FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit

                                                               November 15, 2011
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT


    LENOX MACLAREN SURGICAL
    CORPORATION, a Colorado
    corporation,

               Plaintiff!Appellee,                      No. 11-1251
                                              (D.C. No. 1:10-CV-02139-RPM)
    v.                                                   (D. Colo)

    MEDTRONIC, INCORPORATED, a
    Minnesota corporation; MEDTRONIC
    SOFAMOR DANEK,
    INCORPORATED, an
    Indiana corporation; MEDTRONIC PS
    MEDICAL, INCORPORATED, d/b/a
    Medtronic Neurologic Technologies, a
    California corporation; MEDTRONIC
    SOFAMOR DANEK CO., LTD., a
    Japanese corporation,

               Defendants!Appellants.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before MURPHY, ANDERSON, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.




*
       After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is
not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,
and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      In this interlocutory appeal, defendants (collectively referred to as the

“Medtronic Defendants”) appeal the district court’s denial of their motion to

compel plaintiff Lenox MacLaren Surgical Corporation (“LM”) to arbitrate its

antitrust claims against them even though none of the Medtronic Defendants

signed the distribution and licensing agreement containing the arbitration

provision. We affirm.

                                    Background

      LM designed and manufactures a bone mill that grinds harvested bone for

use in spinal implant surgeries. In April 2000, it entered into an exclusive

licensing and distribution agreement (“Agreement”) with Medtronic Sofamor

Danek USA, Inc. (“MSD USA”) for a term of five years. The Agreement gave

MSD USA the right to make all decisions regarding marketing of the bone mill.

It also required MSD USA to purchase 500 bone mills from LM in the first year

and to purchase 100 bone mills per quarter thereafter to maintain its exclusive

distribution rights. Included in the Agreement was a dispute-resolution clause

pursuant to which the parties agreed to arbitrate “any dispute arising out of or

relating to this Agreement.” Aplts. App. at AA 184.

      MSD USA purchased the first 500 bone mills from LM as required, but did

not purchase any bone mills thereafter. LM therefore notified MSD USA in 2001

that its distribution rights were no longer exclusive. MSD USA marketed the 500

bone mills it purchased by selling or loaning them to doctors and hospitals in the

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United States and by selling them to its Japanese affiliate, defendant Medtronic

Sofamor Danek Co., Ltd. (“Medtronic Japan”), which marketed them in Japan.

Under its loaner program, MSD USA included LM’s bone mill, free of charge, in

packages of other surgical instruments and supplies used in spinal implant surgery

that it provided to doctors and hospitals for a fee. After each surgery was

completed, the bone mill and other instruments were returned to MSD USA to be

sterilized and used again.

      In 2006, after the Agreement had expired, MSD USA received complaints

from several Japanese doctors that they had discovered metal shavings in the bone

material being milled. Based on these complaints, MSD USA asked LM to recall

its bone mills. LM refused to do so, believing the problem was caused by user

error and could be remedied with additional instructions and warnings or, if

necessary, replacement blades. After LM refused to recall the bone mills, MSD

USA instituted its own recall in October 2006. Recall notices were sent to all of

MSD USA’s customers who had either bought or borrowed LM’s bone mill. The

customers were advised that the bone mill was being voluntarily recalled, that

MSD USA representatives would collect the recalled bone mill, and that it would

not be replaced with another bone mill, but customers would receive a credit

toward future purchases with MSD USA. After MSD USA informed the FDA of

the recall, the FDA conducted independent tests and informed LM that it need not

recall the bone mills it had sold separately.

                                          -3-
      Several months after MSD USA instituted the recall, one of its affiliates,

defendant Medtronic PS Medical Inc., began selling a stand-alone electric bone

mill it had designed, called the Midas Rex Legend. MSD USA customers who

had purchased or used LM’s bone mill were specifically targeted for sale of the

new Midas Rex Legend bone mill.

                            The First Lawsuit (Lenox I)

      In October 2007, LM sued MSD USA in federal court in Colorado, alleging

claims for patent infringement, violation of the Colorado Consumer Protection

Act (CCPA), and business disparagement/trade libel. LM alleged, among other

things, that MSD USA’s practice of loaning the bone mill to doctors and

hospitals–which LM first learned of in 2006–was not permitted under the

Agreement. LM alleged that by loaning its bone mill to doctors for use in

thousands of surgeries, MSD USA created a market for a precision bone mill

without actually filling it with LM’s product. This, in turn, both deprived LM of

significant potential income from future sales and provided an opportunity for the

competing Midas Rex Legend bone mill to enter the market. LM further alleged

that the recall was improper because there was nothing wrong with its bone mill.

LM pointed to a variety of improprieties concerning the recall, including MSD

USA’s reliance on tests that supposedly confirmed the reported problems but that

MSD USA knew were faulty, and MSD USA’s decision to recall the bone mills

without exploring other alternatives.

                                        -4-
      The loaner program and the recall formed the basis of LM’s three claims in

Lenox I. LM alleged that because the Agreement permitted MSD USA only to

sell, not to loan, LM’s bone mill to others, the doctors and hospitals who

borrowed the bone mill infringed LM’s patent and MSD USA contributed to their

infringement. LM also alleged that MSD USA engaged in unfair and deceptive

trade practices by knowingly making misrepresentations about LM’s bone mill in

the recall notice in violation of the CCPA, and that MSD USA’s disparaging

statements were designed to and had the effect of harming LM’s business,

constituting actionable business disparagement or trade libel.

      MSD USA moved to compel arbitration of LM’s claims pursuant to the

Agreement, and the district court granted the motion. In its arbitration demand,

LM expanded the scope of its claims, adding claims for breach of contract, breach

of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, unjust enrichment, intentional

interference with a contract, fraudulent inducement, fraudulent misrepresentation

and concealment, intentional interference with prospective economic relations,

fraud, and unfair competition. LM later dropped its CCPA claim.

      The arbitrators determined, among other things, that MSD USA neither

breached the Agreement nor infringed LM’s patent by instituting the loaner

program. The arbitrators further determined, however, that MSD USA

intentionally interfered with LM’s prospective economic relations by instituting

the recall. They noted it was to MSD USA’s competitive advantage to clear the

                                         -5-
market of LM’s bone mill and then fill the void with the Midas Rex Legend bone

mill, and they found numerous improprieties in the recall. The arbitrators

therefore concluded that MSD USA’s conduct surrounding the recall was both

intentional and wrongful. The arbitrators awarded LM damages for MSD USA’s

tortious interference by calculating the profits made after the recall on the sale of

Midas Rex bone mills to customers who had previously bought or borrowed LM’s

bone mill. 1 MSD USA paid the arbitration award, and the district court dismissed

the underlying action. Less than three months later, LM filed the present lawsuit.

                                The Current Lawsuit

      LM contends that when it filed Lenox I, it thought MSD USA was the sole

perpetrator of the wrongful conduct it alleged. LM learned that other Medtronic

entities were involved only late in the discovery process, when it was too late to

add them to the proceedings. Among other things, LM learned that defendant

Medtronic, Inc., the overall parent corporation, made the actual decision to recall

LM’s bone mills and that defendant Medtronic PS Medical, Inc. designed and

manufactured the Midas Rex Legend bone mill and targeted its sales to former

LM-bone-mill customers. LM sued these two companies as well as MSD USA’s

immediate parent company, Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc. (a wholly owned

subsidiary of Medtronic, Inc.), and Medtronic Japan. LM asserted four claims for


1
       MSD USA objected to this measure of damages because it was based on
profits made by Medtronic PS Medical, not by MSD USA.

                                          -6-
relief, but following motions in the district court, only two claims remain: for

monopolization and, alternatively, for attempted monopolization in violation of

the Sherman Antitrust Act.

      In its complaint, LM refers to all the defendants collectively as either

“Medtronic” or the “Medtronic Defendants.” Its factual allegations are similar to

those in the Lenox I complaint, except that “Medtronic” or the “Medtronic

Defendants,” rather than MSD USA, is named as the principal actor. In both of

its antitrust claims, LM alleges that the Medtronic Defendants engaged in the

following “array of anticompetitive, predatory, and exclusionary conduct”:

      a. Medtronic used the Lenox MacLaren Bone Mill and its Loaner
      Program to create demand for a precision bone mill.

      b. Medtronic destroyed the reputation of the Lenox MacLaren Bone
      Mill through an improper, unjustified recall, thereby excluding
      Lenox MacLaren from the Surgical Bone Mill Market.

      c. Medtronic filled the artificial void in the market it created with its
      Midas Rex Legend electric bone mill, thereby acquiring, enhancing,
      and maintaining its monopoly power in the Surgical Bone Mill
      Market.

39 (monopolization); see also 

41 (attempted monopolization).

      The Medtronic Defendants moved to compel arbitration, arguing that LM’s

antitrust claims are within the scope of the arbitration clause in the Agreement

and that even though the Medtronic Defendants did not sign the Agreement, LM

should be equitably estopped from avoiding arbitration of its antitrust claims.




                                         -7-
After briefing and a hearing, the district court denied the Medtronic Defendants’

motion.

      We ordinarily review a district court’s order denying or compelling

arbitration under a de novo standard. See, e.g., 1mage Software, Inc. v. Reynolds

& Reynolds Co., 

, 1055 (10th Cir. 2006). Because estoppel is an

equitable theory, however, two circuits have held that when a district court rules

on a motion to compel that is based on estoppel, the review should be for an

abuse of discretion. See Brantley v. Republic Mortg. Ins. Co., 

, 395

(4th Cir. 2005); Grigson v. Creative Artists Agency L.L.C., 

, 528

(5th Cir. 2000). Other courts apply a de novo standard even when the motion to

compel is based on estoppel. See, e.g., Donaldson Co. v. Burroughs Diesel, Inc.,

, 731 (8th Cir. 2009); Mundi v. Union Sec. Life Ins. Co., 

, 1044 & n.1 (9th Cir. 2009); Bouriez v. Carnegie Mellon Univ., 

, 294 (3d Cir. 2004); Sunkist Soft Drinks, Inc. v. Sunkist Growers, Inc.,

, 757 (11th Cir. 1993). We need not decide which standard to apply

here, because we would affirm the denial of the Medtronic Defendants’ motion

even under a de novo standard.

      “[A]rbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to

submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to submit.” AT & T

Techs., Inc. v. Commc’ns Workers of Am., 

, 648 (1986) (internal

quotation marks omitted). The question who may be bound to an arbitration

                                         -8-
provision is governed by state law relating to contracts in general. Arthur

Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 

, 

, 1902 (2009).

“[T]raditional principles of state law allow a contract to be enforced by or against

nonparties to the contract through assumption, piercing the corporate veil, alter

ego, incorporation by reference, third-party beneficiary theories, waiver and

estoppel.” 

marks omitted).

      In general, “[e]quitable estoppel precludes a party from asserting rights he

otherwise would have had against another when his own conduct renders assertion

of those rights contrary to equity.” Int’l Paper Co. v. Schwabedissen Maschinen

& Anlagen GMBH, 

, 417-18 (4th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

      In the arbitration context, the doctrine recognizes that a party may be
      estopped from asserting that the lack of [another’s] signature on a
      written contract precludes enforcement of the contract’s arbitration
      clause when [the party] has consistently maintained that other
      provisions of the same contract should be enforced to benefit him.

A signatory plaintiff “cannot, on the one hand, seek to hold the

non-signatory liable pursuant to duties imposed by the agreement, which contains

an arbitration provision, but, on the other hand, deny arbitration’s applicability

because the defendant is a non-signatory.” 

; see also

Am. Bankers Ins. Grp., Inc. v. Long, 

, 627 (4th Cir. 2006) (“[I]t is

unfair for a party to rely on a contract when it works to its advantage, and




                                         -9-
repudiate it when it works to its disadvantage.” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

      Over the last several decades, the federal courts have developed a body of

law concerning the application of estoppel to permit a nonsignatory to compel a

signatory to arbitrate. 2 The circuits have not uniformly articulated the standards

for application of estoppel, but their formulations have contained common

elements. The Medtronic Defendants rely on the standards articulated by the

Eleventh Circuit in MS Dealer Service Corp. v. Franklin, 

(11th Cir.

1999). The Eleventh Circuit held that estoppel will permit a nonsignatory to

compel arbitration in two circumstances. The first is when the signatory “‘must

rely on the terms of the written agreement in asserting [its] claims’ against the

nonsignatory.” 

(quoting Sunkist Soft 

) (alteration

in original). The second is when the signatory alleges “‘substantially

interdependent and concerted misconduct by both the nonsignatory and one or

more of the signatories to the contract.’” 

v. Homes of Legend,

Inc., 

, 1433 (M.D. Ala. 1997), abrogated in part on other

grounds by Davis v. So. Energy Homes, Inc., 

(11th Cir. 2002)).




2
       Before Arthur Andersen made it clear that state law governs who may be
bound to an arbitration clause, many of the federal cases involving equitable
estoppel did not refer to any particular state’s law or purport to determine how a
particular state’s highest court would rule.

                                        -10-
      The Eleventh Circuit concluded that both circumstances were present in MS

Dealer. The plaintiff there purchased a car from an auto dealer and under the

purchase agreement, she was charged $990.00 for a service contract through MS

Dealer. After discovering defects in the car, the plaintiff sued the auto dealer and

MS Dealer, asserting claims for breach of contract, breach of warranty, fraud, and

conspiracy. She alleged “the $990.00 charge was excessive and . . . the

defendants conspired to charge this excessive amount so that they could each

profit from the sale of the service contract by divvying up the excess amount.”

Because the service fee was included in the amount of her car loan,

she also alleged that the inflated fee caused her to pay more interest on her loan.

The plaintiff’s purchase agreement with the auto dealer contained an arbitration

clause, pursuant to which MS Dealer sought to compel arbitration.

      The Eleventh Circuit concluded the plaintiff’s allegations relied on the

purchase agreement because even though she did not allege a breach of that

contract, her fraud and conspiracy claims each “ma[de] reference to and

presume[d] the existence of the $990.00 charge” and “depend[ed] entirely upon

her contractual obligation to pay $990.00 for the service contract.” 

-48.

Further, her claims against the auto dealer and MS Dealer were “inherently

inseparable.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). She specifically

alleged that MS Dealer “worked hand-in-hand” with the auto dealer to charge her

an excessive fee for the service contract in the purchase agreement, which also

                                         -11-
caused her to pay more interest on the fraudulently inflated debt. 

of such pre-arranged, collusive behavior” demonstrated that the

plaintiff’s claims against MS Dealer were “intimately founded in and intertwined

with the obligations imposed by the [purchase agreement].” 

marks omitted).

      The Medtronic Defendants argue that LM should be compelled to arbitrate

its antitrust claims against them because its claims both rely on the Agreement

with MSD USA and allege substantially interdependent and concerted misconduct

between MSD USA and the Medtronic Defendants. The Colorado Supreme Court

has not addressed whether and under what circumstances equitable estoppel might

apply to compel arbitration between a signatory and a nonsignatory. The

Colorado Court of Appeals has applied equitable estoppel to compel arbitration

between a signatory and a nonsignatory on only one occasion. In Smith v.

Multi-Financial Securities Corp., 

, 1273-74 (Colo. App. 2007), the

court determined the claims brought by the plaintiffs, who opposed arbitration,

relied on obligations imposed by the contract containing an arbitration provision.

It therefore held the plaintiffs were “estopped from avoiding the arbitration

provisions of the same agreements whose benefits they seek to enforce.” 

We need not decide whether the Colorado Supreme Court would permit a

nonsignatory to compel a signatory to arbitrate its claims under either of the two




                                        -12-
circumstances identified by the Eleventh Circuit, however, because we conclude

that neither of those circumstances is present here.

      The Medtronic Defendants contend that LM’s claims rely on the Agreement

because they are significantly related to, make reference to, or presume the

existence of the Agreement and because the Medtronic Defendants could not have

carried out the alleged anticompetitive scheme without the Agreement.

      For a plaintiff’s claims to rely on the contract containing the arbitration

provision, the contract must form the legal basis of those claims; it is not enough

that the contract is factually significant to the plaintiff’s claims or has a “but-for”

relationship with them. See Lawson v. Life of the S. Ins. Co., 

,

1173-74 (11th Cir. 2011) (applying Georgia law). The claims must be “so

intertwined with the agreement” that “it would be unfair to allow the signatory to

rely on the agreement in formulating its claims but to disavow availability of the

arbitration clause of that same agreement.” PRM Energy Sys., Inc. v. Primenergy,

L.L.C., 

, 835 (8th Cir. 2010).

      The Agreement between LM and MSD USA is factually significant to LM’s

antitrust claims because the Agreement provided the opportunity for the

Medtronic Defendants to engage in the anticompetitive conduct alleged. But the

Agreement does not form the legal basis for LM’s claims. LM is not attempting

“to hold the non-signatory liable pursuant to duties imposed by the agreement,”

, and its claims do not depend on whether either MSD

                                          -13-
USA’s or the Medtronic Defendants’ conduct was proper under the Agreement.

LM’s allegation that the Medtronic Defendants used the loaner program to further

their anticompetitive goals does not depend on whether the Agreement permitted

MSD USA to include LM’s bone mill in its loaner program. Nor does it matter

whether the Agreement permitted MSD USA to institute a recall. What matters is

whether the Medtronic Defendants used the recall as a way to clear the market of

LM’s bone mill so Medtronic PS Medical could substitute its own bone mill.

LM’s claims do not rely on the terms of the Agreement in a manner that would

make it unfair for LM to avoid arbitrating those claims with the Medtronic

Defendants.

      The Medtronic Defendants also contend LM should be estopped from

avoiding arbitration because LM alleges substantially interdependent and

concerted misconduct between MSD USA and the Medtronic Defendants. LM

argues that it alleges concerted misconduct only among the Medtronic

Defendants, not between them and MSD USA. Our reading of the complaint

reveals that even if LM did not expressly allege collusion between MSD USA and

the Medtronic Defendants, collusion is implicit in its allegations. For the

Medtronic Defendants to have used the loaner program or the recall to further

their anticompetitive goals in the manner LM alleges, they must have had MSD

USA’s cooperation.




                                        -14-
      But allegations of collusion between a signatory and a nonsignatory, alone,

are not enough to estop a signatory from avoiding arbitration with a nonsignatory.

Rather, allegations of collusion will support estoppel “only when they establish

that the claims against the nonsignatory are intimately founded in and intertwined

with the obligations imposed by the contract containing the arbitration clause.”

In re Humana Inc. Managed Care Litig., 

, 975 (11th Cir. 2002)

(brackets omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted), reversed on other grounds

sub nom. Pacificare Health Sys., Inc. v. Book, 

(2003); see also PRM

Energy Sys., 

. “The linchpin for equitable estoppel is

equity–fairness.” 

. “The plaintiff’s actual dependance

on the underlying contract in making out the claim against the nonsignatory

defendant is therefore always the sine qua non of an appropriate situation for

applying equitable estoppel.” In re Humana 

.

      We conclude that even if LM’s antitrust claims either expressly or

implicitly allege collusion between MSD USA and one or more of the Medtronic

Defendants in carrying out either the loaner program or the recall, they are not

intimately founded in or intertwined with the obligations contained in the

Agreement. The facts here are readily distinguishable from those in other cases

in which the court found allegations of collusion between a signatory and

nonsignatory were intimately founded in and intertwined with the contract

containing the arbitration clause. Cf. PRM Energy Sys., 

                                        -15-
(holding licensor’s allegations that signatory licensee and nonsignatory potential

sublicensee conspired to violate provisions of licensing agreement relating to

sublicenses were intimately founded in and intertwined with licensing agreement);

JLM Indus., Inc. v. Stolt-Nielsen SA, 

, 177-78 (2d Cir. 2004)

(holding charterers’ allegations that nonsignatory ship owners conspired to inflate

price terms in contracts between charterers and owners’ subsidiaries were

“undeniably intertwined” with those contracts); 

(holding allegations that nonsignatory defendants tortiously interfered with

distribution agreement by pressuring distributor to limit marketing and release of

movie were sufficiently intertwined with distribution agreement to compel

arbitration where essence of claims required determination whether distributor

fulfilled its obligations under agreement); MS 

(holding

allegations that signatory and nonsignatory defendants colluded to charge plaintiff

excessive fee under purchase contract were “intimately founded in and

intertwined with” plaintiff’s obligations under that contract (internal quotation

marks omitted)).




                                        -16-
      In sum, equity does not demand that LM be compelled to arbitrate its

antitrust claims against the Medtronic Defendants. The district court therefore

did not err in denying the Medtronic Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration.

      AFFIRMED.


                                                   Entered for the Court



                                                   Stephen H. Anderson
                                                   Circuit Judge




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