulates speech by organizations “operated primarily” for a political

purpose. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 1-19-26(L). The NMCRA also states that a $500 a year

expenditure for political purposes is sufficient to establish that the organization’s major

purpose is political and thus to trigger the requirement that the organization register as a

political committee. 

consider whether the organizations can be

constitutionally said to have a primary purpose of influencing elections—as measured by

either a comprehensive examination of its activities or by its satisfaction of the $500

threshold—such that it can be subject to the full range of disclosure and report

provisions.5


       5
         The organizations’ claims can best be construed as an “as applied” challenge.
The “as applied” challenge acknowledges that the law may have some potential
constitutionally permissible applications, but argues that the law is not constitutional as
applied to these organizations. By contrast, a statute may be facially invalid based on
overbreadth. “[Overbreadth is a] type of facial challenge in the First Amendment context
under which a law may be overturned as impermissibly overbroad because a substantial
number of its applications are unconstitutional.” Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State
                                             14
       The NMCRA requires that organizations “operated primarily” for the purpose of

“influencing or attempting to influence an election” must register with the Secretary of

State as “political committees,” pay a filing fee, and file reports disclosing their activities

and contributors. N.M. Stat. Ann. §§ 1-19-26(L), (M), 1-19-26.1(B), 1-19-29(G). To be

regulated under the standards established by the Supreme Court, the “operated primarily”

language would need to satisfy the “major purpose” test, because this test sets the lower

bounds for when regulation as a political committee is constitutionally permissible. See

N.C. Right to Life v. Leake (NCRTL), 

, 288, 289 (4th Cir. 2008)

(“[R]egulation as a political committee is only proper if an organization primarily

engages in election-related speech” because an alternate rule would “threaten[] the

regulation of too much ordinary political speech to be constitutional.”). Thus, we analyze

whether the organizations meet the major purpose requirements.

Republican Party, 

, 449 n.6 (2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). The
ultimate question in a facial challenge is whether the law is unconstitutional in most of its
applications, or, in overbreadth terms, whether the law chills a substantial amount of
protected speech. See generally United States v. Williams, 

, 292-93 (2008).
Facial challenges have been described as “strong medicine” and not generally favored by
the courts. Los Angeles Police Dep’t. v. United Reporting Publ’g Corp., 

, 39
(1999) (quoting New York v. Ferber, 

, 769 (1982)); see Wash. State

n.6 (“[Courts] generally do not apply the ‘strong medicine’ of
overbreadth analysis where the parties fail to describe the instances of arguable
overbreadth of the contested law.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
        Here, neither side has briefed whether this provision is facially unconstitutional.
Thus, we do not address the question. Similarly, in CRLC, the court decided not to
address the facial challenge, finding that the “as applied” challenge adequately addressed
the group’s concerns and that it was not necessary to formulate a broader rule. 

(“[W]ithout more, we cannot say that in every application [the statute]
will be unconstitutional and we decline to formulate a rule of constitutional law broader
than is required.”).

                                              15
       There are two methods to determine an organization’s “major purpose”: (1)

examination of the organization’s central organizational purpose; or (2) comparison of

the organization’s electioneering spending with overall spending to determine whether

the preponderance of expenditures is for express advocacy or contributions to candidates.

.

       Under either approach of the major purpose test, the organizations here do not

qualify as political committees. First, looking to the central purposes of the

organizations, neither qualifies as a political committee. “Neither NMYO nor CCP has

ever advocated for the election or defeat of any candidate for office.” Aplt’s App. at 98.

NMYO’ s express goal is to educate young New Mexicans regarding issues of

importance to them. NMYO also engages in research, leadership development, and

nonpartisan get-out-the-vote activities. Similarly, “SWOP has never advocated for the

election or defeat of any candidate for office.” 

SWOP’s primary purpose is to

empower the New Mexico communities, including Latino and other people of color, low-

income individuals, and young people to realize racial and gender equality and social and

economic justice. SWOP also engages in other educational activities, nonpartisan get-

out-the-vote activities, training and leadership development, and community

development. Thus, neither has a central organizational purpose that is campaign or

election related.

       Second, there is no indication that either group spends a preponderance of its

expenditures on express advocacy or contributions to candidates. Indeed, there is no

evidence in the record to contradict the declarations from the parties that they do not

                                             16
engage in advocacy for candidates or make contributions to them, nor to establish that

election related expenses make up a preponderance of the organizations’ expenditures.


Thus, even to the extent that Secretary Herrera attempts to classify either NMYO or

SWOP as a “political committee,” based upon the fact that it spends at least $500 a year

for political purposes, see N.M. Stat. 1-19-26(L), such a classification is constitutionally

infirm.

          In similar circumstances, this court, in CRLC, held that a $200 trigger, standing

alone, is incompatible with a “major purpose” test. 

. In CRLC,

the court considered the constitutionality of a provision that defined a political committee

as any group that spends more than $200 in a year to support or oppose the nomination or

election of one or more candidates and subjected such groups to various administrative,

organizational, and reporting requirements. The court there held that the $200 trigger

was unconstitutional as applied to the Colorado Right to Life Committee because it was

an unacceptable proxy for the major purpose test: “[T]he amount of money an

organization must accept or spend—$200—is not substantial and would, as a matter of

common sense, operate to encompass a variety of entities based on an expenditure that is

insubstantial in relation to their overall budgets.” 

original) (quoting

Colo. Right to Life Comm., Inc. v. Davidson, 

, 1021 (D. Colo.

2005)). For example, the court pointed out that, under the Colorado statute, “an entity

that spends $200,000 on various non-political activities and donates $200 (1/10 of 1% of

its budget) to a candidate is deemed a political committee.” 

Right to


                                               17
Life Comm., 

). Thus, the court in CRLC held that a $200

trigger could not serve as a proxy for the major purpose test, reasoning that for some

groups—for example ones with budgets of $200,000—a $200 expenditure is a trivial

amount.

       Similarly, here, an organization that spends $500 on an election-related expense is

automatically subject to the reporting requirements and other limitations imposed on a

political committee, regardless of what percentage of operating funds that $500

constitutes or what else the organization spends its resources on. To automatically

classify such organizations as political committees contradicts the Supreme Court’s

repeated admonition that only organizations that have “the major purpose” of electing or

defeating a candidate may be forced to register as political organizations. As the district

court noted:

           NMYO’s yearly budget is approximately $225,000. SWOP’s yearly
       budget is approximately $1,100,000.          Thus, under NMCRA, these
       organizations would be classified as “political committees” if they spent as
       little as 2/10 of one percent and 5/100 of one percent of their budgets,
       respectively, on electioneering communications. Taking it out of the realm
       of the hypothetical, in this case, NMYO spent approximately $15,000 on
       the mailings, which amounts to less than seven percent of its budget, and
       SWOP spent approximately $6,000 on the mailings, which amounts to just
       over 1/2 of one percent of its budget. Such proportionally small
       expenditures, standing alone, cannot justify characterizing an organization’s
       “major purpose” as electioneering.

Aplt’s App. at 184. NMYO and SWOP are correct in their assertion that: “the New

Mexico statute in question is not different in any meaningful way from the Colorado

constitutional amendment that this [c]ourt held was unconstitutional as applied because it

defined an organization’s ‘major purpose’ by reference to a small dollar amount of

                                             18
expenditures rather than by reference to the actual activities of the organization.” Aples’

Br. at 21. Thus, we hold that the attempt to regulate NMYO and SWOP as political

committees is unconstitutional as applied.


                                  III. CONCLUSION


       For the foregoing reasons we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary

judgment in favor of NMYO and SWOP.




                                             19