FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                   Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                February 4, 2013
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                   Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                     No. 12-4011
 LUPE B. ZENDEJAS,                           (D.C. No. 2:11-CR-00438-DAK-1)
                                                         (D. Utah)
          Defendant-Appellant.


                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before KELLY and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges, and JOHNSON, ** District
Judge. ***


      A jury convicted Defendant Lupe Zendejas of embezzling $20,000 from a

federally insured bank in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 656. The district court sentenced

Defendant to 36 months of supervised release and ordered her to repay the bank. On

appeal, Defendant argues the prosecution made comments to the jury during its



      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however,
for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
       Honorable William P. Johnson, United States District Judge, District of
New Mexico, sitting by designation.
      ***
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this
appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
closing rebuttal that deprived her of a fair trial in violation of the Fifth and Sixth

Amendments. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Because Defendant

did not contemporaneously object to the prosecution’s comments, but instead waited

until after trial to object, we review for plain error only. United States v. Hernandez-

Muniz, 

, 1011 (10th Cir. 1999) (reviewing for plain error a claim of

prosecutorial misconduct based on improper remarks to the jury where defendant did

not contemporaneously object). Applying this standard, we affirm.

                                           I.

      The record reveals Defendant, a teller at a Key Bank branch in Taylorsville,

Utah, and Tina Garibay, branch manager, prepared a $90,000 cash transfer for pick

up by Loomis Fargo, the bank’s courier service. Defendant and Garibay counted the

money and placed it into bundles or “straps” of $20 and $100 bills. They placed the

money, $70,000 in $20 bills and $20,000 in $100 bills, in a clear plastic bag and

sealed it. Each of them then “bundle counted” the money by looking into the bag

and verifying that all the straps of money were inside. Defendant and Garibay

signed both the bag and the bank’s consignment log to certify the bag contained

$90,000. The consignment log read “sealed packages said to contain” $90,000.

Supp. ROA vol. 2, Gov’t Exh. 2. Defendant next locked the bag in her teller drawer

in the back room of the vault. The vault security camera indicated Defendant was

the only person who entered the back room of the vault once the bag containing the

cash was ready for pick up. We need not detail the facts surrounding Defendant’s

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three visits to the vault after she and Garibay prepared the cash for transfer. Suffice

to say Defendant had exclusive access to the bag containing the $90,000 until she

handed it to Kenneth McGhie, the assigned courier, around 25 minutes later.

      McGhie had worked for Loomis picking up and delivering cash transfers for

30 years. McGhie testified he examined the bag to make sure it did not appear

compromised. He then signed the consignment log as “custodian” of the bag,

attesting the bag was “said to contain” $90,000. 

counsel asked McGhie: “[I]s it fair to say that when you sign that log, you’re

signing and attesting that the bag you’re being given fits the characteristics of . . .

those descriptions . . . on the line that you sign on?” ROA vol. 3, at 285. McGhie

answered “[y]es.” 

bag to Loomis where he delivered it

to receiving clerk or vault custodian Kierra Maughan. Maughan, like McGhie,

checked the bag to make sure it had not been compromised. Maughan logged the

information on the bag into the computer and assigned the bag to Loomis teller Amy

Tovar. When Tovar opened the bag the next day after checking to make sure the bag

did not contain any holes or tears, she found two $10,000 straps of $100 bills missing

from its reported contents.

      Christine Rose, an investigator for Key Bank, testified she inspected the bag

missing the $20,000. The bag itself, numbered 1247987, was not compromised. But

Rose questioned the signatures on the bag. During the investigation, Defendant

indicated her signature appearing on the bag was authentic. Garibay testified at trial

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that her signature on the bag was forged. The prosecution published examples of

Garibay’s signature so the jury could compare her real signature with the signature

on the bag. Bag number 1247987 was listed on the consignment log as the bag

Defendant handed McGhie. The log also recorded other cash transfers from the

bank to Loomis. The log showed all bags in the same series as bag number 1247987

—excepting bag number 1247981—namely bag numbers ending in 980, 982, 983,

984, 985, 986, 988, and 989, were also used for cash transfers. The inference was

Defendant and Garibay placed the entire $90,000 in bag number 1247981. Then,

after Defendant had stolen $20,000 from that bag, she placed the remaining $70,000

in bag number 1247987 and altered the bag number appearing on the consignment

log to read 1247987 rather than 1247981. In fact, the security camera showed that

during one of Defendant’s visits to the vault during the relevant time period she

wrote something on the consignment log. The “tear off receipt” for bag number

1247987 was located in Defendant’s teller drawer.

      In its closing argument, the prosecution argued only Defendant could have

stolen the money given her exclusive access to the bag during the relevant time

period. The prosecution emphasized Defendant was familiar with the cash transfer

process, knew how to steal the money, and had the opportunity to do so. Defense

counsel responded in his closing by suggesting McGhie’s had stolen the money:

“[H]e makes sure everything is in the bag.” ROA vol. 3, at 417. “[H]e looked at the

bag, he saw the denominations, the 20s and 100s.” 

that

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money in the bag. And then he left with the $90,000 in the bag.” 

McGhie counted the money, and then he left.” 

already counted the money. The money is not missing from the bank.” 

has in his truck a bag that he strap[] counted which contained $90,000.” 

McGhie took the $90,000 from the bank that day.” 

McGhie took the money.” 

prosecution reminded the jury that McGhie did not testify he

counted the money in the bag. Rather, McGhie testified he spot checked the bag for

evidence of tampering and verified that the bag was “said to contain” $90,000.

“Kenneth McGhie didn’t say he picked up the bag and bundle counted [the money].

The only evidence you have of anyone bundle counting this money is from the

defendant and Tina Garibay who said they bundle counted and the 100s were in

there.” 

prosecution told the jury:

      If you are much of a history buff, you’ll be familiar with the military
      tactic of a diversion. This tactic is used by an enemy army to distract
      attention away from the real focal point of a battle to confuse what’s
      really going on, to disarm, distract, lose site of what you know.

      And the defense’s arguments are similar. And [defense counsel], who
      is an extremely skilled attorney and colleague of mine, would love
      nothing more than for you to lose site of what you know.

telling the jury that defense counsel’s efforts to place the blame

on McGhie rather than Tina Garibay was a “diversion” and an attempt to “fool[] the

government,” 

prosecution also told the jury:


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      “[D]efense [counsel] . . . knows that his client is guilty unless you
      believe this is actually Tina Garibay’s signature [on the bag]. The only
      evidence you have is it is not. And I invite you to look at all of the
      examples we have. Tina Garibay has a unique signature. It’s wavy.
      It’s big. It’s loopy.”

weeks after the jury returned its verdict, Defendant filed a motion for a

new trial pursuant to Fed. R. Crim. P. 33. Therein, Defendant argued for the first

time that the prosecution’s rebuttal comments improperly placed defense counsel’s

credibility at issue and suggested counsel was deceptive, unethical, and satisfied of

his client’s guilt. The district court denied the motion in a written order, stating:

      The court finds that the comments made by the prosecutor during
      closing argument were not improper. Even if they could be considered
      improper, however, Defendant is not entitled to a new trial because the
      statements were singular and isolated in nature and were simply not
      flagrant enough to influence the jury to convict on grounds other than
      the evidence presented at trial.

ROA vol. 1, at 122.

                                          II.

      In United States v. Young, 

, 16 n.13 (1985), the Supreme Court told

us that a “defendant cannot as a rule remain silent, interpose no objection, and after

a verdict has been returned seize for the first time on the point that the prosecutor’s

comments to the jury were improper and prejudicial.” (internal brackets omitted)

(quoting United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 

, 238–39 (1940));

see also United States v. Sanchez-Garcia, 150 F. App’x 909, 916–18 (10th Cir. 2005)

(unpublished). This is precisely what Defendant did in this case. To preserve what

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she belatedly claimed to be error, Defendant needed to object at the close of the

prosecution’s argument, preferably “with a request that the court give a timely

warning and curative instruction to the jury.” 

. Because

Defendant failed to do so, plain error is the appropriate standard of review.

      Plain error as recognized by Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b) requires an obvious error

that affected a defendant’s substantial rights.          In other words, a reasonable

probability must exist that but for the error the result of the proceeding would have

been different. United States v. Orr, 

, 1088 (10th Cir. 2012). Plain

error further requires the error seriously affect the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of judicial proceedings such that the failure to rectify the error would

produce a miscarriage of justice. 

Supreme Court stated “the plain-

error exception to the contemporaneous-objection rule is to be used sparingly, solely

in those circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.”

(internal quotations omitted). In determining whether plain

error occurred here, we evaluate the prosecution’s comments not in isolation but in

the context of the entire record. 

in that context, those comments,

even if inappropriate, “were not such as to undermine the fundamental fairness of the

trial and contribute to a miscarriage of justice.” 

its rebuttal argument by responding to defense

counsel’s suggestion that Kenneth McGhie stole the money because he strap counted

the money in the bag and left the bank with $90,000. But McGhie had not testified


                                           7
he strap counted the money. Moreover, any inference that he had taken the money,

based on his testimony and the testimony of other Loomis employees who inspected

the bag and found it unremarkable, was dubious at best. See United States v. Lopez-

Medina, 

, 740 (10th Cir. 2010) (recognizing counsel must confine

closing argument to evidence in the record and reasonable inferences from that

evidence). The prosecution responded by referring to defense counsel’s attempt to

blame McGhie as a “diversion” much like the “military tactic” of an “enemy army”

in “battle.” See 

(recognizing that “if the prosecutor’s

remarks were ‘invited’ and did no more than respond substantially in order to ‘right

the scale,’ such comments would not warrant revers[al]”). Under the circumstances

presented, the prosecution was entitled to tell the jury that defense counsel’s

statements blaming McGhie for the crime were an attempt to divert their attention

from the evidence. See United States v. Catlett, 

, 572 (D.C. Cir. 1996)

(“[T]he prosecutor was within his rights to suggest to the jury that the arguments

raised in defense counsel’s summation were merely diversions.”).

      But analogizing the defense to an “enemy army” engaged in “battle,” and

suggesting defense counsel was trying to mislead the jurors by telling them counsel

“would love nothing more than for you to lose site of what you know” may have

been improper. See Arrieta-Agressot v. United States, 

, 527–30 (1st Cir.

1993) (reversing defendants’ conviction where the evidence of guilt was not

overwhelming and “[t]hroughout his closing argument the prosecutor urged the jury


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to view this case as a battle in the war against drugs, and the defendants as enemy

soldiers”); Pierson v. O’Leary, 

, 1388 (7th Cir. 1992) (recognizing an

attack on defense counsel’s credibility as improper), abrogated on other grounds

Cabrera v. Hinsley, 

, 531 (7th Cir. 2003). The comment asserting

defense counsel knew his client was guilty unless Garibay’s signature on the bag was

authentic also was probably improper. See 

(recognizing

prosecutors “breach their duty to refrain from overzealous conduct by commenting

on the defendant’s guilt”).

      Nonetheless, the prosecution’s comments do not amount to plain error under

the facts of this case. Assuming those comments constitute error that is obvious,

they neither affected Defendant’s substantial rights nor caused a miscarriage of

justice. First, while the evidence of Defendant’s guilt is purely circumstantial and

perhaps “not overwhelming, it is sufficient to eliminate ‘any lingering doubt that the

prosecutor’s remarks unfairly prejudiced the jury’s deliberations.’” United States

v. Fakhoury, 

, 1423 (7th Cir. 1987) (quoting 

).

Second, the district court instructed the jury both at the outset of the trial and after

the evidence had been presented that the arguments of counsel were not evidence and

jurors were to base their verdict on the evidence alone. See United States v. Oberle,

, 1421 (10th Cir. 1998) (considering curative instructions in

determining whether prosecutorial misconduct deprived defendant of a fair trial).

Third, we are satisfied the jury largely perceived the prosecution’s rebuttal remarks


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as commentary on the implausibility of defense counsel’s closing argument. See

(recognizing any harm from the prosecutor’s statement

that he believed defendant committed fraud was mitigated by the fact the prosecutor

was countering defense counsel’s argument that the evidence did not establish fraud).

      Because Defendant received a fair albeit not a perfect trial, the district court’s

judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                        Entered for the Court



                                        Bobby R. Baldock
                                        United States Circuit Judge




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