FILED
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Tenth Circuit

                                                                 January 5, 2011
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
                                TENTH CIRCUIT



 JACQUELINE WANGUI MUMBUA
 MAINGI,

               Petitioner,                              No. 10-9544
          v.                                   Board of Immigration Appeals
 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
 Attorney General,

               Respondent.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HARTZ, BRORBY, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


      Jacqueline Wangui Mumbua Maingi, a native and citizen of Kenya,

petitions for review of the decision by the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)

affirming the denial by an immigration judge (IJ) of her claims for restriction on

removal under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et




      *
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
seq., and the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). Exercising

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND

      Ms. Maingi was admitted to the United States under a visa to study nursing

but remained after completing her course of study. When removal proceedings

were commenced against her, she admitted removability but claimed eligibility

for asylum, restriction on removal, and relief under the CAT. She stated that she

was afraid to return to Kenya because of ethnic violence that had erupted after

elections in December 2007. In that election, current president Mwai Kibaki,

who, like Ms. Maingi, is a member of the Kikuyu tribe, defeated a challenge by

Raila Odinga, a member of the Luo tribe. As a result, tribal violence erupted

between the Kikuyus and the Luos. Ms. Maingi asserted that members of the Luo

tribe attacked and tortured Kikuyus, forcing many Kikuyus, including

Ms. Maingi’s family, to flee the city of Nairobi. She said that her sister suffered

a broken arm in a bus accident, and a letter from her family explained that her

sister had been injured when the bus driver swerved to avoid rocks that had been

placed by Luos on a road commonly traveled by Kikuyus. According to

Ms. Maingi, Kikuyus are easily distinguishable from Luos by differences in

language, names, and skin color, and her family would be at particular risk

because of her parents’ occupations—her father is a police officer who would be

expected to be a part of President Kibaki’s political party, and her mother is also

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a government employee, working as a secretary for a government-run electric

company. She asserted that her mother could not go to work and her younger

siblings could not go to school because of the violence. Although she admitted

that she had never been personally threatened by a member of the Luo tribe, she

stated that she feared “persecution and death at the hands of the Luo” should she

return to Kenya. Cert. Admin. R., Vol. 1 at 209.

      In a written decision and order dated September 22, 2008, the IJ denied the

application for asylum, restriction on removal, and protection under the CAT.

Ms. Maingi appealed the decision to the BIA, which affirmed the IJ’s decision in

an order authored by a single member of the BIA dated July 2, 2010. Her petition

in this court challenges the denial of restriction on removal under the INA and the

CAT. She argues (1) that the BIA erred in affirming the IJ’s adverse credibility

determination; (2) that the BIA failed to consider her arguments and all the

evidence in affirming the IJ’s denial of relief; and (3) that she was denied due

process (a) because the BIA considered a state department report even though it

had not been presented to the IJ and the BIA had given her no opportunity to

rebut the report, (b) because the IJ failed to consider the evidence properly and

used boilerplate language in his decision, and (c) because the BIA failed to

consider her request for remand to the IJ to allow her to seek adjustment of status.




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II.   DISCUSSION

      “An applicant seeking [restriction on] removal bears the burden of showing

a clear probability of persecution attributable to race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Sviridov v.

Ashcroft, 

, 729 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).

“[A] finding of persecution requires the infliction of suffering or harm upon those

who differ (in race, religion, or political opinion) in a way regarded as offensive

and must entail more than just restrictions or threats to life or liberty.”

Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 

, 893 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Although an applicant need not show that she has been singled

out for persecution if she is a member of a group against which there has been a

pattern or practice of persecution on one of the protected grounds, see 

condition of strife, lawlessness, or violence between different ethnic

groups does not in itself support a claim of persecution. See Singh v. INS, 

, 967 (9th Cir. 1998) (“generalized lawlessness and violence between

diverse populations” is insufficient to support a finding of persecution); Bradvica

v. INS, 

, 1013 (7th Cir. 1997) (“[G]eneralized conditions of strife

do not support a claim for asylum because they do not show that [the alien]

himself will be singled out for persecution on account of one of the enumerated

grounds.”).




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      “To receive the protections of the CAT, an alien must demonstrate that it is

more likely than not that [she] will be subject to torture by a public official, or at

the instigation or with the acquiescence of such an official,” if removed to the

proposed country of removal. Sidabutar v. Gonzales, 

, 1125 (10th

Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). “A

claim under the CAT differs from a claim for . . . withholding of removal under

the INA because there is no requirement that the petitioners show that torture will

occur on account of a statutorily protected ground.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      In addressing Ms. Maingi’s arguments, the nature of our review is

determined by the form of the BIA’s decision. When, as in this case, “a single

member of the BIA issues a brief order affirming an IJ’s decision, this court

reviews both the decision of the BIA and any parts of the IJ’s decision relied on

by the BIA in reaching its conclusion.” Dallakoti v. Holder, 

, 1267

(10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). “We review the BIA’s legal

determinations de novo and its findings of fact for substantial evidence.” 

are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 

marks omitted).

      We now turn to Ms. Maingi’s arguments.




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      A.     Adverse Credibility Determination

      Ms. Maingi challenges the IJ’s adverse credibility determination based on

her use of a fraudulent social security card and her checking the box on her

Form I-9 attesting that she was a United States citizen or national. We need not

address this challenge, however, because the BIA ruled that she had not satisfied

her burden of persuasion even if her testimony was credible. We therefore turn to

Ms. Maingi’s challenge to the BIA’s assessment of the evidence.

      B.     BIA’s Assessment of the Evidence

      The BIA rejected Ms. Maingi’s arguments on appeal because she had not

persuaded it that she faced a likelihood of persecution as a member of the Kikuyu

tribe if she were returned to Kenya. The BIA noted that the Kikuyu are the

dominant ethnicity in Kenya and that because the president of Kenya is a Kikuyu,

their political party is in power. Although it would not matter that the Kikuyu

tribe controls the government if that government were unable or unwilling to

control violence by the Luos, see 

, the BIA could

reasonably infer that the situation was not so dire. Ms. Maingi’s evidence

focused on the December 2007 election and the immediate aftermath. But this

evidence, which was considered and discussed in the IJ’s decision, does not refute

the evidence of subsequent ameliorating measures. The Kenyan government took

forceful action to respond to the ethnic conflicts that erupted after the election;

the Luo prime minister and Kikuyu president signed a power-sharing deal to ease

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tensions between the two tribes; and the government adopted measures to promote

dialogue and peaceful resolution of ethnic conflicts. On the evidence in the

record, the BIA could properly find that Ms. Maingi had not satisfied her burden

of demonstrating that she would be subject to persecution should she return to

Kenya. Likewise, it could properly find that she had not met her burden under the

CAT of showing it to be “more likely than not” that she would be “subject to

torture by a public official, or at the instigation or with the acquiescence of such

an official.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

         C.    Due Process

         Ms. Maingi contends that the IJ and the BIA made several errors that

deprived her of constitutional due process. See Wei v. Mukasey, 

,

1257 (10th Cir. 2008) (“The Fifth Amendment guarantee of due process applies to

aliens facing removal.”). Due process “requires that the decisionmaker actually

consider the evidence and argument that a party presents.” de la Llana-Castellon

v. INS, 

, 1096 (10th Cir. 1994). We review Ms. Maingi’s due-

process claims de novo. See N-A-M v. Holder, 

, 1055 (10th Cir.

2009).

         Ms. Maingi objects to the BIA’s use of a 2010 state department report on

Kenya that had not been presented to the IJ. She asserts that she did not have a

meaningful opportunity to respond to the report. But the BIA used the report only

to show that the current president of Kenya is a member of the Kikuyu tribe, that

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the prime minister is a member of the Kuo tribe, and that the two had signed a

power-sharing agreement. These facts were amply supported by the record before

the IJ—indeed, Ms. Maingi testified at the hearing that the president is a Kikuyu

and the prime minister is a Kuo. Even if we were to assume that the BIA erred in

using the report, the error was inconsequential

      Ms. Maingi further argues that the IJ deprived her of due process by

miscontruing and failing to consider the evidence that she submitted. This

argument, however, is simply a reiteration of her argument challenging the BIA’s

ruling. As we have already observed, the record shows that the IJ addressed

Ms. Maingi’s evidence, and the findings against Ms. Maingi were supported by

substantial evidence. We therefore reject the argument. See Hadjimehdigholi v.

INS, 

, 649 n.5 (10th Cir. 1995) (there was no due process violation

when BIA’s decision was supported by substantial evidence and BIA properly

considered the evidence presented).

      Ms. Maingi also accuses the IJ of using boilerplate language in his

decision. She contends that the IJ’s conclusion used incorrectly gendered

pronouns when it stated:

      [T]he Respondent has failed to [provide] specific facts establishing
      that he has actually been a victim of persecution, or has a well
      founded fear that he will be singled out for persecution on account of
      race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or
      political opinion. Therefore his application for asylum will be
      denied. Inasmuch as the Respondent has failed to satisfy the lower
      burden of proof required for asylum, it necessarily follows that

                                         -8-
      he/she ha[s] failed to satisfy the clear probability standard of
      eligibility required for withholding of removal or consideration under
      Article III, United Nations Convention Against Torture.

Cert. Admin. R., Vol. 1 at 55 (emphasis added). Ms. Maingi is correct that the

use of boilerplate language in a decision may “hinder[] meaningful judicial

review.” de la 

(internal quotation marks

omitted). But review is not hampered in this case. The challenged language is

confined to a one-paragraph conclusion after a lengthy discussion of specifics.

The decision recounts the procedural history of the case, provides a summary of

Ms. Maingi’s testimony and the documentary evidence produced, and conducts an

individualized analysis of the merits of her claims.

      Finally, Ms. Maingi argues that the BIA deprived her of due process by

failing to notice her request for remand to the IJ to seek an adjustment of status

based upon her marriage to a United States citizen. But that request was not

properly presented to the BIA. There is no due-process requirement that the BIA,

or any appellate tribunal, address an issue when that issue, as here, was omitted

from the appellant’s list of issues presented for review, not mentioned in the

summary of argument in the brief, not referenced in any heading in the argument

section of the brief, and brought up only in a two-sentence paragraph within the

brief’s conclusion. This court would certainly not feel bound to address such an

issue. See Bronson v. Swensen, 

, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e




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routinely have declined to consider arguments that are not raised, or are

inadequately presented, in an appellant’s opening brief.”).

III.   CONCLUSION

       We AFFIRM the order of the BIA.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                       Harris L Hartz
                                       Circuit Judge




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