FILED
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Tenth Circuit
                                      PUBLISH
                                                                      September 18, 2012
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                          Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                  No. 11-4046
 JUSTUS CORNELIUS ROSEMOND,

       Defendant - Appellant.




                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of Utah
                        (D.C. No. 2:07-CR-00886-DAK-1)


Robert J. Gorence of Gorence & Oliveros, P.C., Albuquerque, New Mexico, for
Defendant-Appellant.

Dave Backman, Assistant United States Attorney (Carlie Christensen, United States
Attorney, with him on the brief), Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff-Appellee.


Before KELLY, BALDOCK, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.


EBEL, Circuit Judge.


      Defendant-Appellant Justus Rosemond appeals his conviction for using a firearm

during a federal drug-trafficking offense. The United States charged Rosemond with that
offense under alternate theories, alleging that he was the principal (i.e., the person who

fired a gun during a drug transaction) and, alternatively, that he aided and abetted a

cohort who fired the weapon. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we conclude

that the trial court properly instructed the jury on these alternate theories and that there

was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict. We, therefore, affirm

Rosemond’s conviction.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the Government, see United States v. Burks,

, 1197 (10th Cir. 2012), the evidence at trial established the following:

Vashti Perez brokered a deal for the sale of one pound of marijuana. The deal was to

occur in a park in Tooele, Utah. The sellers were two males from out-of-town, Defendant

Justus Rosemond and his cohort, Ronald Joseph. Joseph was the nephew of Perez’s

boyfriend. The buyer was a local Tooele resident, Ricardo Gonzales.

       Just before 9:00 p.m. on August 26, 2007, Perez drove Rosemond and Joseph to

the park, where they met Gonzales. Gonzales was accompanied by Cory Painter.

Gonzales got into Perez’s car with Perez, Rosemond, and Joseph, while Painter waited

nearby, but outside the car.

       Although Gonzales told Perez that he was interested in buying the marijuana, he

actually did not have enough money to do so. Instead, he planned to steal the drugs. At

some point during the transaction, then, Gonzales punched Rosemond in the face,

grabbed the marijuana and ran from Perez’s car. Painter, who was aware of Gonzales’

plan, also ran, but in the opposite direction from Gonzales. The occupants of the car
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jumped out and one of them pulled out a nine-millimeter handgun and fired nine or ten

shots at the fleeing Gonzales.

       Gonzales and Painter got away. Perez, with Rosemond and Joseph, gave chase in

the car. Their chase was soon thwarted, however, when a state trooper stopped them

because their vehicle matched the description of the car involved in the shooting, which

bystanders had reported to police. With Perez’s consent, the trooper searched her car but,

finding no weapon, eventually let the three go. According to Joseph, the trooper did not

find the gun because Rosemond had hidden it under the back seat of Perez’s car.

       At trial, every witness but one testified that they did not know who shot at

Gonzales. Onlookers, as well as Gonzales and Painter, testified only that someone from

the car fired the shots. Perez testified that it was either Joseph or Rosemond. But Perez

had given police a written statement a few days after the incident, identifying Rosemond

as the shooter. And Joseph testified at trial that Rosemond was the shooter.

       The United States charged Rosemond with four offenses: 1) possession of

marijuana, with the intent to distribute; 2) using and discharging a firearm during a

federal drug-trafficking offense; 3) being a previously convicted felon in possession of

ammunition; and 4) being an alien unlawfully in the United States in possession of

ammunition. The jury convicted Rosemond of all four offenses. The district court

sentenced Rosemond to forty-eight months in prison on Counts I, III, and IV, to run

concurrently, and 120 months on Count II, to run consecutively to the other sentences, for




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a total of 168 months in prison.1 On appeal, Rosemond challenges only his conviction on

Count II.

                                      II. COUNT II

       Count II specifically charged that Rosemond, “during and in relation to the drug

trafficking offense set forth in Count I [possessing marijuana with the intent to distribute

it], did knowingly use, carry, brandish and discharge a firearm, to wit, a 9mm handgun,

and did aid and abet therein; in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) and 18 U.S.C. § 2.”

(R. v.1 at 18.) Section § 924(c)(1)(A) provides, in pertinent part, the following:

              Except to the extent that a greater minimum sentence is otherwise
       provided by this subsection or by any other provision of law, any person
       who, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking
       crime . . . for which the person may be prosecuted in a court of the United
       States, uses or carries a firearm, or who, in furtherance of any such crime,
       possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such
       crime of violence or drug trafficking crime--

       (i) be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of not less than 5 years;

       (ii) if the firearm is brandished, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of
       not less than 7 years; and

       (iii) if the firearm is discharged, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of
       not less than 10 years.

       Using or carrying a firearm in relation to a crime of violence or drug-trafficking

offense, or possessing a firearm in furtherance of such an offense, are elements of the

offense that the Government must prove to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt, while


1
 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(D)(ii) precludes a sentence for using the firearm during a federal
drug-trafficking conviction from running concurrently with any other term of
imprisonment, including a term of imprisonment for the underlying drug-trafficking
crime.
                                              4
brandishing and discharging a firearm are sentencing enhancements that the Government

must prove to the sentencing court by a preponderance of the evidence. See Harris v.

United States, 

, 549, 552-56, 568 (2002); see also United States v. O’Brien,

, 2174, 2179 (2010); Dean v. United States, 

, 571 (2009);

United States v. Bowen, 

, 1072 (10th Cir. 2008).

       18 U.S.C. § 2(a) provides that “[w]hoever commits an offense against the United

States or aids, abets, counsels, commands, induces or procures its commission, is

punishable as a principal.”

                                     III. ANALYSIS

       At trial, the district court instructed jurors on both of the Government’s theories,

that Rosemond was the shooter and, alternatively, that he aided and abetted another’s use

of a firearm during the drug deal. Jurors found Rosemond guilty of Count II, but they

were not required to specify under which theory they convicted. On appeal, Rosemond

contends that 1) the trial court erred in the manner in which it instructed jurors on the

aiding-and-abetting theory; and 2) there was insufficient evidence to support giving the

aiding-and-abetting instruction.

A. The district court did not err in the manner in which it instructed jurors on the
aiding-and-abetting theory

       Rosemond does not challenge the trial court’s instructions on the Government’s

theory that Rosemond was the shooter. Even if there was sufficient evidence on which

the jury could have convicted Rosemond as the shooter, however, we must still address

Rosemond’s challenge to the instructions the trial court gave the jury on the aiding-and-

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abetting theory because “[a] conviction based on a general verdict is subject to challenge

if the jury was instructed on alternative theories of guilt and may have relied on an

invalid one.” Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 

, 58 (2008) (per curiam).

       In considering Rosemond’s challenge to the aiding-and-abetting instruction, “[w]e

review de novo the jury instructions as a whole and view them in the context of the entire

trial to determine if they accurately state the governing law and provide the jury with an

accurate understanding of the relevant legal standards and factual issues in the case.”

United States v. Prince, 

, 1265 (10th Cir.) (internal quotation marks

omitted), cert. denied, 

(2011).

       After instructing jurors on the substantive offense of using or carrying a firearm in

relation to a federal drug-trafficking offense, the court instructed on aiding and abetting

another’s use of a firearm during such a drug offense. In the specific instruction

Rosemond challenges here, the trial court told jurors the following:

              As to Count II, to find that the defendant aided and abetted another
       in the commission of the drug trafficking crime charged, you must find
       that:

       (1) the defendant knew his cohort used a firearm in the drug trafficking
       crime, and

       (2) the defendant knowingly and actively participated in the drug
       trafficking crime.

(R. v. 1. at 73-74 (Instruction 38).)

       This instruction is correct under Tenth Circuit law, as established in three cases.

In the first, United States v. Wiseman, 

(10th Cir. 1999), Defendant

Wiseman, with his cohort Martin, committed a series of armed robberies. See 

During two of those robberies, Martin carried a Tec-9 firearm. See 

jury convicted Wiseman of aiding and abetting Martin’s carrying the Tec-9 on those

two occasions, in violation of § 924(c)(1)(A). 

. The Tenth Circuit

rejected Wiseman’s argument that there was insufficient evidence to support those

convictions:

       To the extent that [Wiseman] argues that the evidence did not show that he
       aided and abetted Martin’s conduct, he is wrong. To the contrary, the
       evidence was easily sufficient to show that Wiseman knowingly and
       actively participated in the robberies and that he knew that Martin was
       carrying the firearm. See United States v. Jones, 

, 869 (10th
       Cir. 1995) (“To be guilty of aiding and abetting, a defendant must willfully
       associate with the criminal venture and aid such venture through
       affirmative action.”).

1217.

       The second case, United States v. Vallejos, 

(10th Cir. 2005), again

addressed whether there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction for aiding and

abetting another’s using or carrying a firearm during a crime of violence. See 

addressing that question, Vallejos stated: “Aiding and abetting in the use of a firearm

during a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) requires proof that the defendant

(1) knew his cohort used a firearm in the underlying crime and (2) knowingly and

actively participated in that underlying 

(citing 

).

       Most recently, in United States v. Bowen, in the context again of considering

whether there was sufficient evidence to convict the defendant of aiding and abetting

another’s use of a firearm during a crime of violence, 

, 1075, this

                                             7
Court stated: “We have established that a defendant is liable [for] aiding and abetting the

use of a firearm during a crime of violence if he (1) knows his cohort used a firearm in

the underlying crime, and (2) knowingly and actively participates in that underlying

crime.” 

Wiseman and Vallejos).

       In light of these three cases, the district court correctly instructed jurors that, to

convict Rosemond under § 924(c)(1)(A), they had to find that “(1) the defendant knew

his cohort used a firearm in the drug trafficking crime, and (2) the defendant knowingly

and actively participated in the drug trafficking crime.” (R. v.1 at 73-74 (Instruction 38).)

       Rosemond argues that most other circuits require jurors to find, additionally, that

the defendant took some action to facilitate or encourage his cohort’s use of the firearm.

We acknowledged that in Bowen:

               Bowen correctly points out that our standard for determining
       whether a defendant has aided and abetted another’s use of a firearm during
       and in relation to a crime of violence differs from the rules established by
       other courts. Indeed, many of our sister circuits require the Government
       [to] prove not only (1) that an aider and abetter have knowledge that a
       cohort used a firearm in a crime of violence, but also that he
       (2) intentionally take some action to facilitate or encourage the use of the
       firearm. We currently only require that an aider and abetter (1) know a
       cohort used a firearm in an underlying crime of violence, and
       (2) knowingly and actively participated in that underlying crime. Thus, we
       have not required that a defendant’s participation in the underlying crime
       directly facilitate the use of a firearm. Of course, this panel has no
       authority to change our circuit’s settled law on the subject.

(footnote, citations omitted). That is true for this panel, as well.

       Nonetheless, in Bowen, we also reaffirmed the Tenth Circuit standard for

§ 924(c)(1)(A) convictions for aiding and abetting another’s use of a firearm by noting

that, “[u]nder the approach taken by the vast majority of our sister circuits, the only
                                               8
additional prerequisite to aider and abetter liability, in this context, is that a defendant

intentionally facilitate or encourage another’s use of a gun. Little is required to satisfy

the element of 

.

       In an effort to avoid this Tenth Circuit authority, Rosemond argues that Wiseman,

Vallejos, and Bowen all addressed the § 924(c)(1)(A) crime of using or carrying a

firearm in connection with a crime of violence, while here, the United States charged

Rosemond instead with the § 924(c)(1)(A) crime of aiding and abetting another’s use of a

firearm during a drug-trafficking offense. But he fails to cite any authority drawing such

a distinction. And the language of the statute – “any person who, during and in relation

to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime . . ., uses or carries a firearm, or who,

in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm” --- does not suggest any reason to

apply different standards of proof, depending on whether the offense involves a crime of

violence or a drug-trafficking offense.

       For these reasons, then, we conclude that the manner in which the district court

instructed jurors on the Government’s aiding-and-abetting theory was correct.

B. There was sufficient evidence to support Rosemond’s conviction

       Rosemond next argues that there was insufficient evidence presented at trial to

support instructing the jury on the Government’s aiding-and-abetting theory. We need

not address this argument, however, because Rosemond concedes, as he must, that there

was sufficient evidence to support his § 924(c)(1)(A) conviction under the Government’s

alternative theory that he was the shooter. That evidence included Joseph’s testimony at

trial that Rosemond was the shooter, and the written statement Perez gave police a few
                                               9
days after the incident identifying Rosemond as the shooter. And, as previously

mentioned, Rosemond does not challenge the manner in which the trial court instructed

jurors on the Government’s theory that Rosemond was the shooter. Where then, as here,

“there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction on one theory of guilt on which the

jury was properly instructed, we will not reverse the conviction on the ground that there

was insufficient evidence to convict on an alternative ground on which the jury was

instructed.” United States v. Hillman, 

, 939-40 (10th Cir.) (internal

quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 

(2011); see also Griffin v. United

States, 

, 60 (1991).

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, therefore, we AFFIRM Rosemond’s conviction on

Count II, using or carrying a firearm during the course of a federal drug-trafficking

offense.




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