FILED
                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                 Tenth Circuit

                                    PUBLISH                    January 29, 2013
                                                             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                Clerk of Court

                               TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

             Plaintiff-Appellee,
       v.                                              No. 11-1441
 JOEY ISAAC RUBY,

             Defendant-Appellant.


        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO
                  (D.C. NO. 1:10-CR-00598-CMA-1)


Barry A. Schwartz, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Appellate Division
(Raymond P. Moore, Federal Public Defender, with him on the briefs), Office of
the Federal Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Appellant.

Michael C. Johnson, Assistant United States Attorney (John F. Walsh, United
States Attorney, with him on the brief) Office of the United States Attorney,
Denver, Colorado, for Appellee.


Before KELLY, SEYMOUR, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.


TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.


      Joey Ruby was on supervised release following a conviction for being a

felon in possession of a gun. One of the conditions of his supervised release was
that Ruby not commit any other crimes. He was unable to abide by this condition,

and was convicted of third-degree assault in Colorado state court. As a result, the

district court revoked Ruby’s release and sentenced him to eighteen months’

imprisonment.

       He now appeals the sentence on the grounds that the district court erred in

considering hearsay testimony at sentencing from three witnesses to the assault.

Because we conclude the district court did not err in considering the testimony,

we AFFIRM the district court’s sentence.

                                 I. Background

       Ruby was placed on supervised release after being released from prison in

October 2009. He had finished serving a thirty-seven month prison sentence

stemming from a conviction for being a felon in possession of a gun. A year

later, Ruby was arrested in Colorado for a traffic incident that led to charges of

third-degree assault, DUI, domestic violence, reckless driving, and driving under

restraint.

       The parties advance differing versions of what transpired the night of the

traffic incident. The following is undisputed: Ruby was in a car with three other

individuals that crashed into a tree. The three individuals were Ruby’s girlfriend,

Melody Apodaca; Apodaca’s daughter, Anastasia Aguilar; and another friend,

Brandy Bobian. After the crash, Ruby and Apodaca got out of the car; there was

some shouting, and some physical contact between Apodaca and Ruby. A

                                         -2-
passerby, Cari Wojick, who was walking her dog at the time, saw Ruby throw

Apodaca to the ground twice and heard him yell at her, “What are you doing? Are

you trying to ruin my life?” R., Vol. 1, at 15–16.

      At Ruby’s trial in Colorado state court in April 2011, he was convicted of

third-degree assault, but acquitted of the other charges. At sentencing, the trial

judge speculated that the jury had based its conviction solely on the testimony of

Wojick, who only saw Ruby throw Apodaca to the ground—and not that of

Apodaca, who testified to a more brutal assault. Ruby was sentenced to time

served.

      After the trial, Ruby’s federal probation officer filed a Petition for Arrest

based on Ruby’s conviction. The officer then submitted a Supervised Release

Violation Report. The Petition and the Report detail a version of events much

more violent than the undisputed version: Ruby had been driving the car home

from a restaurant where the occupants of the car had eaten dinner and where Ruby

had been drinking. During the drive, Ruby started yelling at Apodaca and driving

recklessly. While still driving, Ruby punched Apodaca in the face. He then lost

control of the car, which crashed into a tree. Ruby then dragged Apodaca out of

the car, threw her to the ground, and continued punching her.

      The events narrated in the Petition and the Report are copied from the

Probable Cause Statement filed in county court, which, in turn, comes from the

offense report completed by the police department. The offense report contained

                                         -3-
Apodaca’s statements to police and those of the other three witnesses (Wojick,

Aguilar, and Bodian).

      Prior to his revocation hearing, Ruby filed a written objection to the

version of events contained in the report. He painted a very different picture of

what happened: He claimed that Apodaca had been driving. They had an

argument, then she “went crazy” and hit him in the face. R., Vol. 1, at 9. As a

result, she crashed the car. Ruby then got out of the car and started walking

away, as he had been instructed to do in his anger management class. Apodaca

followed him and continued to hit him. He pushed her to the ground twice in his

attempt to escape the situation.

      At the revocation hearing, Ruby stipulated to the fact that he had violated

his supervised release conditions. He also agreed that his conviction for third-

degree assault was a crime of violence and that he had a Criminal History

Category of III—resulting in a recommended sentencing range of eighteen to

twenty-four months’ imprisonment. But he did ask the court for a downward

variance from the recommended sentence.

      The district court denied Ruby’s request for a downward variance. The

court did not believe Ruby’s version of events, instead crediting the version

contained in the Violation Report. The court stated, “So I, frankly, Mr. Ruby,

don’t believe that you didn’t punch her with a closed fist, that you merely threw

her to the ground.” R., Vol. 2, at 14–15. The court noted that Ruby’s presentence

                                         -4-
report described an incident in 2004—which resulted in a 2005 guilty

plea—where Ruby had repeatedly punched Apodaca in the face, breaking her

nose.

        Ruby’s counsel objected to the court’s reliance on the Violation Report:

“We are very hamstrung coming into this courtroom and having the facts of the

case basically decided by a probable cause statement, with no really sort of

safeguards against that, no testimony, no things like that.” R., Vol. 2, at 15. But

nonetheless, Ruby did not ask for an evidentiary hearing pursuant to the U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 6A1.3 or otherwise make specific objections at

sentencing to the version of the accident produced by the government.

        The district court imposed an eighteen-month prison sentence (the bottom

end of the guidelines range) as well as twelve months of supervised release.

Ruby now appeals his sentence. We have jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and

28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                   II. Analysis

        Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.1(b)(2)(C) provides that at a

revocation hearing, the defendant must have “an opportunity . . . to question any

adverse witness unless the court determines that the interest of justice does not

require the witness to appear.” This means that a court at a revocation hearing

may consider hearsay evidence as long as it makes the necessary “interest of

justice” determination.

                                         -5-
      Ruby argues the court did not comply with Rule 32.1’s procedures and then

compounded the mistake by basing his sentence on unreliable hearsay testimony.

      A. Standard of Review

      When reviewing a district court’s sentence following revocation of release,

we look to whether the sentence was “substantively reasonable” and “procedurally

reasonable.” United States v. McBride, 

, 1231–32 (10th Cir. 2011).

We review for abuse of discretion. See id. at 1232. We review findings of fact,

however, for clear error and legal determinations de novo. United States v. Kristl,

, 1054 (10th Cir. 2006). Ruby’s argument is not that his sentence

was substantively unreasonable, but that his due process rights were violated

because of unreliable hearsay evidence. Because unreliable hearsay evidence can

result in a sentence based on erroneous facts, we construe Ruby’s argument as an

objection that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable. See Gall v. United

States, 

, 51 (2007) (noting that procedural error in sentencing includes

“selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts”).

      Objections to procedural reasonableness that are not contemporaneously

raised, however, are subject to plain error review. See United State v. Gantt, 

, 1246–47 (10th Cir. 2012) (reviewing for plain error non-

contemporaneous objection to court’s alleged procedural failure to explain

reasoning behind sentence). Under plain error review, the defendant must

demonstrate (1) there is error, (2) that is plain, (3) which affects substantial

                                          -6-
rights, and (4) which seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation

of judicial proceedings. United States v. Romero, 

, 1178 (10th Cir.

2007).

         B. Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) and Sentencing Hearings

         Ruby first contends the court erred in relying on hearsay at his revocation

hearing without making the requisite “interest of justice” finding under Rule

32.1(b)(2)(C). Because Ruby did not invoke Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) below, we review

his objection on appeal for plain error. He argues that Rule 32.1 applies not only

to the guilt phase of a revocation hearing, but also to the sentencing phase. We

disagree.

         Rule 32.1 was enacted to codify due process guarantees that apply to

revocation hearings. See Curtis v. Chester, 

, 545 (10th Cir. 2010).

In particular, the rule was designed to ensure at revocation hearings the ability of

defendants to an independent judicial officer and the right to adversary

proceedings. In this way, the Rule embodies the holdings of two Supreme Court

cases, Morrissey v. Brewer, 

 (1972), and Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 

 (1973).

         Morrissey acknowledged that while a parolee facing revocation of his

liberty does not have “the full panoply of rights due a defendant” in a criminal

prosecution, he is entitled to an independent officer at the preliminary hearing and

the right to be heard at a final revocation hearing before entry of judgment. 408

                                           -7-
U.S. at 480, 485–90. A parolee also has the right “to confront and cross-examine

adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not

allowing confrontation).” Id. at 489.

      Following the lead of Morrissey, the Supreme Court in Gagnon held that

the due process interests at stake when revoking parole are identical to those at

stake when revoking probation. 411 U.S. at 781–82. Though parole no longer

exists in the federal sentencing system, supervised release is its functional

equivalent and thus involves the same due process interests. Cf. Curtis, 626 F.3d

at 545 (suggesting equivalency of parole, probation, and supervised release for

purposes of due process).

      The purpose of these hearings is to ensure that the decision to revoke a

parolee or probationer’s freedom is not based on “erroneous information.”

Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 484. To guarantee the accuracy of the revocation decision,

the rule ensures, among other things, that a probationer or parolee has notice of

the alleged violation, the opportunity to present evidence, and the opportunity to

question adverse witnesses unless the court determines otherwise. Fed. R. Crim.

P. 32.1(b)(2)(A)–(C). Once a probationer or parolee admits his guilt, as was the

case here, there is no danger that the revocation decision will be based on

erroneous information. Because the only task left to the court is to determine the

proper sentence, the sentencing phase of a revocation hearing is governed by the

rule surrounding normal sentencing, Rule 32, not Rule 32.1. See United States v.

                                         -8-
Carper, 

, 1160 (9th Cir. 1994) (“Rule 32.1 thus governs the decision

of whether or not to revoke supervised release, while Rule 32 governs the

decision of what sentence to impose.”).

      Consistent with these cases, we discern no meaningful difference between

sentencing at a revocation proceeding and sentencing after a guilty plea or jury

verdict of conviction. In both instances, a violation or criminal offense has been

proven or admitted and the only task of the court is to determine the proper

sentence. The task of sentencing is distinct from the task of adjudicating guilt,

and therefore warrants a different set of rules. See United States v. Littlesun, 

, 1200 (9th Cir. 2006) (“A court is presented with quite a different set

of circumstances when it has to decide whether someone is guilty and must go to

prison than when it is deciding how long a convicted criminal must serve.”

(emphasis in original)).

      Unlike at a criminal trial where the Federal Rules of Evidence limit the

types of admissible evidence, at a sentencing hearing the court can have access to

any relevant information, as long as it adheres to a preponderance of the evidence

standard. See USSG § 6A1.3. Sentencing courts historically rely on a wide array

of information relevant to the individualized needs of the offender, including

hearsay evidence containing a minimal indicia of reliability. United States v.

Browning, 

, 755 (10th Cir. 1995).




                                          -9-
      Under these principles, a sentencing court need not make an “interest of

justice” determination in the circumstances here. First, Ruby did not ask to

present witnesses, nor did the court deny him any opportunity to produce

evidence demonstrating his version of the facts. Even so, he suggests we extend

Rule 32.1 to enact a heightened standard of reliability for evidence proffered at

revocation sentencing by adopting a balancing test. The balancing test would

require a court to balance the offender’s right to confront witnesses with the

government’s good cause for denying the right.

      In support of this argument, Ruby points to United States v. Lloyd, 

 (3d Cir. 2009). In Lloyd, the defendant was on supervised release when

he was convicted of being a felon in possession of a gun in another jurisdiction.

When he refused to stipulate to the fact of his conviction at the revocation

hearing, the government offered proof of conviction with the judgment and plea

agreement from the other jurisdiction. The government also claimed that the

defendant had committed domestic battery against his girlfriend, a fact which it

supported with her out-of-court statements. The district court determined that the

battery had occurred, which increased the defendant’s sentencing range from 4-10

months to 12-18 months.

      On appeal, the Third Circuit found that the firearms violation, proven by

non-hearsay evidence, was sufficient to justify the revocation. The only question

was whether the sentencing range had been properly calculated based on the

                                        -10-
girlfriend’s hearsay statements contained in a violation report. Id. at 344. The

Third Circuit assumed that Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) applied and adopted the balancing

test. Id. at 344–45. Because the district court had not made the requisite finding

under Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) to justify the absence of the witness, the court vacated

the sentence and remanded for resentencing. Id. at 346.

      Lloyd’s treatment of Rule 32.1 is not persuasive. First, the court did not

address the predicate question of whether Rule 32.1 should even apply at the

sentencing phase because the question was not raised on appeal—and (most

likely) because the district court appeared to have accepted all the evidence

during the guilt phase of the hearing, where Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) does apply.

Furthermore, other courts have concluded in unpublished opinions the exact

opposite of Lloyd at the sentencing phase (though also without discussion) and

assumed Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) does not apply. See United States v. Prescott, 360 F.

App’x 209, 211 (2d Cir. 2010) (noting, in the context of the sentencing phase of a

revocation proceeding, that “it has long been held that a district court may

consider hearsay evidence in sentencing proceedings”); United States v. Pardee,

224 F. App’x 650, 651 (9th Cir. 2007) (refusing to apply Rule 32.1(b)(2) to the

admissibility of hearsay when defendant already admitted to having violated his

supervised release conditions). We agree with those courts and the logic behind

the relaxed standard at sentencing.




                                        -11-
      As a final argument, Ruby points to the plain language of Rule 32.1(b)(2),

arguing that it does not differentiate between the guilt and sentencing phases of a

revocation hearing. Yet this silence cuts against Ruby’s argument. Following

Morrissey, Rule 32.1(b)(2) was promulgated in the background of established

case law that allowed the admission of hearsay evidence at sentencing. See

Williams v. New York, 

, 249–52 (1949) (admission of hearsay

evidence at sentencing did not violate due process). And “neither Morrissey nor

the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure say anything about Williams or the right

to examine adverse witnesses at sentencing.” Littlesun, 444 F.3d at 1200. Given

the similar interests at stake—and the absence of evidence to the contrary—we

cannot conclude that the Supreme Court sought to carve out an exception to

normal sentencing law in revocation proceedings.

      In sum, nothing in Rule 32.1 requires that the hearsay evidence at issue

here be subject to a different, or higher, level of admissibility than it would be at

other types of sentencing proceedings. Ruby did not seek to examine the

government’s witnesses, nor was he prevented from producing corroborating

witnesses or other evidence. Thus, he has less reason to complain about the

procedures the court used at sentencing.




                                         -12-
           We conclude that Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) does not apply to the sentencing phase

of a revocation proceeding. 1 Accordingly, the court made no error.

           C. Admissibility of Hearsay at Sentencing

           Even though Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) does not apply to the sentencing phase of a

revocation proceeding, Ruby challenges the evidence the district court relied on at

sentencing. He argues the evidence was unreliable because it consisted of

hearsay from a police report of his accident and assault. Ruby did not make a

specific hearsay challenge to the evidence below, nor did he attempt to show the

evidence was flawed through his own testimony, the testimony of other witnesses,

or the police statement itself. We therefore review Ruby’s objection for plain

error. 2

           District courts are not strictly bound by the Federal Rules of Evidence at

sentencing hearings. United States v. Browning, 

, 755 (10th Cir.



           1
        Because we conclude that Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) does not apply to the
sentencing phase of a revocation proceeding, we decline to address Ruby’s
argument that we should jettison the “reliability test” for what constitutes good
cause under Rule 32.1(b)(2)(C) and instead adopt a “balancing test.” See Curtis
v. Chester, 

, 546 (10th Cir. 2010) (declining to address whether the
balancing test should prevail over the reliability test because hearsay evidence at
revocation proceeding was admissible under either test).
           2
         During the sentencing phase of the revocation proceeding, Ruby’s
counsel stated, “We are very hamstrung coming into this courtroom and having
the facts of the case basically decided by a probable cause statement, with no
really sort of safeguards against that, no testimony, no things like that.” R., Vol.
2, at 15. This is not a clear enough objection to avoid plain error review on
appeal.

                                            -13-
1995); see also USSG § 6A1.3, cmt. (“In determining the relevant facts,

sentencing judges are not restricted to information that would be admissible at

trial.” (citations omitted)). As a result, “hearsay statements may be considered at

sentencing if they bear some minimal indicia of reliability.” United States v.

Damato, 

, 847 (10th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). This reliability

floor is a requirement of due process. See United States v. Cook, 

,

1296 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting that “the due process clause protects a defendant’s

right not to be sentenced on the basis of materially incorrect information”).

      Corroborating evidence is often key to determining whether a statement is

sufficiently reliable. See United States v. Todd, 

, 1136 & n.6 (10th

Cir. 2008) (affirming district court’s reliance on hearsay evidence regarding drug

sales by defendant where other evidence corroborated it); United States v.

Fennell, 

, 813–14 (10th Cir. 1995) (reversing district court where

sentencing enhancement was based solely on hearsay statement by defendant’s

ex-girlfriend with no other corroborating evidence); United States v. Beaulieu,

, 1181 (10th Cir. 1990) (affirming sentencing judge where

enhancement based on defendant’s leadership role in drug operation was

“corroborated by physical and documentary evidence at the trial and by

appellant’s admissions at his sentencing hearing”).

      Ruby argues the district court erred in relying on the statements contained

in the Petition and Violation Report when it refused to grant Ruby a downward

                                        -14-
variance from the guideline range. On appeal, Ruby contends that the petition

contains several layers of hearsay which make the statements particularly

unreliable. Yet Ruby exaggerates the extent of the hearsay. In fact, all the

documents at the hearing were based on the post-accident police report, and Ruby

did not even raise in the district court any hearsay-on-hearsay concerns. 3

      Ruby relies largely on two cases, Fennell, 

, and Lloyd, 

, to argue that the hearsay in this case was unreliable. In Fennell, we

reviewed a sentence enhancement for possession of a machine gun based solely

on his estranged girlfriend’s unsworn telephone statement to a probation officer

that the defendant had fired the machine gun at her. 65 F.3d at 813. The court

found her statement insufficiently reliable because the girlfriend did not prepare a

sworn affidavit, the interviewing officer was not able to observe her demeanor,

and there was no other corroborating evidence. Id. Similarly, in Lloyd, the

district court enhanced a defendant’s sentence based on allegations of domestic

battery. 566 F.3d at 344. Yet there was no independent corroborating evidence

for the battery beyond the victim’s cursory statement. Id. at 345.

      3
         Ruby implies that the admitted documents might have contained some
transcription errors, but if there was any doubt that the statements had been
distorted or lost in the transcription from the original police report to the
Violation Report, Ruby could have easily pointed it out below. He provided
excerpts from the original police report as an attachment to his written objection
to the Report, which suggests he had access to the entire report. Because he did
not object to multiple levels of hearsay, and did not introduce the full police
report below, we will not further discount the reliability of the statements in the
Violation Report.

                                         -15-
      The statements here are more reliable. Unlike in those cases, where the

sole witness had reasons to lie, here the corroborating statements of three

relatively neutral witnesses help establish the reliability of Apodaca’s statement

to the police officer. Apodaca’s daughter and the other female passenger

contemporaneously confirm Apodaca’s version of the events, while Wojick (the

uninvolved witness) saw Ruby throw Apodaca to the ground twice and yell at her,

an observation entirely consistent with Apodaca’s version of events. These

additional witnesses, who spoke in person to the police officer, dispel the doubt

that might otherwise hang over the out-of-court testimony of a witness with an

axe to grind. See United States v. Caiba-Antele, No. 11-2140, --- F.3d ---, at *10

(10th Cir. Jan. 23, 2013) (finding sufficient indicia of reliability in corroborating

statements given in person to detectives by multiple victims of sexual abuse).

Nor did Ruby testify at the sentencing hearing to a contrary set of facts, or ask the

court to consider additional documents—other than his written objection to the

Report—or the testimony of other witnesses.

      The district court also relied on the fact that Ruby pleaded guilty to an

assault charge in 2005 for having punched Apodaca in the face in 2004. The

incident helps amplify Ruby’s capacity for violence and further supports

Apodaca’s statement that she was struck in the face. While prior incidents are not

necessarily probative of later conduct, Fed. R. Evid. 404(a), this type of evidence




                                         -16-
may help establish another piece of the “minimal indicia of reliability” necessary

to consider hearsay at sentencing. Damato, 672 F.3d at 847; see also USSG

§ 6A1.3(a) (“In resolving any dispute concerning a factor important to the

sentencing determination, the court may consider relevant information without

regard to its admissibility under the rules of evidence applicable at trial . . . .”);

18 U.S.C. § 3661 (“No limitation shall be placed on the information concerning

the background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of an offense which

a court of the United States may receive and consider for the purpose of imposing

an appropriate sentence.” (emphasis added)). Ruby’s prior conduct thus is

certainly relevant to the district court’s findings of fact and this court’s overall

assessment of the reasonableness of the sentence.

      Ruby tries to discredit Apodaca’s statements by pointing to the acquittals in

his state court trial. The fact that Ruby was only convicted of third-degree assault

in his state court trial, and not the other offenses—which relied upon Apodaca’s

testimony—bears little on whether the district court was justified in considering

the proffered evidence. As the government points out, a jury needs to be

convinced beyond a reasonable doubt to convict a defendant, whereas a court

imposing a sentence need only make a finding of fact by a preponderance of the

evidence. Thus, little can be inferred from Ruby’s acquittal on the other charges.

      To be sure, none of the facts surrounding the incident resolve concerns

about the level of hearsay between the interviewing officer and the reporting

                                           -17-
officer (if that level of hearsay even existed), or about the officer’s accuracy in

writing down the witnesses’ statements. See, e.g., Lloyd, 566 F.3d at 346 (noting

that “police reports are neither ‘inherently reliable [nor] . . . inherently

unreliable’” (citations omitted)). Yet because Ruby did not place the full police

report in the record, there is nothing to support his claim that someone other than

the interviewing officer wrote the report.

      In the end, Ruby did not object below to the admission of hearsay, let alone

multiple levels of hearsay. We review for plain error, and even if the district

court erred we cannot say that any error was “plain, . . . affects substantial rights,

and . . . seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial

proceedings.” United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 

, 732 (10th Cir.

2005) (en banc) (citation omitted). Accordingly, we must reject Ruby’s challenge

to the evidence offered at sentencing.

                                  III. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




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