FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          October 25, 2011
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,                                   No. 10-4218

v.                                                             (D. Utah)
                                                    (D.C. No. 2:09-CR-00840-TC-2)
LEVI GENE STRASSER,

       Defendant - Appellant.




                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before O'BRIEN, McKAY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


       Levi Gene Strasser pled guilty to conspiracy to distribute Oxycodone in violation

of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. He was sentenced to 72 months imprisonment.

Appellate counsel identifies several potential sentencing errors but believes they are

without merit. Therefore, she has submitted an Anders brief and a motion for leave to

withdraw as counsel. See Anders v. California, 

(1967). Counsel provided
       *
        The parties have waived oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R.
34.1(G). This case is submitted for decision on the briefs.
        This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th
Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not prohibited. Fed. R. App. 32.1.
It is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion and claim preclusion.
Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by an appropriate parenthetical
notation B (unpublished). 

copies of both documents and the clerk of this court informed him of his

right to file a response. See 10th Cir. R. 46.4(B)(2). Strasser responded, claiming (1) the

government entrapped him; (2) his sentence is procedurally and substantively

unreasonable; and (3) trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective. Because no non-

frivolous issues are presented or apparent, we grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and

dismiss the appeal.

                                     BACKGROUND

       Strasser was a mid-level supplier in a conspiracy to distribute Oxycontin tablets

(which contain Oxycodone). He and his five co-defendants (who had varying degrees of

involvement) were indicted with conspiracy to distribute Oxycodone.

       Like his co-defendants, Strasser pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement. In

exchange for his guilty plea, the government agreed to (1) recommend a three-level

reduction in his base offense level for acceptance of responsibility, (2) recommend a

sentence at the low-end of the advisory guideline range and (3) not seek a sentencing

enhancement based on his role in the offense. At the change of plea hearing, the district

court said the government had also “somewhat informal[ly]” agreed to recommend a

sentence “in line with what [the] co-defendants got, not above what any of the highest

got.” (R. Vol. IV at 23.) It immediately warned Strasser, however, that it was the court’s

role to decide the appropriate sentence and it “might give [him] a sentence that’s very

different from what [his] co-defendants got . . . . It could be severely higher, just

depending on what I think is reasonable.” (Id. at 23-24.)

       In his plea agreement and at the change of plea hearing, Strasser admitted he

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conspired with others to distribute “approximately 4,000 oxycodone pills.” (R. Vol. II at

82; Vol. IV at 26.) The presentence report (PSR), however, held Strasser responsible for

approximately 6,000 Oxycodone pills, resulting in a base offense level of 34. See USSG

§2D1.1(c)(3).1 Applying a three-level downward adjustment for acceptance of

responsibility, see USSG §3E1.1, the total offense level was 31. The PSR calculated

Strasser’s Criminal History Category as III, which included convictions for possession of

a controlled substance and driving under the influence of alcohol and two convictions for

domestic battery. With that criminal history and a total offense level of 31, the advisory

guideline range was 135 to 168 months imprisonment.

       Strasser did not object to the PSR. He did, however, seek a downward variance to

48 months imprisonment, the highest sentence received by any of his co-defendants,

including the head supplier and several distributors. He minimized his role in the

offense, claiming it was substantially less than that of his co-defendants because he was

neither a source nor a distributor of the drugs but rather a mere link between the two. He

also pointed to his history of mental problems and substance abuse, alleging they may

have affected his judgment in deciding to engage in criminal activity.

       The court sentenced Strasser to 72 months imprisonment, which amounted to a

downward variance of 63 months. While it recognized the highest sentence received by a

co-defendant was 48 months, it said Strasser’s criminal history was more severe and



       1
        Strasser was sentenced pursuant to the 2009 edition of the United States
Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual. All citations to the guidelines in this
decision refer to the 2009 guidelines unless otherwise indicated.

                                           -3-
included domestic violence inflicted on his then wife (now ex-wife). In that regard, the

court noted a letter it had received from the parents of his ex-wife describing the violence

inflicted by Strasser upon their daughter; the court found the descriptions to be “most

disturbing.” (Vol. V at 12.) It further differentiated Strasser from his co-defendants,

stating they had either a lesser role in the offense or had provided substantial assistance to

the government.

                                       DISCUSSION

       Counsel suggests the district court may have committed several sentencing errors.

Having carefully reviewed those alleged errors, we conclude only two need be

addressed—whether the government breached the plea agreement and whether Strasser’s

sentence is substantively reasonable.2 We also address Strasser’s claimed errors.


       2
          In addition to the breach of contract and substantive reasonableness arguments,
counsel suggested the district court may have: (1) violated Rule 32(i)(1)(A) of the
Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure by failing to personally ask Strasser—as opposed to
his counsel—whether he had reviewed the PSR; (2) violated Rule 32(i)(1)(B) by failing
to disclose to Strasser it would be relying on the letter from his ex-wife’s parents at
sentencing; (3) deprived Strasser of due process by relying on the letter; and (4) imposed
a procedurally unreasonable sentence because the base offense level should have been 32,
not 34, as Strasser only admitted to distributing 4,000 Oxycontin tablets, not 6,000 as
noted in the PSR. Because Strasser did not object to any of these alleged errors in the
district court, our review is for plain error. See United States v. Martinez-Barragan, 

, 899 (10th Cir. 2008); United States v. Romero, 

, 1179 (10th Cir.
2007). We see no error.
        Counsel confirmed to the district court that he and Strasser had read and discussed
the PSR and indeed had asked for a continuance in order to do so. This is sufficient to
satisfy Rule 32(i)(1)(A). See 

.
       The letter from the ex-wife’s parents was provided to Strasser’s counsel (who
attempted to discount its reliability because it was not made by the victim herself) and
essentially reiterated the information contained in the PSR concerning Strasser’s
domestic battery convictions. Therefore, any Rule 32(i)(1)(B) error was harmless. See

                                            -4-
A.       Breach of Plea Agreement

         Counsel suggests the government may have breached the plea agreement by not

recommending Strasser receive a 48-month sentence—the highest sentence imposed on a

co-defendant. While we normally would review this issue de novo, see United States v.

Burke, 

, 994 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2011), Strasser did

not object in the district court. Therefore, our review is for plain error. Puckett v. United

States, 

, 

, 1428 (2009). “Plain error occurs when there is (1)

error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects

the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v.

Gonzalez–Huerta, 

, 732 (10th Cir. 2005) (quotations omitted). We see no

error.

         “To determine whether a breach has occurred, we 1) examine the nature of the

promise; and 2) evaluate the promise in light of the defendant’s reasonable understanding



Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a); see also United States v. Forsythe, 

, No. 97-6250,

, at *6 (10th Cir. 1998) (unpublished) (applying harmless error review
to Rule 32(c)(3)(A), the precursor to Rule 32(i)(1)(B)). And, because it was consistent
with the information contained in the PSR, we cannot say the letter was so inherently
unreliable as to have violated Strasser’s due process rights. See United States v.
Browning, 

, 755 (10th Cir. 1995) (“[D]efendants have a due process right not
to be sentenced on the basis of materially incorrect information.”).
        Finally, the attribution of 6,000 tablets to Strasser was based on relevant conduct.
See USSG §1B1.3, comment. n.2 (“[I]n a case of “jointly undertaken criminal activity, . .
. a defendant is accountable for the conduct . . . of others that was both (A) in furtherance
of the jointly undertaken criminal activity; and (B) reasonably foreseeable in connection
with that criminal activity.”). The investigation revealed co-defendant Michael Diaz had
sold approximately 6,000 tablets to a confidential informant and co-defendant Erick
Gleave. Diaz stated he had obtained these tablets from Strasser and indeed a surveillance
team witnessed Diaz obtaining 4,000 tablets from Strasser.

                                             -5-
of the promise at the time of the guilty plea.” 

(quotations

omitted). “General principles of contract law define the government’s obligations under

the agreement, looking to the express language and construing any ambiguities against

the government as the drafter of the agreement.” 

Here, the

government did not agree in the written plea agreement to recommend a sentence in line

with the co-defendants. Rather, that promise was made orally. And, while the district

court informed Strasser at the change of plea hearing that the government had agreed to

recommend a sentence in line with and not higher than the other co-defendants, the

government stated at sentencing it merely agreed to recommend a sentence in line with

the co-defendants “given his relative culpability” and role in the offense. (R. Vol. V at

15.) Even assuming, however, the government promised to recommend a sentence not

higher than the codefendants and that oral promise is enforceable, we see no breach.

       The government initially informed the court of its oral agreement to recommend a

sentence in line with the co-defendants and then noted the sentences each defendant

received. The court then questioned the government about the co-defendant’s criminal

histories and roles in the offense. In response, the government outlined co-defendants

Brett Shane Blodgett, Michael Diaz and Brad Proctor’s roles in the offense, guideline

ranges, criminal histories (or lack thereof), eligibility for safety valve relief and provision

of substantial assistance, if any, to the government. It then compared these individuals to

Strasser, who had a higher criminal history, was not eligible for safety valve relief, did

not provide substantial assistance and was not a minor participant. The government

concluded:

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       [Strasser’s] sentence should be in line with the other defendants but also
       taking into account his different criminal history and how he stands before
       the court in a different position without the substantial assistance or without
       the minor [role].

       So, while I don’t disagree that a sentence below the recommended
       guideline range would be appropriate and reasonable, I guess I’d leave it to
       the court’s discretion as . . . to where he would appropriately fit [given all
       those facts and circumstances].

(R. Vol. V at 17-18.)

       The government never advocated for a sentence above the other co-defendants.

Instead, it informed the court of its agreement to recommend a sentence in line with the

other co-defendants and left it within the court’s discretion as to where he fit. While it

compared Strasser’s circumstances to those of his co-defendants, it did so only in

response to the court’s question and the information it provided was factually correct,

legally neutral and non-argumentative. Such conduct does not constitute a breach. See,

e.g., United States v. Rodriguez-Delma, 

, 1250-51 (10th Cir. 2006)

(government did not breach its agreement to not oppose defendant’s request that he not

receive a role-in-the-offense enhancement when it summarized the offense conduct

because the summary was “factually accurate, legally neutral and non-argumentative”);

United States v. Peterson, 

, 1171-72 (10th Cir. 2000) (government did not

breach promise not to oppose defendant’s request for a downward departure by merely

drawing court’s attention to facts in the PSR without making any legal argument

concerning those facts); United States v. Brye, 

, 1211 (10th Cir. 1998)

(“[T]he government breaches an agreement not to oppose a motion [for downward

departure] when it makes statements that do more than merely state facts or simply


                                            -7-
validate facts found in the Presentence Report and provides a legal characterization of

those facts or argues the effect of those facts to the sentencing judge.”) (quotations

omitted).

B.     Entrapment

       Strasser argues the government entrapped him by using co-defendant Diaz to

pressure him into supplying Diaz with Oxycontin pills. But by pleading guilty and

waiving his right to trial, Strasser waived all non-jurisdictional defenses including

entrapment. See United States v. Riles, 

, 342 (10th Cir. 1991).

C.     Procedural Reasonableness of Sentence

       Strasser contends his criminal history category was incorrectly calculated because

he claims his prior conviction for possession of a controlled substance was dismissed and

he was never convicted of domestic battery because the charges were reduced. “A

sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court incorrectly calculates . . . the

Guidelines sentence . . . .” United States v. Haley, 

, 1311 (10th Cir. 2008).

Because Strasser did not object at sentencing to the calculation of his criminal history

category despite having the opportunity to do so, we review for plain error. United States

v. Martinez-Barragan, 

, 899 (10th Cir. 2008). Again, we see no error.

Strasser provides no support, other than his bare allegations, that his controlled substance

conviction was dismissed and that he was never convicted of domestic battery. See

Peterson v. Shanks, 

, 1145 (10th Cir. 1998) (“[C]onclusory allegations

without supporting factual averments are insufficient to state a claim on which relief can

be based.”) (quotations omitted).


                                             -8-
D.     Substantive Reasonableness of Sentence

       Counsel suggests Strasser’s sentence is substantively unreasonable because it is

greater than necessary to reflect the purposes of sentencing under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

and results in an unjustifiable sentencing disparity among co-defendants. Strasser, while

grateful for a sentence well below the advisory guideline range, nevertheless believes his

sentence is substantively unreasonable and he should have been sentenced to 48 months

consistent with his co-defendants.

       “A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the length of the sentence is

unreasonable given the totality of the circumstances in light of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)

factors.” 

. Strasser did not object to the substantive

reasonableness of his sentence in the district court. “But when the claim is merely that

the sentence is unreasonably long, [i.e., substantive unreasonable,] we do not require the

defendant to object in order to preserve the issue,” United States v. Torres-Duenas, 

, 1183 (10th Cir. 2006), so long as the defendant at least made an argument for

a lower sentence before the district court, which Strasser did. See United States v.

Mancera-Perez, 

, 1059 (10th Cir. 2007). Therefore, we review for an

abuse of discretion. See United States v. Regan, 

, 1352 (10th Cir. 2010),

cert. denied, 

(2011).

       One of the factors a court should consider in determining the particular sentence to

be imposed is “the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants

with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” See 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a)(6). “On its face, this factor requires a district court to take into account only

                                             -9-
disparities nationwide among defendants with similar records and Guideline

calculations.” United States v. Martinez, 

, 1228 (10th Cir.), cert. denied,

(2010). However, since Gall v. United States, 

(2007), we

have concluded that “although § 3553(a) does not require a consideration of co-defendant

disparity, it is not improper for a district court to undertake such a comparison.”

(citation omitted).

       Here, Strasser and his co-defendants were found guilty of conspiracy to distribute

Oxycodone. Strasser received a sentence 24 months higher than the highest sentence

received by a co-defendant. Nonetheless, “[w]hile similar offenders engaged in similar

conduct should be sentenced equivalently, disparate sentences are allowed where the

disparity is explicable by the facts on the record.” United States v. Davis, 

,

997 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotations omitted). The district court explained the disparity

based on Strasser’s “significantly higher” criminal history (which included violence), his

non-minor role in the offense,3 and the fact Strasser did not provide substantial assistance

to the government. (R. Vol. V at 18.) Indeed, it was Strasser’s criminal history which

resulted in an advisory guideline range higher than that of any of his co-defendants.

Because Strasser’s criminal record, role in the offense and degree of cooperation was not

similar to that of his co-defendants, there was no inappropriate sentencing disparity with

       3
        While Strasser attempted to minimize his role in the offense, claiming he was
merely a link between supplier and distributors, the district court characterized him as
“probably number two” in the conspiracy hierarchy. (R. Vol. V at 18.) The evidence
supports that characterization: Blodgett supplied Oxycontin tablets to Strasser, who in
turn gave them to Diaz to sell. Proctor helped Diaz sell. The other two co-defendants,
Tyler Saxton and Erick Gleave, were customers of Diaz and Proctor. Gleave also sold.

                                           - 10 -
respect to this crime and Strasser offers nothing to suggest a systemic disparity, that is, a

disparity between his sentence and the sentences imposed on the universe of similarly

situated defendants.

       In any event, Ҥ 3553(a)(6) is but one factor that a district court must balance

against the other § 3553(a) factors in arriving at an appropriate sentence.” 

. Other factors include (1) “the nature and circumstances of the offense,” (2)

“the history and characteristics of the defendant,” and (3) the need for the sentence

imposed to “reflect the seriousness of the offense,” “promote respect for the law,”

“provide just punishment for the offense,” “afford adequate deterrence to criminal

conduct” and “protect the public from future crimes of the defendant.” See 18 U.S.C. §

3553(a)(1), (2)(A), (B), (C). In addition to noting Strasser’s significant criminal history,

the district court determined a 72-month sentence was reasonable given Strasser’s non-

minor role in the offense, the seriousness of the crime and the need to protect the public.

We see no abuse of discretion.

E.     Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Strasser contends his trial counsel was ineffective for allegedly telling him he

would receive a 48-month sentence, not objecting to him being held accountable for

6,000 pills rather than the 4,000 he pled to, and not objecting to the district court’s

reliance on the letter from his ex-wife’s parents. Counsel also suggests a number of

ineffective assistance of counsel claims.

       “Ineffective assistance of counsel claims should be brought in collateral

proceedings, not on direct appeal. Such claims brought on direct appeal are

                                            - 11 -
presumptively dismissible, and virtually all will be dismissed.” United States v.

Galloway, 

, 1240 (10th Cir. 1995). Only in rare instances, where the record

is sufficiently developed for effective review, will an appellate court resolve an

ineffective assistance of counsel claim not raised in the trial court. United States v.

Wynne, 

, 765-66 (10th Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). However, “even if the

record appears to need no further development, the claim should still be presented first to

the district court in collateral proceedings . . . so the reviewing court can have the benefit

of the district court’s views.” 

. “An opinion by the district

court is a valuable aid to appellate review for many reasons, not the least of which is that

in most cases the district court is familiar with the proceedings and has observed

counsel’s performance, in context, firsthand.” 

of the record and an opinion by the district court would be

helpful to our review. Therefore, we decline to address the ineffective assistance of

counsel claims on direct appeal.

       After a careful review of the record, we agree with counsel—there are no arguably

meritorious claims. We GRANT counsel’s motion to withdraw and DISMISS this

appeal.

                                           Entered by the Court:

                                           Terrence L. O’Brien
                                           United States Circuit Judge




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