FILED
                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                                        Tenth Circuit

                                                     October 10, 2012
                                 PUBLISH            Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                        Clerk of Court
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                               TENTH CIRCUIT


MADAME HABYARIMANA,
in her own capacity and on
behalf of the estate of the
deceased President of Rwanda,
JUVÉNAL HABYARIMANA;
MADAME NTARYAMIRA,
in her own capacity and on
behalf of the estate of the
deceased President of Burundi,
CYPRIEN NTARYAMIRA,

      Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.                                             No. 11-6315
PAUL KAGAME, President
of the Republic of Rwanda,

      Defendant-Appellee.


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Amicus Curiae.


       APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
          FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA
                  (D.C. No. 5:10-CV-00437-W)
                     (

)
Submitted on the Briefs: *

John P. Zelbst, Zelbst, Holmes & Butler, Lawton, Oklahoma, and Peter Erlinder,
Director, International Humanitarian Law Institute, William Mitchell College of
Law, St. Paul, Minnesota, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

Pierre-Richard Prosper, Robert C. O’Brien, Michael S. Cryan, and Roy Z. Silva,
Arent Fox LLP, for Defendant-Appellee.

Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser, Department of State, Stuart F. Delery, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Sanford C. Coats, United States Attorney, and Mark
B. Stern and Lewis S. Yelin, Attorneys, Appellate Staff, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., filed an Amicus Curiae Brief for
the United States in support of Defendant-Appellee.


Before TYMKOVICH, BALDOCK, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.


BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.


      On April 16, 1994, over the Rwandan capitol of Kigali, two surface-to-air

missiles brought down an aircraft carrying then Rwandan and Burundi Presidents,

Juvenal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira, both of Hutu ethnicity. The killings

fueled the Rwandan genocide, which spread violence across East Central Africa

and cost upwards of one million innocent victims their lives. Some believe the

then Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front headed by current Rwandan President Paul

Kagame was behind the killings. Others believe the then government-aligned Hutu


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.

                                         2
Power extremists opposed to a peace accord with the rebel force are responsible. 1

For present purposes, the identity of those responsible for downing the aircraft is

inconsequential.

      What matters is that the widows of the two former heads-of-state, Madame

Habyarimana and Madame Ntaryamira, blame President Kagame for their husbands’

deaths. 2 They filed suit in Oklahoma federal court seeking to hold him liable under

the Alien Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, the Torture Act, 18 U.S.C. § 2340A,

the Racketeeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1962, and a

slew of state and international laws. 3 At paragraphs six and nine of their amended

complaint, the widows allege:

      The final order to shoot down the Presidents’ plane was given by
      Defendant Kagame, himself, during a meeting held in Mulindi, Rwanda
      on or about March 31, 1994, with the planning and the operational
      phase being entrusted to Col. James Kabarebe, who was specifically
      charged with the formation of a team specialized in the use of surface-
      to-air missiles furnished by Uganda in a conspiracy with members of
      the non-governmental Rwanda Patriotic Army. . . .
                                       ***



      1
        See generally Gerard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
(Columbia Univ. Press 1995); Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide,
and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe (Oxford Univ. Press 2009).
      2
        For a differing account consider Rwanda Genocide: Kagame Cleared of
Habyarimana Crash, BBC News Africa (Jan. 10, 2012), http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
world-africa-16472013? (visited Oct. 6, 2012).
      3
       The widows allege suit is proper in Oklahoma because President Kagame
has ongoing and substantial contacts with the State arising out of the Rwandan
Government’s affiliation with Oklahoma Christian University.

                                         3
      Defendant Kagame deliberately chose a modus operandi that, in the
      context of the particular tension pervading both in Rwanda and
      [neighboring] Burundi between the Hutu and Tutsi communities, could
      only bring about bloody reprisals against the Tutsi community, and
      which offered him a veneer of legitimacy for his renewal of hostilities
      and his seizing of state power in Rwanda by criminally violent means.

      Something else also matters. During the pendency of this action in the district

court, the United States, at the request of the Rwandan Government, submitted a

“Suggestion of Immunity” on behalf of President Kagame. Paragraph one states:

      The United States has an interest in this action because the . . .
      Defendant, President Kagame, is the sitting head of state of a foreign
      state, thus raising the question of President Kagame’s immunity from
      the court’s jurisdiction while in office. The Constitution assigns to the
      U.S. President alone the responsibility to represent the Nation in its
      foreign relations. . . . The interest of the United States in this matter
      arises from a determination by the Executive Branch of the Government
      of the United States, in consideration of relevant principles of
      customary international law, and in the implementation of its foreign
      policy and in the conduct of its international relations, to recognize
      President Kagame’s immunity from this suit while in office.

In a published opinion, the district court accurately measured the case, deferred to

the United States Suggestion of Immunity, and dismissed the action against President

Kagame. Habyarimana v. Kagame, 

(W.D. Okla. 2011). We

exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and now affirm for substantially the

reasons found at pages 1259–1264 of the district court’s opinion. 4


      4
         The district court’s published opinion consists of two separate orders. The
court entered the first order found at pages 1246-59 on June 23, 2011. At that time,
the Rwandan Government had requested, but the United States had not yet submitted,
its Suggestion of Immunity. Then before the court was the widows’ motion for
default judgment against President Kagame for failure to answer the complaint. The
                                                                       (continued...)

                                         4
      In the words of Judge Wisdom: “The precedents are overwhelming. For more

than 160 years American courts have consistently applied the doctrine of sovereign

immunity when requested to do so by the executive branch. Moreover, they have

done so with no further review of the executive’s determination.” Spacil v. Crowe,

, 617 (5th Cir. 1974) (Wisdom, J.). Of course, the Foreign Sovereign

Immunities Act of 1976, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1330, 1602–11, which addresses the question

of a foreign state’s entitlement to immunity, now supercedes many of those

precedents to which Judge Wisdom referred: “After the enactment of the FSIA, the

Act—and not the pre-existing common law—indisputably governs the determination

of whether a foreign state is entitled to sovereign immunity.” Samantar v. Yousuf,

, 2285 (2010). But the FSIA does not alter common law precedents

as they bear upon “the immunity of individual officials.” 

FSIA

does not affect the “State Department’s [historical] role in determinations regarding

individual official immunity.” 

that role is well established, despite

the widows’ contrary arguments.




      4
        (...continued)
court ruled that because the widows had failed to effect service on the President,
the court lacked personal jurisdiction over him. For good cause shown, the court
provided the widows an additional 120 days to effect service, but noted “such
opportunity will be futile if President Kagame is correct in his assertion that as head
of state of Rwanda, he is absolutely immune from suit.” Habyarimana, 

at 1257. Following receipt of the Suggestion of Immunity, the court on October
28, 2011 entered a second order found at pages 1259–1264 dismissing the action on
the basis of President Kagame’s immunity from suit as a sitting foreign head of state.

                                          5
      Simply stated, “[i]t is . . . not for the courts to deny an immunity which our

government has seen fit to allow.” Republic of Mexico v. Hoffman, 

, 35

(1945). We must accept the United States’ suggestion that a foreign head of state is

immune from suit—even for acts committed prior to assuming office—“as a

conclusive determination by the political arm of the Government that the continued

[exercise of jurisdiction] interferes with the proper conduct of our foreign relations.” 5

Ex Parte Republic of Peru, 

, 589 (1943); accord Ye v. Zemin, 

, 626 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[A] determination by the Executive Branch that a foreign

head of state is immune from suit is conclusive and a court must accept such a

determination without reference to the underlying claims of a plaintiff.”). Judge

Wisdom best explained the “compelling reasons” for such a rule:

      Separation-of-powers principles impel a reluctance in the judiciary to
      interfere with or embarrass the executive in its constitutional role as the
      nation’s primary organ of international policy. And the degree to which
      granting or denying a claim of immunity may be important to foreign
      policy is a question on which the judiciary is particularly ill-equipped
      to second-guess the executive. The executive’s institutional resources
      and expertise in foreign affairs far outstrip those of the judiciary.
      Perhaps more importantly, in the chess game that is diplomacy only the
      executive has a view of the entire board and an understanding of the
      relationship between isolated moves.

(internal citations omitted).

      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


      5
         Paragraph seven of the Suggestion of Immunity observes that “[a]fter a head
of state leaves office, however, that individual generally retains residual immunity
only for acts taken in [an official capacity as head of state] and not for alleged acts
predating the individual’s tenure in office.”

                                            6