FILED
                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                          February 15, 2012

                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court

 DREENA M. BARKER,

        Plaintiff-Appellant,                                 No. 10-4195
                                                      (D.C. No. 1:09-CV-72-SA)
 v.                                                           (D. Utah)

 MICHAEL D. ASTRUE, in his capacity
 as Commissioner of the Social Security
 Administration,

        Defendant-Appellee.


                               ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before MURPHY, HOLLOWAY, and HARTZ, Circuit Judges.


       Plaintiff-Appellant Dreena M. Barker appeals the district court’s order affirming

the Commissioner of Social Security’s decision to deny her request for disability

insurance benefits under the Social Security Act (“Act”). The district court exercised

jurisdiction over this case, which presents questions of federal law, pursuant to 42 U.S.C.

§ 405(g), and upheld the Commissioner’s decision. We have jurisdiction to hear this



       * This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
appeal from the district court’s final decision pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28

U.S.C. § 1291.

       Ms. Barker’s claim for disability insurance benefits turns on whether her infliction

of multiple sclerosis disabled her such that she could not work on the date she was last

insured, i.e. by March 31, 2003. On appeal, Ms. Barker argues that the Commissioner of

the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner”), through an administrative law

judge, failed to properly evaluate and weigh the entire body of medical evidence, Ms.

Barker’s own testimony, and statements by third-party lay witnesses. Specifically, Ms.

Barker asserts that the degree of impairment of manual dexterity and coordination in her

dominant right hand was incorrectly determined by the Commissioner. As a result of this

alleged error, Ms. Barker contends that the Commissioner incorrectly assessed her

residual functional capacity, leading to an erroneous conclusion that, as of March 2003,

she could perform her past relevant work as an art director as that work is performed in

the national economy. “We review the Commissioner's decision to determine whether the

factual findings are supported by substantial evidence and whether the correct legal

standards were applied.” Angel v. Barnhart, 

, 1209 (10th Cir. 2003). We

AFFIRM the district court’s decision upholding the Commissioner’s final decision.




                                             2
                                      I. Background

                          A. Factual and Medical Background

       Ms. Barker was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (“MS”)1 in the early 1990s.

Despite this diagnosis, at first the disease did not impose substantial physical limitations.

In 1991, around the same time she was diagnosed, Ms. Barker started her own business,

where she worked as a graphic artist and art director. She had worked in the same

capacity for other companies during the previous sixteen years. Upon being diagnosed

with MS, Ms. Barker periodically saw a neurologist, Dr. Michael Williams, through

November of 2003. Ms. Barker’s visits to Dr. Williams did not occur on any set

timeframe — for example, after a visit at some point in 1998 she did not see Dr. Williams

again until August 2001. Tr. at 165. 2

       Sometime in 2000 or 2001, Ms. Barker’s infliction of MS began to take a

discouraging turn for the worse and became more progressive in nature. Consequently,

Ms. Barker’s physical condition began a course of deterioration. Exactly how quickly the

MS took hold and how ravaging its effects on Ms. Barker’s livelihood were is unknown.

       1
        Multiple sclerosis is “a disease in which there are foci of demyelination [i.e.
‘destruction, removal, or loss of the myelin sheath of a nerve or nerves’] throughout the
white matter of the central nervous system, sometimes extending into the gray matter[.]
[S]ymptoms usually include weakness, incoordination, paresthesias, speech disturbances,
and visual complaints. The course of the disease is usually prolonged, so that the term
multiple also refers to remissions and relapses that occur over a period of many years.”
Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 486, 1680 (32d ed. 2012).
       2
      Citations of “Tr.” reference the transcript of the proceedings before the
Commissioner, which is incorporated into the appellant’s appendix.

                                              3
Sadly, this litigation turns on the precise slope of the decay caused by Ms. Barker’s

disease.3

       Among many other deleterious effects, MS has undisputedly affected Ms. Barker’s

motor skills, coordination, and manual dexterity in her dominant right hand. The precise

onset date and manifestation of those effects, however, is the primary subject of dispute

in this appeal. In a visit to Dr. Williams in August 2001, Ms. Barker was observed to

have a “mild degree of finger-nose-to-finger [sic] ataxia” in both of her upper

extremities.4 Tr. at 165. Unfortunately, Dr. Williams’s treatment notes from the 2001

visit do not reveal any precise measure of the degree to which this ataxia impaired Ms.

Barker’s functioning, particularly as applied to her job. Ms. Barker’s next visit with Dr.

Williams came in August 2002, though on that occasion the doctor made no specific

observations about Ms. Barker’s coordination, motor skills, or manual dexterity. Dr.

Williams did note that Ms. Barker reported no exacerbations due to her MS over the



       3
        Ms. Barker’s insured status (for Social Security purposes) expired on March 31,
2003. Thus, in order to be eligible for DIB, Ms. Barker’s disability must have had an
onset date of March 31, 2003 or sooner. See, e.g., Potter v. Secretary of health & Human
Services, 

, 1348-49 (10th Cir. 1990) (“The relevant analysis is whether the
claimant was actually disabled prior to the expiration of her insured status.”) (emphasis
omitted). The only issue raised in this appeal is whether the ALJ properly concluded that
Ms. Barker’s disability had not begun by this date. Thus, medical records and other
evidence reflecting upon Ms. Barker’s condition immediately before and after March
2003 are of particular concern in this case.
       4
       Ataxia is “failure of muscular coordination; [or] irregularity of muscular action.”
Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 153 (32d ed. 2012).

                                             4
course of the previous year, although she did discuss some overall degradation in her

“energy, strength, and balance.” Tr. at 163.

      After the August 2002 session with Dr. Williams, Ms. Barker did not visit Dr.

Williams (or any doctor) until November 2003. On that occasion, Dr. Williams noted

slow deterioration of Ms. Barker’s condition — in particular, he reported an “increasingly

weak” and “poorly controlled” right side along with impaired balance. Tr. at 159. In

January 2004, pursuant to a discussion with Dr. Williams, Ms. Barker began attending an

MS clinic at the University of Utah. Tr. at 159, 228. There, Ms. Barker’s treating nurse,

Julia Klein, made thorough notes regarding Ms. Barker’s condition.5 Specifically, Ms.

Barker reported to Ms. Klein an exacerbation of her condition in November 2003 relating

to spasticity in her legs. Tr. at 228. Among other things, Ms. Klein also recorded that

Ms. Barker reported “increased incoordination, especially with the right hand, with

decreased dexterity over time.” 

performed objective testing which showed

“normal bulk and tone with mild intention tremor on the right with finger-to-nose testing”

that was “course in nature.” Tr. at 230. Ms. Klein also reported “mild dysmetria




      5
        At the time of her work with Ms. Barker, Ms. Klein was an “APRN,” i.e.
advanced practice registered nurse. Tr. at 240; Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary
121 (32d ed. 2012).

                                               5
bilaterally”6 with “slow rapid alternating movements on the right.” 

2004, Ms. Barker visited a new doctor, Dr. Ryan Nelson, for a consultative

examination. With regard to dexterity issues, Ms. Barker complained to Dr. Nelson of

“difficulty using her right hand.” Tr. at 182. Dr. Nelson recorded full strength in Ms.

Barker’s right side for wrist flexion, wrist extension, and grip. Tr. at 184. Ms. Barker’s

finger abduction in her right hand was scored as 4 out of 5. 

described Ms.

Barker as having “relatively normal strength and range of motion” and the ability to

“manipulate small objects without any difficulty.” Tr. at 185. He reported “no

compromise” in Ms. Barker’s manual dexterity. 

visited a psychologist in July 2004, to whom she reported problems

with her right hand. Specifically, Ms. Barker complained of an inability to “type, write,

or draw for more than a brief period.” Tr. at 169. The psychologist did not perform a

physical examination of Ms. Barker. In December 2004, Ms. Barker was again evaluated

by Dr. Nelson. As a result of that assessment, Dr. Nelson noted “compromise” of Ms.

Barker’s manual dexterities that would prevent her from performing most duties

associated with a routine desk job. Tr. at 181. Similarly, Dr. Nelson observed that Ms.

Barker could not handle light objects effectively or manipulate them. 

result of

Ms. Barker’s deteriorated condition between the June 2004 and December 2004


       6
       Dysmetria is “a condition in which there is improper measuring of distance in
muscular acts; [or] disturbance of the power to control the range of movement in
muscular action.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 510 (32d ed. 2012).

                                             6
assessments, the Commissioner determined that Ms. Barker was disabled as of September

1, 2004 and awarded her supplemental security income benefits as of that date. Tr. at

304-05. However, because Ms. Barker’s onset date (September 1, 2004) was after her

date last insured (March 31, 2003), she was denied disability insurance benefits (“DIB”).

                               B. Procedural Background

       Ms. Barker applied for DIB under the Social Security Act in March 2004, alleging

disability as of her undisputed last date of insurance eligibility under the Act, March 31,

2003. Tr. at 17. Ms. Barker claimed that she was disabled because her infliction of MS

had progressed by March 2003 so as to preclude her from working in her job as an art

director and graphics designer. Ms. Barker’s initial claim for DIB and subsequent

request for reconsideration were denied by the Commissioner in January 2005 and May

2005, respectively. Tr. at 17. An administrative law judge (“ALJ”) upheld the Agency’s

denial of benefits in December 2006. Tr. at 30. The Agency’s Appeals Council affirmed

the ALJ’s decision in August 2007. Tr. at 5. Ms. Barker challenged the Appeals

Council’s decision in federal court, and in July 2008 the district court remanded the case

back to the Appeals Council for further administrative proceedings. Aplt. App’x at 19.

The Appeals Council, in turn, remanded the case back to the ALJ. Tr. at 354.

       As instructed by district court’s remand order, the ALJ sought further records from

Ms. Barker’s treating physician. Tr. at 361. The treating physician did not provide any

further records or information. Tr. at 360. As a result, the ALJ retained an independent

medical expert to offer further testimony at a second hearing in Ms. Barker’s case in
                                             7
November 2008. Tr. at 367-429. Following that hearing, the ALJ again upheld the

Commissioner’s denial of DIB in a decision dated December 8, 2008. Tr. at 311. The

Appeals Council declined further review of the ALJ’s decision; thus, the ALJ’s

December 2008 denial of DIB became the final decision of the Commissioner. Tr. at

291A. Subsequent to that renewed denial, Ms. Barker filed a second complaint in federal

court challenging the Commissioner’s final decision, thus instituting the action

underlying this appeal. In September 2010, the district court upheld the Commissioner’s

denial of benefits. Aplt. App’x at 5. In this appeal, Ms. Barker challenges the district

court’s affirmance of the Commissioner’s final decision.

                                       II. Discussion

       The regulations expounding on the Social Security Act establish an intricate

system for making disability determinations. Central to that system is a five-step process

which the Commissioner must follow in asking whether a claimant like Ms. Barker is

“disabled” for purposes of the Act.7 The ALJ ruled at step four of the process,




       7
           We have previously described the five-step process:

       Step one requires a claimant to establish she is not engaged in “substantial gainful
       activity.” See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(b), 404.1572. Step two requires the claimant
       to establish she has a “medically severe impairment or combination of
       impairments.” See 

404.1520a-404.1523. Step three asks
       whether any “medically severe impairment,” alone or in combination with other
       impairments, is equivalent to any of a number of listed impairments so severe as to
       preclude “substantial gainful employment.” See 

& pt.

                                              8
concluding that Ms. Barker was not disabled under the Act. Underlying that conclusion

was a finding that Ms. Barker’s residual functional capacity (RFC) allowed her to:

        “Perform sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR § 404.1567(a) and 417.967(a),
        except she cannot lift more than 10 pounds or stand or walk more than 2 hours per
        8-hour day [.] . . . [S]he has mild manual dexterity limitations with [her right] hand
        and cannot perform rapid repetitive movements more than [one-half] of the
        workday [.] . . . [B]ecause of fatigue, she must be able to lie down for up to 1 hour
        during the workday, which may be done during the standard 15-minute morning
        and afternoon breaks and for part of the lunch break.”

Tr. at 305. The ALJ then determined, based on the testimony of a vocational expert, that

this RFC would not allow Ms. Barker to perform her past relevant work as she had

performed it, but would allow her to perform that work as it is generally performed in the

national economy. Tr. at 310. Ms. Barker raises two arguments on appeal. First, she

contends that the ALJ’s RFC determination was erroneous. Second, Ms. Barker asserts

that the ALJ incorrectly concluded that her RFC allowed her to perform her past relevant

work.



        404, subpt. P, App. 1. If listed, the impairment is conclusively presumed
        disabling. See 

        If [the claimant’s impairment is] unlisted [at step three], the claimant must
        establish at step four that her impairment prevents her from performing work she
        has previously performed. See 

(f). If the claimant is not
        considered disabled at step three, but has satisfied her burden of establishing a
        prima facie case of disability under steps one, two, and four, the burden shifts to
        the Commissioner to show the claimant has the residual functional capacity (RFC)
        to perform other work in the national economy in view of her age, education, and
        work experience. See 

Fischer-Ross v. Barnhart, 

, 731 (10th Cir. 2005) (paragraph break added).

                                              9
       We begin our review of Ms. Barker’s case by evaluating the propriety of the

ALJ’s RFC determination, and then consider whether Ms. Barker’s RFC justifies the

ALJ’s conclusion that she could perform her past relevant work as defined in the social

security regulations.8

                                 A. Standard of Review

       We review the ALJ's factual findings to determine whether they are supported by

substantial evidence in the record. Lax v. Astrue, 

, 1084. Substantial

evidence is defined as relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate

to support a conclusion. 

more than a mere scintilla, but less than a

preponderance of the evidence. 

that two conflicting conclusions

might be reached does not preclude the substantial evidence standard from being

satisfied. 

whether the ALJ followed the specific rules of law that must

be followed in weighing particular types of evidence in disability cases, but we will not

reweigh the evidence or substitute our judgment for the Commissioner’s.” 

However, “we meticulously examine the record as a whole, including anything

that may undercut or detract from the ALJ's findings[,] in order to determine if the

substantiality test has been met.” Flaherty v. Astrue, 

, 1070 (10th Cir.



       8
        Ms. Barker also asks us, if we rule in her favor, to determine that the
Commissioner cannot satisfy his burden at step five of the sequential evaluation process.
Because we uphold the Commissioner’s decision, reached at step four of the sequential
evaluation, we do not consider this argument.

                                             10
2007) (quotations omitted).

                                 B. RFC Determination

       Ms. Barker attacks the ALJ’s RFC finding on three grounds. First, she claims that

the medical record evidence was improperly weighed. Second, Ms. Barker says that the

ALJ did not properly assess the credibility of her own testimony and thus gave it

insufficient weight. Lastly, she asserts that testimony of third-party lay witnesses was

also incorrectly evaluated and weighed. Each of these arguments attacks the ALJ’s

finding that Ms. Barker had only “mild” manual dexterity limitations and that she could

perform “rapid repetitive movements” for one-half of a work day. We conclude that the

ALJ did not commit legal error in his evaluation and weighing of the evidence, and thus

uphold his determination of Ms. Barker’s RFC.

       1. Medical Record Evidence

       Ms. Barker claims that too much weight was placed on the June 2004 assessment

in light of the other available medical evidence. Specifically, Ms. Barker protests that

earlier assessments, most notably the August 2001 assessment by Dr. Williams, are at

odds with the results of Dr. Nelson’s June 2004 assessment. We disagree. Even if there

is a degree of inconsistency between the 2001 assessment where “mild” finger-to-nose

ataxia was noted (Tr. at 165) and the June 2004 assessment where there was “no

compromise of manual dexterity” (Tr. at 307), the 2001 assessment does not undercut the

notion that Plaintiff's limitations in her right hand were “mild” as described in the RFC

(Tr. at 305). Indeed, the ALJ reconciled the differences between the June 2004
                                            11
assessment (which noted no compromise of manual dexterity) and earlier medical reports

(which noted some compromise of manual dexterity) in favor of Ms. Barker by

concluding that Ms. Barker’s RFC included “mild manual dexterity limitations” with her

right hand. Tr. at 305.

       Unfortunately, as is prone to be the case with multiple sclerosis, a disease whose

effects are amorphous and ever-changing, the medical records do not reflect a clear

course of progression of Ms. Barker’s disease. They are especially lacking in and around

the crucial time in this case — March 2003. There are no medical records in the

transcript between August 2002 and November 2003; the transcript reflects that Ms.

Barker did not ever visit a doctor during that time period. The expert who examined all

of Ms. Barker’s medical records and testified on remand, Dr. Kendrick Morrison, focused

in on the evidence of Ms. Barker’s manual dexterity. He indicated that the first reference

to dexterity troubles was in August 2001 by Dr. Williams (mild ataxia), and the next

reference to manual dexterity was not until December 2004, when Dr. Nelson found that

her manual dexterity had been compromised. Tr. at 388-89. In summing up the medical

records, Dr. Morrison said that there was “at least some weakness in the right extremity,

ataxia” and that “the RFC would be sedentary at best at that time [i.e. March 2003].” The

ALJ’s ultimate conclusion as to Ms. Barker’s RFC in March 2003 is wholly consistent

with Dr. Morrison’s testimony. Thus, the medical records, despite their sparseness,

constituted substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s conclusion as to Ms. Barker’s RFC,

particularly the severity of coordination problems in her right hand.
                                            12
      Ms. Barker would have us go further, and infer that her condition had significantly

worsened between August 2001 and March 2003. This inference is supported, Ms.

Barker says, by the December 2004 report which showed substantial deterioration in

dexterity. Ms. Barker argues that, in light of the August 2001 assessment (“mild ataxia”)

and December 2004 assessment (“compromise of manual dexterity”), the June 2004

assessment (“no compromise of manual dexterity”) is simply nonsensical. However,

even though the finding in the June 2004 assessment of “no compromise” is seemingly at

odds with the other assessments, an inference that Ms. Barker’s coordination problems

were still only “mild” as of March 2003 — as was made in the RFC — is supported by

the medical record evidence on which Ms. Barker urges us to rely. To be sure, an

inference that Ms. Barker’s coordination had deteriorated more severely might also be

supportable. But as we have said, “the possibility of drawing two inconsistent

conclusions from the evidence does not preclude an administrative agency’s findings

from being supported by substantial evidence.” Lax v. Astrue, 

, 1084 (10th

Cir. 2007) (quotations omitted). Thus, the ALJ’s determination of Ms. Barker’s RFC was

supported by substantial medical record evidence.

      2. Claimant’s Testimony

      Ms. Barker claims that insufficient weight was given to her own testimony.

Specifically, Ms. Barker claims that the ALJ improperly discredited her claims that she

lost the ability to draw, paint, manipulate a mouse, use a keyboard, or otherwise perform

her duties as an artist. The ALJ’s conclusion that Ms. Barker’s RFC included the ability
                                           13
to perform rapid repetitive movements for one-half the workday is at odds with Ms.

Barker’s assertion that she could not manipulate a mouse or keyboard at all. The ALJ

acknowledged as much: “[T]he claimant’s statements concerning the intensity,

persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not credible to the extent they are

inconsistent with the above residual functional capacity assessment.” Tr. at 306.

       However, the ALJ noted that objective medical evidence did not, in itself,

substantiate Ms. Barker’s claim about the severity of her deterioration of manual

dexterity as of March 2003, which is a fair characterization of the record’s reflection of a

lack of objective testing about Ms. Barker’s manual dexterity between August 2001

(“mild ataxia”) and December 2004 (manual dexterity was significantly affected). More

specifically, the ALJ deemed Ms. Barker’s failure to visit a doctor for these claimed

dexterity problems to be probative of their mild intensity. Tr. at 308-09. Thus, the ALJ’s

credibility finding was reasonably grounded, among other things, on Ms. Barker’s failure

to report coordination problems to her doctors. Id.; cf. Kepler v. Chater, 

,

391 (10th Cir. 1995) (stating that a claimant’s failure to seek medical treatment may be

considered when evaluating the credibility of the claimant’s testimony as to the severity

of an impairment).

       Ms. Barker also points to the simple fact that she said she could not, despite her

most valiant efforts, maintain her business starting in late 2002. This, Ms. Barker says, is

strong evidence of the exact effect of her impairment as applied to her ability to work.

Because she could not remain gainfully employed in her own business, she says, the
                                             14
inquiry need go no further. This reasoning, however, only bears on the question whether

Ms. Barker could perform her past relevant work as she had performed it. Ms. Barker’s

inability to maintain her own business as of March 2003 is less pertinent as to the

dispositive question in this case — whether Ms. Barker could perform her past relevant

work as it is generally performed in the national economy. For this reason, the ALJ’s

limited reliance on Ms. Barker’s claims about her inability to work was justifiable.

       Furthermore, the ALJ did not disregard Ms. Barker’s testimony categorically. Tr.

at 306 (“I am persuaded by all these statements [by Claimant and other individuals] . . .

that the claimant did have some manual dexterity limitations . . . prior to March 31, 2003.

. . . Unfortunately, while these statements show that [Ms. Barker] was having problems

with her manual dexterity . . . before March 2003, they do not provide specific

information about the extent of her physical limitations.”). Thus, the ALJ properly

decided not to allow the extent of coordination limitations described in Ms. Barker’s

statements to outweigh the medical evidence regarding the severity of coordination

problems. See Blea v. Barnhart, 

, 904 (10th Cir. 2006) (stating that a

claimant’s testimony as to the extent of an impairment may only be credited to the extent

it is not inconsistent with the medical evidence of record).

       3. Third-Party Witnesses

       Ms. Barker claims that the ALJ should have given greater weight and

consideration to the testimony of third-party lay witnesses who periodically observed Ms.

Barker’s deteriorating condition. Ms. Barker seeks to show through these lay witness
                                             15
statements, as with her own testimony, that the severity of her manual dexterity

limitations was not accurately reflected in the RFC. But, as with Ms. Barker’s own

testimony, the ALJ reasonably evaluated the credibility of these statements and

concluded that they did not outweigh the medical record evidence.

       Ms. Barker asserts that these witnesses’ statements make “clear” that she had lost

the ability to paint at a level required by her job as early as 2001. Aplt. Br. at 31. While

this assertion may well be true, Ms. Barker has made no showing that diminished

painting ability impacted her ability to work as an art director as the job is performed in

the national economy.

       Ms. Barker also argues that the statements show that she “could no longer

manipulate objects, type, use a mouse, or perform even more mundane manual tasks” by

the end of 2002. Aplt. Br. at 31. This contention overstates the implications of the lay

witness statements, particularly in light of the limited credibility reasonably attributed to

them by the ALJ. As the ALJ articulated, “while [the lay witness] statements show that

[Ms. Barker] was having problems with her manual dexterity or strength before March

2003, they do not provide specific information about the extent of her physical

limitations.” Tr. at 306. In other words, the statements did not address the specific

functional limitations as to Ms. Barker’s ability to type or use a mouse. To be sure, in the

absence of any medical evidence, such limitations might reasonably be inferred from the

statements. But here there is medical evidence that must be considered; Ms. Barker’s

asserted inference would run counter to the June 2004 and earlier assessments, where
                                             16
mild or no manual dexterity problems were observed. Thus, the ALJ’s unwillingness to

infer more severe dexterity and coordination problems in light of the lay witness

statements was justified by substantial evidence.

       4. RFC Determination

       Ms. Barker alleges that the evidentiary record belies the ALJ’s conclusion as to

her residual functional capacity. Specifically, Ms. Barker suggests that the RFC should

have included a finding that Ms. Barker “was not able to use her right hand to paint,

draw, type[,] and perform other manual functions as of March . . . 2003.” Aplt. Br. at 17.

The ALJ disagreed, refusing to accept Ms. Barker’s argument that she was not capable of

“any rapid, repetitive work.” Tr. at 311.

       We agree with Ms. Barker that her proposed finding might well have been a

supportable one. However, we are tasked only with reviewing the substantiality of the

evidence that supports the ALJ’s findings, rather than determining the adequacy of other

possible findings. For the foregoing reasons, we agree with the district court that the

ALJ’s RFC determination was supported by substantial evidence.

       C. Application of the RFC to Step Four of the Disability Determination

       All this analysis about whether the ALJ arrived at a suitable conclusion as to Ms.

Barker’s RFC only takes us so far. Having concluded that the RFC determination was

proper, we are still left to ask whether that RFC allowed Ms. Barker to perform her “past




                                            17
relevant work.”9 “Past relevant work is work that [the claimant] ha[s] done within the

past 15 years, that was substantial gainful activity, and that lasted long enough for [the

claimant] to learn to do it.” 20 CFR § 404.1560(b)(1).

       The Commissioner concedes that Ms. Barker’s RFC would not have allowed her

to perform her past relevant work as she had performed it. This is of no importance, the

Commissioner tells us, because Ms. Barker could perform her past relevant work as it

was performed in the national economy. The only textual support we find in the

regulations for the Commissioner’s assertion appears in 20 CFR § 404.1560(b)(2), which

describes how the claimant’s vocational background is considered at step four. “A

vocational expert or specialist may offer relevant evidence within his or her expertise or

knowledge concerning the physical and mental demands of a claimant's past relevant

work, either as the claimant actually performed it or as generally performed in the

national economy.” 20 CFR § 404.1560(b)(2). But this regulation only tells us that it is

permissible for a vocational expert to opine on how certain work is performed in the

national economy.



       9
           The Social Security regulations, in 20 CFR § 404.1520(f)), provide as follows:

       “Your impairment(s) must prevent you from doing your past relevant work. If we
       cannot make a determination or decision at the first three steps of the sequential
       evaluation process, we will compare our residual functional capacity assessment,
       which we made under paragraph (e) of this section, with the physical and mental
       demands of your past relevant work. (See § 404.1560(b).) If you can still do this
       kind of work, we will find that you are not disabled.”

                                              18
       The Commissioner offered clarification in Social Security Ruling 82-61. There,

the following policy statement was laid out:

       Under sections 404.1520(e) and 416.920(e) of the regulations, a claimant will be
       found to be ‘not disabled’ when it is determined that he or she retains the RFC to
       perform:

              1.     The actual functional demands and job duties of a particular past
                     relevant job; or

              2.     The functional demands and job duties of the occupation as
                     generally required by employers throughout the national economy.

SSR 82-61, 

, at *2.

       If SSR 82-61’s plain terms represent the law, then there is no dispute that the ALJ

was correct to base his conclusion on Ms. Barker’s ability to perform her past relevant

work as it is performed in the national economy. But we must remember, of course, that

“social security rulings do not carry the force and effect of law.” Andrade v. Secretary of

Health & Human Services, 

, 1051 (10th Cir. 1993). We defer to such

rulings, however, unless they are “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the Social

Security Act.” 

brackets omitted); cf. Auer v. Robbins, 

,

461 (deferring to an agency’s interpretation of its own regulations unless the

interpretation is “plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation”) (internal

quotations omitted). And as to the specific interpretation at issue here, we have

previously considered and upheld the validity of SSR 82-61, concluding that a claimant

“bears the burden of proving his inability to return to his particular former job and to his

former occupation as that occupation is generally performed throughout the national
                                             19
economy.” 

(emphasis added).10

       In Ms. Barker’s case, the ALJ found that, “[i]n comparing the claimant’s residual

functional capacity with the physical and mental demands of this [past relevant] work, . .

. the claimant is able to perform [her past relevant work as an art director] as generally

performed.” Tr. at 310. The ALJ based this conclusion on a vocational expert’s response

to a hypothetical question involving an individual with an RFC matching Ms. Barker’s.

has not challenged the vocational expert’s qualifications, nor does she

assert that the ALJ improperly interpreted the expert’s testimony on this point. Thus, we

find no legal error in the ALJ’s decision, which rested on the premise that Ms. Barker

could perform her past relevant work as it is performed in the national economy.

                                          * * *

       The ALJ’s determination of Ms. Barker’s RFC was supported by substantial

evidence in the record. The available objective medical records, scant though they were,

afforded a reasonable basis for the ALJ’s conclusion that Ms. Barker’s manual dexterity

limitations were no more than “mild” as of March 2003, limiting her to sedentary work

and preventing her from performing rapid repetitive movements for more than one-half

the workday at that time. The ALJ applied proper legal standards and adequately

explained the basis of credibility determinations in considering Ms. Barker’s own

       10
          On appeal, Ms. Barker has not articulated a challenge to the Commissioner’s
interpretation of the Act and accompanying regulations as exposited in SSR 82-61.
Therefore, we do not consider whether SSR 82-61 might be an invalid interpretation that
is not owed deference.

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testimony as well as observations by third-party lay witnesses. The ALJ also reasonably

evaluated and incorporated the testimonial evidence, to the extent it was deemed credible,

to the medical evidence in the record. Finally, the ALJ properly based his finding that

Ms. Barker was not disabled on her ability to perform past relevant work as it is

performed in the national economy. Thus, we AFFIRM the Commissioner’s decision

denying Ms. Barker’s claim for disability insurance benefits. Ms. Barker’s motion for

leave to proceed in forma pauperis is GRANTED.



                                          ENTERED FOR THE COURT



                                          William J. Holloway, Jr.
                                          Circuit Judge




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