BRISCOE, Chief Judge.
The defendants have filed interlocutory appeals from an order of the district court granting a preliminary injunction in favor of plaintiff, an association of individual members of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and beneficiaries of a charitable religious trust ("FLDS Association"). After granting the defendants' motion for an emergency stay pending resolution of these appeals, we certified a question to the Utah Supreme Court regarding the preclusive effect under Utah law of dismissal, by reason of laches, of a petition for extraordinary writ. Having now received an answer from the Utah Supreme Court, we vacate the district court's grant of preliminary injunction and remand with directions to dismiss the claims filed by the FLDS Association as barred by res judicata.1
I. Background
In October 2008, the FLDS Association filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the District of Utah seeking declaratory and injunctive relief regarding the Utah probate court's reformation and administration of a religious charitable trust, the United Effort Plan Trust ("UEP Trust"). The FLDS Association named the attorneys general of Utah and Arizona, Utah District Judge Denise Posse Lindberg, and the court-appointed special fiduciary for the UEP Trust, Bruce Wisan, as defendants in the suit. The FLDS Association alleged six claims for relief: (1) a claim for declaratory relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging deprivation of the FLDS Association's rights under the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the United States Constitution; (2) a claim for declaratory relief under Article 1, Sections 1 and 4 of the Utah Constitution; (3) a claim for violation of the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA), 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc; (4) a claim that Utah Code Ann. § 76-7-101, which prohibits plural marriage, is unconstitutional as applied under the United States Constitution and the Utah Constitution; (5) a claim that Utah Code Ann. §§ 75-7-1001, -412(1), and -413(1)(c) are unconstitutional as applied; and (6) a claim for injunctive relief against the defendants' continuing administration of the UEP Trust. The FLDS Association also moved for a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction against the probate court's ongoing administration of the UEP Trust. The federal suit was then stayed pending the parties' settlement negotiations.
While the federal case was pending, the FLDS Association in October 2009 filed a petition for extraordinary writ in the Utah Supreme Court. The petition raised substantially similar claims as the federal complaint. The Utah Supreme Court dismissed the FLDS Association's petition and held that "the FLDS Association's claims regarding the ... modification of the Trust are barred by the equitable doctrine of laches." Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Lindberg, 238 P.3d 1054, 1062 (Utah 2010). The Utah Supreme Court explained that "the FLDS Association has waited nearly three years from the date the [state] district court modified the UEP Trust to challenge its modification and, in the interim, transactions have occurred and other parties have acted in reliance on the Trust's modification." Id. In dismissing the FLDS Association's petition, the Utah Supreme Court cited: 1) a lack of diligence with no adequate explanation from the FLDS Association for its three-year delay in filing its petition, and 2) the related injury resulting from the FLDS Association's lack of diligence to individuals who have relied upon the state district court's final order. Id. at 1064.
After the Utah Supreme Court issued its decision in Lindberg, the FLDS Association renewed its motion for temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction with the federal district court. After briefing from the parties and a hearing, the district court entered a temporary restraining order on December 13, 2010. The district court, in a memorandum opinion and order issued on February 24, 2011, then granted the FLDS Association's motion for a preliminary injunction. See Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Wisan, 773 F.Supp.2d 1217, 1244-45 (D.Utah 2011). The district court independently found that there was "no basis for a finding of laches, especially with respect to the state's continuing administration of the Trust." Id. at 1236. The district court also found that the injury caused by the FLDS Association's delay in filing their case was "also not sufficient to serve as a basis for applying laches." Id. at 1237. Regarding the defendants' claim that the district court was bound by the Utah Supreme Court's ruling in Lindberg by res judicata and therefore must dismiss the case, the district court, without certifying the question to the Utah Supreme Court, held that "the Utah Supreme Court's finding of laches was not a judgment on the merits for res judicata purposes." Id. at 1239. Accordingly, the district court found that it was "not precluded from further action in this case." Id. The district court then concluded that "the method the states chose to utilize in dealing with the Trust... offend[s] the Constitution" and granted the FLDS Association's motion for preliminary injunction. Id. at 1244.
The defendants appealed the district court's order granting preliminary injunction and included in their arguments that the Utah Supreme Court's decision in Lindberg precludes the FLDS Association from pursuing its claims in federal court. We certified a question to the Utah Supreme Court regarding the preclusive effect of its decision in Lindberg:
Under Utah preclusion law, is the Utah Supreme Court's discretionary review of a petition for extraordinary writ and subsequent dismissal on laches grounds a decision "on the merits" when it is accompanied by a written opinion, such that later adjudication of the same claim is barred?
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Horne, 465 Fed. Appx. 768, 771 (10th Cir.2012).
The Utah Supreme Court accepted our question and, on October 2, 2012, issued an opinion answering it.
II. Discussion
A. Standard of Review
"We review de novo the district court's conclusions of law on the applicability of issue and claim preclusion." Valley View Angus Ranch, Inc. v. Duke Energy Field Servs., Inc., 497 F.3d 1096, 1100 (10th Cir.2007). "We review the grant of a preliminary injunction for an abuse of discretion." Beltronics USA, Inc. v. Midwest Inventory Distribution, LLC, 562 F.3d 1067, 1070 (10th Cir.2009). "A district court abuses its discretion if it `commits an error of law, or is clearly erroneous in its preliminary factual findings.'" Dominion Video Satellite, Inc. v. EchoStar Satellite Corp., 269 F.3d 1149, 1153 (10th Cir.2001) (quoting Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians v. Pierce, 253 F.3d 1234, 1243 (10th Cir.2001)). Further, "[b]ecause a preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy, the movant's right to relief must be clear and unequivocal." Id. at 1154. Three types of preliminary injunctions are specifically disfavored: (1) preliminary injunctions that alter the status quo; (2) mandatory preliminary injunctions; and (3) preliminary injunctions that afford the movant all the relief that it could recover at the conclusion of a full trial on the merits. Id. at 1154-55. For these categories of disfavored preliminary injunctions, "the movant has a heightened burden of showing that the traditional four factors weigh heavily and compellingly in its favor before obtaining a preliminary injunction." Id.
B. Preclusion
In Utah, res judicata may apply as the result of either claim preclusion or issue preclusion. Claim preclusion "`is premised on the principle that a controversy should be adjudicated only once.'" Mack v. Utah State Dep't of Commerce, Div. of Sec., 221 P.3d 194, 203 (Utah 2009) (quoting Nebeker v. State Tax Comm'n, 34 P.3d 180, 186 (Utah 2001)). Utah applies a three-part test to determine whether a claim is precluded from relitigation:
First, both [suits] must involve the same parties or their privies. Second, the claim that is alleged to be barred must have been presented in the first suit or be one that could and should have been raised in the first action [because it arose from the same transaction or operative facts]. Third, the first suit must have resulted in a final judgment on the merits.
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Horne, ___ P.3d ___, No. 20120158, 2012 WL 4497640, at *3 (Utah Oct. 2, 2012) (alterations in original) (quoting Mack, 221 P.3d at 203).
In its answer to our certified question, the Utah Supreme Court concluded that "[a] decision like the one we reached in Lindberg is a decision `on the merits' for res judicata purposes that would thus preclude a subsequent action on the same claims between the same parties." Id. at *1. The Utah Supreme Court explained that although its extraordinary writ jurisdiction is discretionary, its denial of the FLDS Association's petition was on the merits for res judicata purposes because Lindberg was decided "in light of [its] resolution of the merits of the [defendants'] affirmative defense of laches." Id. at *4. In addition, although Lindberg did not consider the FLDS Association's underlying constitutional claims, this omission was "neither fatal nor relevant to that decision's preclusive effect" because the court dismissed the FLDS Association's petition for extraordinary writ in accordance with Utah's laches standard. Id. at *6, *9 (explaining that the lack of diligence on the part of plaintiff and an injury to defendant owing to such lack of diligence are the two elements of laches in Utah). The Utah Supreme Court also found that the court's factual analysis in Lindberg was sufficient to sustain the preclusive effect of that decision and that constitutional claims are not immune from the reach of a laches time bar. Id. at *9-12. Based on these reasons, the Utah Supreme Court concluded that "a decision like the one reached in Lindberg — dismissing an extraordinary writ on laches grounds — would preclude a subsequent claim brought in Utah courts." Id. at *12.
Having now received the Utah Supreme Court's answer to our certified question, we conclude that the FLDS Association is precluded from pursuing its claims in federal court. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1738, Congress requires that "judicial proceedings ... [of any State] shall have the same full faith and credit in every court within the United States ... as they have by law or usage in the courts of such State." The Supreme Court has interpreted § 1738 to mean that "federal courts [are required] to give preclusive effect to state-court judgments whenever the courts of the State from which the judgments emerged would do so." Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 96, 101 S.Ct. 411, 66 L.Ed.2d 308 (1980). See also Sierra Club v. Two Elk Generation Partners, Ltd. P'ship, 646 F.3d 1258, 1264 (10th Cir.2011) ("The preclusive effect of a state court judgment in a subsequent federal lawsuit generally is determined by the full faith and credit statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, which directs a federal court to refer to the preclusion law of the State in which judgment was rendered." (citations and quotations omitted)). In light of the Utah Supreme Court's answer, we conclude that the district court erred in granting a preliminary injunction. More specifically, we conclude that the district court erred in holding that the Utah Supreme Court's finding of laches in Lindberg was not a judgment on the merits for res judicata purposes. As the Utah Supreme Court has now made clear, Lindberg would have preclusive effect in Utah courts. In accordance with § 1738, we are required to give preclusive effect to Lindberg, and we conclude that FLDS Association is precluded from pursuing its claims in federal court.
Accordingly, we VACATE the district court's order granting preliminary injunction and REMAND with directions to dismiss the claims filed by the FLDS Association as barred by res judicata.
