FILED
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Tenth Circuit

                                                               October 30, 2013
                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                    PUBLISH                       Clerk of Court

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                  TENTH CIRCUIT


 LIVIA S. WEST,

          Petitioner-Appellee,
 v.                                              Nos. 12-4159 & 12-4205
 STANISLAV D. DOBREV,

          Respondent-Appellant.


           APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                     FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
                       (D.C. No. 12-CV-819-DB)


Charles L. Perschon of Prince, Yeates & Geldzahler, PC, Salt Lake City, Utah, for
Petitioner-Appellee.

David S. Dolowitz and James M. Hunnicutt of Dolowitz Hunnicutt, Salt Lake City,
Utah, for Respondent-Appellant.


Before GORSUCH, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges. *


BALDOCK, Circuit Judge.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
      One aim of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child

Abduction, Oct. 25, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11,670, 

, is to deter a parent

dissatisfied with a current custodial arrangement from wrongfully retaining a minor

child outside his or her country of residence while seeking a more favorable

arrangement elsewhere. Unfortunately, the Convention did not deter Respondent

Stanislav Dobrev from seeking a custodial arrangement from a Utah State court

more favorable than the arrangement he received from a French court just a few

weeks prior. The Utah federal district court would have none of it—and rightly so.

A week after holding a preliminary hearing, the district court, pursuant to the

Convention and its implementing legislation, The International Child Abduction

Remedies Act (ICARA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601–611, summarily granted Petitioner

Livia West’s petition for return of her two minor children to their residence in

Belgium. On top of that, the district court awarded Petitioner $21,697.50 in fees,

$410.80 in costs, and $4,307.61 in expenses. Respondent appeals, generally claiming

a denial of due process based on the district court’s refusal to provide him an

evidentiary hearing. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and affirm. 1

                                         I.

      ICARA provides federal district courts with original jurisdiction (concurrently


      1
         Last term in Chafin v. Chafin, 

(2013), the Supreme Court
held the return of a child to his or her country of residence pursuant to the Hague
Convention and ICARA does not render moot an appeal from the underlying district
court order granting such relief.

                                         2
with state courts) over petitions seeking the return of children under the Hague

Convention. 42 U.S.C. § 11603(a). As to the admission of such petitions and related

documents into evidence, ICARA provides:

      With respect to . . . any petition to a court under section 11603 of this
      title, which seeks relief under the Convention, or any other documents
      or information included with such . . . petition or provided after such
      submission which relates to the . . . petition, . . . no authentication of
      such . . . petition, document, or information shall be required in order
      for the . . . petition, document, or information to be admissible in court.

Given the district court in this case granted judgment to Petitioner

based on the pleadings and attachments thereto, we glean the relevant facts from the

documentary evidence consistent with § 11605, as well as from the transcript of the

preliminary hearing. In Part I.A., we recite the facts pervading this controversy as

set forth in the French court’s final decree—a judicial decree to which we defer on

the basis of comity absent good reason to the contrary. 2 In Part I.B., we recite the

procedural history of the case and recount the district court’s disposition. In Parts

II.A., B., and C., we consider Respondent’s challenges to that disposition consistent

with the Convention and ICARA. 3

      2
            Article 14 of the Convention tells us that in deciding whether the children
have been wrongfully retained in violation of the Convention’s terms, we “may take
notice directly” of the French decree “without recourse to the specific procedures for
the . . . recognition of foreign decisions which would otherwise be applicable.” 

, at *5.
      3
          On appeal from the grant of a petition for return of a child under the
Convention and ICARA, we generally review the district court’s findings of fact for
clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Shealy v. Shealy, 

,
                                                                    (continued...)

                                          3
                                         A.

      Petitioner West, a lawyer, is a citizen of Romania and the United States.

Respondent Dobrev, a college professor, is a citizen of Bulgaria and the United

States. The two were married in 2003 in Chicago, Illinois. They have two children,

a female born January 27, 2004 and a male born January 12, 2006. Both children are

citizens of the United States. In June 2008, the couple and their children moved to

Fontainbleau, France after Respondent accepted a teaching position at a local

university. In May 2009, Petitioner filed for divorce in “Fontainbleau Departmental

Court.” In an interim order dated October 2009, the French court ordered the

children to “remain in the usual home of the mother,” and Respondent to pay for

their support. Appellant’s Appendix (Aplt’s App.) (Appeal 12-4159) at 38.

      Respondent left his position with the local university in early February 2010.

At that point, Respondent, contrary to the court’s order, ceased support payments.

In May 2010, Respondent accepted employment as a professor at the University of

Utah in Salt Lake City, but did not resume payments. Meanwhile, in March 2010,

Petitioner asked the French court for permission to move to Brussels, Belgium.

Petitioner represented that “without resources, and after having searched in vain for


      3
       (...continued)
1121 (10th Cir. 2002). Because here the district court summarily granted the petition
without an evidentiary hearing, Respondent argues with some basis that we must
review the court’s order of return de novo. We need not decide the applicable
standard of review, however, because the outcome remains the same regardless of
the standard we employ.

                                         4
employment in the U.S., she had to expand her search and . . . found a job at the

European Commission in [Brussels] Belgium.” 

Respondent objected to

Petitioner’s request because she previously expressed her intent to relocate in the

United States (a plan to which, according to the French court’s findings, Respondent

also objected). In a second interim order dated June 2010, the court “[a]uthorized

the mother to move to Brussels as long as she notifie[d] her husband at least 15 days

before leaving France.” 

The court further ordered the children to remain

in the primary physical custody of their mother. Petitioner and her children moved

to Brussels in August 2010.

      In the French proceeding, Respondent raised numerous arguments as to why

the court should award him physical custody of the children. Respondent never

argued, however, that Petitioner abused the children, physically or psychologically.

One of Respondent’s principal arguments was Petitioner hid her intention to move

to Brussels with the children “where she prevents him from seeing his children.” 

The French court was unpersuaded and in its final decree found:

      Ms. West did not hide anything and . . . took the precaution of obtaining
      [the] court’s authorization before moving. Such authorization was
      given by the decision of June 2, 2010 . . . .
                                        ***
      Mr. Dobrev does not prove that the mother prevented him from seeing
      his children. . . . [T]he exchange of emails between the spouses
      submitted as evidence took back [Mr. Dobrev’s] initial consent of
      having the children enrolled at the European School in Brussels,
      indicating that he had enrolled the children instead at a school in the
      United States, and threatened the mother to bring them back to the
      United States. Ms. West could treat these threats seriously given that

                                         5
      Mr. Dobrev and the children were of American nationality. After this
      exchange she subordinated the exercising of his access and visitation
      rights to the condition that Mr. Dobrev return the U.S. passports of the
      children, which he refused. An intervention of the court’s order of
      November 25, 2010 was necessary so that Mr. Dobrev accept to remit
      the children’s passports to his wife.[ 4] Mr. Dobrev did not invoke any
      difficulties in exercising his access and visitation rights after this order.

The court found upon all the facts presented that the divorce was the

“exclusive fault of Mr. Dobrev,” and “in the context of joint exercising of parental

authority [i.e., joint custody] the usual home of the children must be maintained at

their mother’s home.” 

49. At no time does Respondent appear to have

contested the French court’s jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter of the children’s

custody. On July 24, 2012, four weeks after entry of the decree, Respondent waived

his right to appeal, thereby finalizing the decree and terminating the French

proceeding. 5

                                           B.

      Prior to waiving his right to appeal, Respondent picked up the children on


      4
         Around the same time, Petitioner also applied to a Belgium court for return
of the children’s passports as an additional precaution against Respondent’s threat
to remove the children to the United States. As best we can discern from the
translation of its decision, the Belgium court rejected Petitioner’s application
because the French court’s order providing Petitioner relief was binding in Belgium.
See Aplt’s App. (Appeal 12-4159) at 150–51.
      5
         Respondent tells us: “The decree of divorce from Fontainbleau, France was
entered on June 27, 2012. . . . [I]f neither party resides in France, the court insists
that the parties wait 90 days [before entry of the final decree] to determine if one or
either is going to appeal the court’s decision.” Aplt’s App. (Appeal 12-4159) at
155–56.

                                           6
July 11 and brought them to the United States to vacation consistent with the terms

of the final decree. The children were scheduled to return to Belgium on August 12,

2012, but did not return. Instead, on August 8, Respondent filed suit in Utah state

court for “Emergency Jurisdiction and Custody.” 

Respondent first asked

the state court to exercise jurisdiction over the children because supposedly no other

country, including Belgium, had jurisdiction over them (the French decree was now

conveniently final). Respondent next asked the state court to award him temporary

custody of the children for the reason that if they were returned to their mother

in Belgium “such a return would pose a grave risk of physical and psychological

harm to each child or otherwise place each child in an intolerable situation,

as contemplated by Article 13(b) of the Hague Convention.” 

Respondent

alleged or could have alleged before the French court many of the facts he now

alleged in his state petition. In his state suit, Respondent alleged for the first time

that “[d]uring the years the parties were married and during the time [Ms. West] and

the children lived in France and Belgium, [he] has been concerned about [her]

treatment of the children.” 

      On August 23, Petitioner petitioned the Utah federal district court for return

of the children pursuant to Article 3 of the Hague Convention and ICARA, 42 U.S.C.

§ 11603(b).    Belgium, France, and the United States are all signatories to the

Convention. Petitioner included with her petition (1) a letter from the director of the

children’s elementary school in Brussels containing favorable comments from the

                                          7
children’s teachers, (2) the older child’s school records showing average or above

average marks, and (3) a letter from a neighbor tenant in Brussels containing

favorable comments about the family. A few days prior, the State Department

notified the Utah state court that Petitioner also had submitted an administrative

application for return of the children pursuant to Article 8 of the Convention. See

, at *3–4. That application stayed the state court proceeding

pursuant to Article 16, which prohibits a court of a signatory state from adjudicating

the merits of a custody dispute “until it has been determined that the child is not to

be returned under this Convention.” 

      Respondent answered Petitioner’s federal suit by again disputing many of the

facts found in the French court’s final decree (from which he was free to appeal

before waiving his right to do so). He denied he wrongfully retained the children

from their residence in Belgium. Rather Respondent again asserted, this time as an

affirmative defense, that he properly retained the children under Article 13(b) of the

Convention because they faced a grave risk of harm if returned to their mother. See

Respondent submitted a letter from a clinical psychologist whom he

hired to interview the children after they reportedly expressed dissatisfaction with

their current living arrangement in Belgium. According to the psychologist’s letter,

Petitioner reportedly (1) had little time for the children, (2) disciplined the children

by slapping them, pulling their hair, and spanking them, and (3) failed to provide

them adequate medical or hygienic care. On one unspecified occasion, Petitioner

                                           8
reportedly pushed her daughter down after chasing and catching her. The letter

concluded: “It is strongly suggested that the children’s current living situation be

investigated and that the children continue to receive therapy.” Aplt’s App. (Appeal

12-4159) at 211. Respondent asked “the court to appoint an additional therapist to

evaluate both the children and determine if there has been abuse and, if so, what

kind, how serious, and does it justify retention.” 

      Six days after the federal petition’s filing, the district court held a preliminary

hearing during which it raised questions about the need for an evidentiary hearing.

The court asked Petitioner’s counsel whether he agreed with Respondent that an

evidentiary hearing was necessary. Counsel responded “I do not” and explained:

      Based on the proffers and the allegations made in the filings by the
      Respondent, they don’t come close to rising to a grave risk that the
      return of the children would expose them to physical or psychological
      harm or otherwise place them in an intolerable situation. This is forum
      shopping at its worst. This is what this [Convention] was designed to
      prevent.

Much to the district court’s befuddlement, Respondent’s attorney told

the court that the psychologist who had interviewed the children would not testify

at an evidentiary hearing due to ethical considerations:

      I would like to develop the case so I can present it to you, but I need
      another psychologist appointed and Ms. West directed to cooperate with
      that. That is the best way of finding out if there is not any abuse,
      because if she cooperates, and I am sure she is going to deny [the
      abuse], then we have [a psychologist] that is presenting here is what the
      children have said and here is what [Ms. West] said, and my opinion as
      a psychologist is there is abuse or there is not abuse.


                                           9


      The district court expressed frustration with Respondent’s position:

      [The Court]: Obviously the easiest and quickest hearing would be to
      hear from this doctor who claims, and . . . upon which you base your
      opinion or your claim that abuse has taken place. That is the one that
      I am still trying to get my mind around. In most cases that involve . . .
      both mental and physical abuse, . . . even if there is a privilege, they
      remove the privilege for purposes of a legal determination because they
      put it at issue.

      And here I assume the kids didn’t go to the therapist on their own. I
      mean, these six and eight year old kids didn’t say I think I need to see
      a therapist. . . . [T]hey went to the therapist at the insistence of their
      father.

      Then we say, oh, but the person who evaluated them for the purpose of
      telling the court that there is abuse here, based on what the therapist is
      going to say, we can’t hear from that therapist. It is all kind of strange
      to me. Apparently you don’t want me to hear from the children.

      [Respondent’s Attorney]: I suspect you could, but I don’t know – from
      what I understand, children are not necessarily the most reliable
      witnesses, but if that is what it would take –

      [The Court]: But they are reliable witnesses for the therapist?

      [Respondent’s Attorney]: I am assuming that is as the result of a lot of
      training and experience. I get in enough trouble trying to tell if my own
      kids are telling me the truth . . . .

      During the preliminary hearing the district court never stated it would hold

an evidentiary hearing. And Respondent never suggested due process required an

evidentiary hearing. Rather, Respondent claimed only that the evidence before the

court was sufficient to warrant further inquiry. At one point the court stated: “Let

                                         10
me review what [the parties] have submitted and then decide whether there is enough

to have a hearing on the matter of abuse.” 

Respondent well understood

the court’s position: “I understand the court now may want to hold a hearing,

depending on what it sees after reading the answer to the petition . . . .” 

The conversation continued:

      [The Court]: If a hearing is warranted, I will try to do it as soon as
      possible. I have not made that decision yet, but I will try to do it this
      week, if a hearing is necessary. . . .

      [Respondent’s Attorney]: [W]hat I would suggest as part of your
      decision, if there is going to be a hearing and if the court directs the
      appointment of one of the three [psychologists] we have nominated, . . .
      I would ask them to prioritize what they are doing. . . .

      [Petitioner’s Attorney]: We would object to [an evidentiary hearing],
      Your Honor. As noted, the best place to have that determination [of
      abuse] made is in Belgium where the Belgium court does have
      jurisdiction because the kids have lived there for two years. . . .

      A week later the district court decided no evidentiary hearing was necessary.

On September 5, the court issued a brief written decision summarily granting the

petition and ordering Respondent to “immediately” return the children to Petitioner

“for their safe return with her to Belgium.” 

The court identified the

question presented as whether Respondent had shown as required by Article 13(b)

of the Convention “a grave risk the children will be exposed to physical or

psychological harm or otherwise be placed in an intolerable situation if they are

returned to Belgium.” 

The court answered “no.” 

explained

                                          11
that, “even on its face,” the evidence of abuse Respondent presented, in particular,

the uncorroborated letter of the clinical psychologist (aside from his own

allegations), “is far from demonstrating a ‘grave risk’ that a return to Belgium will

expose the children to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place them in an

intolerable situation.” 

The court instructed Respondent to address his

concerns to a Belgium court where the children reside or to the French court that

rendered the divorce decree. A few days later, the court ordered Respondent to pay

Petitioner’s fees, costs, and expenses pursuant to ICARA, 42 U.S.C. § 11607(b)(3).

                                          II.

      ICARA provides “[t]he court in which an action is brought under [§ 11603(b)]

shall decide the case in accordance with the Convention.” 6 42 U.S.C. § 11603(d).

The Convention does not provide a means by which to determine “the merits of . . .

child custody claims.” 

Rather, the Convention seeks “to prevent

parents from abducting children in order to avoid the jurisdiction of courts with

whose [custody] rulings they do not or believe they will not agree.” Shealy v.

Shealy, 

, 1121 (10th Cir. 2002) (internal parenthesis omitted). The



      6
        Section 11603(b) provides:
          Any person seeking to initiate judicial proceedings under the
      Convention for the return of a child . . . may do so by commencing a
      civil action by filing a petition . . . in any court which has jurisdiction
      of such action and which is authorized to exercise its jurisdiction in the
      place where the child is located at the time the petition is filed.
42 U.S.C. § 11603(b).

                                          12
principal aims of the Convention are to “prevent an international version of forum-

shopping,” “defeat attempts to re-litigate custody matters,” Navani v. Shahani, 

, 1128–29 (10th Cir. 2007), and “facilitate custody adjudications, promptly

and exclusively” in the child’s country of residence, Chafin v. Chafin, 

, 1028 (2013) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (emphasis added).

      Consistent with these aims, Article 11 of the Convention provides “[t]he

judicial . . . authorities of Contracting States shall act expeditiously in proceedings

for the return of children.” 

, at *4 (emphasis added). Article 18

adds the provisions of the Convention “do not limit the power of a judicial . . .

authority to order the return of the child at any time. 

(emphasis added).

Unfortunately for Respondent, this surely means a district court has a substantial

degree of discretion in determining the procedures necessary to resolve a petition

filed pursuant to the Convention and ICARA. Specifically, neither the Convention

nor ICARA, nor any other law of which we are aware including the Due Process

Clause of the Fifth Amendment, requires “that discovery be allowed or that an

evidentiary hearing be conducted” as a matter of right in cases arising under the

Convention.    March v. Levine, 

, 474 (6th Cir. 2001).              Where

circumstances warrant, both the Convention and ICARA provide the district court

with “the authority to resolve these cases without resorting to a . . . plenary

evidentiary hearing.” 

      ICARA says “[c]hildren who are wrongfully removed or retained within the

meaning of the Convention are to be promptly returned unless one of the narrow

exceptions set forth in the Convention applies.” 42 U.S.C. § 11601(a)(4). Petitioner

bore the initial burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that

Respondent wrongfully retained the children past their scheduled return date to

Belgium. 

Consistent with Article 3, Petitioner’s prima facie

case consisted of three elements (1) the children habitually resided in a signatory

state at the time of their retention, (2) such retention breached Petitioner’s custody

rights under the law of that state, and (3) Petitioner was exercising those rights at the

time of retention. 7 

.

      On appeal, Respondent claims he was denied due process because the district

court provided him no opportunity to challenge its finding that Belgium was



      7
       Article 3 of the Convention provides in relevant part:
     The removal or the retention of a child is to be considered wrongful
     where—
     (a)    it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person, . . .
            under the law of the State in which the child was habitually
            resident immediately before the removal or retention; and
     (b)    at the time of the removal or retention those rights were actually
            exercised, . . . or would have been so exercised but for the
            removal or retention.
     The rights of custody mentioned in sub-paragraph a) above, may arise
     in particular by operation of law or by reason of a judicial . . . decision,
     ....

, at *2.

                                           14
the “habitual residence” of the children. At the preliminary hearing, however,

Respondent never challenged any element of Petitioner’s prima facie case as alleged

in her petition—although he had ample opportunity to do so. Perhaps this is because

Respondent admitted Petitioner’s allegations established a prima facie case for return

of the children. In ¶ 22, Petitioner alleged:

      At the time of the children’s wrongful removal and retention . . .
      Petitioner was actually exercising custody rights within the meaning of
      Articles Three and Five of the Convention, in that she is the biological
      mother of the children and has exercised custody rights over her
      children since they were born, and she was awarded joint physical
      custody, joint legal custody, and primary physical custody of the
      children pursuant to the [French] Decree. Furthermore, the Children
      were habitually residents of Belgium within the meaning of Article 3 of
      the Convention since their move to Belgium in August 2010.

Aplt’s App. (Appeal 12-4159) at 14 (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). In ¶ 22 of

his response, Respondent “[a]dmit[s] the allegations of ¶ 22 of the petition except

that the actions of Respondent are not wrongful but fully in accord with the

provisions of Article 13(b) of the Convention.” 

      Notwithstanding his plain admission in ¶ 22 that the children had been habitual

residents of Belgium since August 2010, Respondent says he contested the same

when he denied in ¶ 3 of his response Petitioner’s allegation in ¶ 3 of her petition

that the children had “been wrongfully removed from their habitual residence.” 

We think not. Respondent never denied that Belgium was the habitual

residence of the children within the meaning of Article 3; rather he denied only that

the children were wrongfully removed or retained from that residence based on his

                                          15
own allegations of child abuse pursuant to Article 13(b). To further prove the point,

Petitioner again alleged in ¶ 29 of her petition that “[a]t the time immediately before

the wrongful removal of the children from Belgium, the children habitually resided

in Belgium within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention.”              

Respondent answered: “Deny the allegations of ¶ 29 of the petition insofar as they

assert a wrongful removal of the children from Belgium and admit the remaining

allegations of the paragraph . . . .” 

Of course, a “remaining allegation”

of ¶ 29 was that “the children habitually resided in Belgium.” Respondent’s belated

claim that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing to challenge Petitioner’s prima

face case is meritless.

                                          B.

      Because Petitioner alleged a prima facie case for return of the children under

Article 3 of the Convention and Respondent did not deny those allegations, the

burden shifted to him to establish one of the affirmative defenses or “narrow

exceptions set forth in the Convention.” 42 U.S.C. § 11601(a)(4) (emphasis added).

By now the reader understands we are concerned only with the exception contained

in Article 13(b): A court is not bound to return a child wrongfully retained or

removed if the respondent establishes “by clear and convincing evidence,” 42 U.S.C.

§ 11603(e)(2)(A), that “there is a grave risk that his or her return would expose the

child to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place the child in an intolerable

situation,” 

, at *4–5. “Grave risk” means the “potential harm to the

                                          16
child must be severe, and the level of risk and danger . . . very high.” Souratgar v.

Lee, 

, 103 (2d Cir. 2013).

      Whatever one must show to establish a “grave risk” to a child under Article

13(b) (a query we need not definitively answer here), we are certain Respondent did

not make that showing before the district court “by clear and convincing evidence.” 8

42 U.S.C. § 11603(e)(2)(A). “If we are to take the international obligations of

American courts with any degree of seriousness, the exception to the Hague

Convention for grave harm to the child[ren] requires far more than the evidence that

[Mr. Dobrev] provides.” Friedrich v. Friedrich, 

, 1067 (6th Cir. 1996).

A letter from a psychologist, unavailable to testify, that (1) points to instances—how

frequent or severe we do not know—reported by an eight and six year old of what

may or may not amount to child abuse, and (2) recommends further investigation, is

insufficient to satisfy Article 13(b)’s strict demand.


      8
          The Second, Third, and Sixth Circuits have stated a child is exposed to a
“grave risk” of harm within the meaning of Article 13(b) in at least two instances.
First, a court generally should not order the return of a child to a zone of war,
famine, or disease. Second, a court should not order the return of a child in cases of
serious abuse or neglect, or extraordinary emotional dependence when the country
of habitual residence for whatever reason may be incapable or unwilling to give the
child adequate protection. See Baxter v. Baxter, 

, 373 (3d Cir. 2005);
Blondin v. DuBois, 

, 162 (2d Cir. 2001); Friedrich v. Friedrich, 

, 1069 (6th Cir. 1996); but see Baran v. Beaty, 

, 1348 (11th Cir.
2008) (declining to impose on a respondent “a duty to prove that [a] child’s country
of habitual residence is unable or unwilling to ameliorate the grave risk of harm
which would otherwise accompany the child’s return”); Van de Sande v. Van de
Sande, 

, 571 (7th Cir. 2005) (“The rendering court must satisfy itself
that the children will in fact, and not just in legal theory, be protected if returned to
their abuser’s custody.”).

                                           17
      Nor was Respondent’s proffer before the district court sufficient to warrant

further inquiry culminating in an evidentiary hearing down the road. Absent a

psychologist willing to testify, Respondent appears to have had little, if any,

evidence to present at an evidentiary hearing beyond what he already presented to

the district court. Respondent was reluctant to permit the court to interview the

children, ages eight and six at the time, for fear they would not be “reliable

witnesses.” Aplt’s App. (Appeal 12-4159) at 276. The transcript of the preliminary

hearing confirms what Respondent really wanted was more time to investigate to

“determine if there has been abuse, and, if so, what kind, how serious, and does it

justify retention.” 

Respondent told the district court that appointing

another psychologist, one willing to testify, “is the best way of finding out if . . .

there is abuse or there is not abuse.” 

He tells us the same. In his

prayer, he asks us to direct the district court “to order an evaluation be performed by

a child psychologist to determine the existence and extent of child abuse.” See

(rejecting respondents’ argument that “the district court erred

when it refused to allow discovery or a hearing on the merits prior to ruling on the

petition, or otherwise permit them to develop their affirmative defense”).

      Respondent’s procedural wants did not prove by clear and convincing evidence

that the children were at “grave risk” of harm if returned to their mother in Belgium.

We refuse to condone what appears to us under the totality of the facts presented a

“fishing expedition” on the part of Respondent designed to “hook” an Article 13(b)

                                          18
defense as part of another attempt before another court to obtain physical custody of

the children. To condone Respondent’s efforts would sabotage the underlying

premise of the Convention, i.e., that wrongfully removed or retained children be

promptly returned to their country of habitual residence, in this case Belgium, so that

a court there may resolve custody-related questions in the best interests of the

children. See 

. The district court did not err in ordering

the return of the children to Belgium based upon the pleadings as elucidated by the

parties’ arguments at the preliminary hearing. Respondent received a meaningful

opportunity to be heard. That is all due process requires in the context of a Hague

Convention petition.

                                          C.

      Lastly, Respondent asserts the district court erred in awarding Petitioner the

fees, costs, and expenses associated with her petition. Article 26 of the Convention

provides that upon ordering the return of a child, the court “may, where appropriate,”

also order the respondent to pay petitioner “necessary” fees, costs, and expenses

incurred as a result of the wrongful removal or retention. 

, at *7.

ICARA, however, shifts the burden to a respondent to show why an award of fees,

costs, and expenses would be “clearly inappropriate:”

      Any court ordering the return of a child pursuant to an action brought
      under § 11603 . . . shall order the respondent to pay necessary expenses
      incurred on behalf of the petitioner, including court costs, legal fees,
      . . . and transportation costs related to the return of the child unless the
      respondent establishes that such order would be clearly inappropriate.

                                          19
42 U.S.C. § 11607(b)(3). The First Circuit has explained that under § 11607(b)(3),

the district court “has a duty . . . to order the payment of necessary expenses and

legal fees, subject to a broad caveat denoted by the words, ‘clearly inappropriate.”

Whallon v. Lynn, 

, 140 (1st Cir. 2004). Such caveat provides the

district court “broad discretion in its effort to comply with the Hague Convention

consistently with our own laws and standards.” Id.; see also 

(recognizing that under § 11607(b)(3), a court ordering the return of a child

“generally must require” respondent to pay the fees, costs, and expenses associated

with the return ).

      Given the facts of this case, we see nothing to suggest the district court

stepped beyond the bounds of its discretion in awarding Petitioner her fees, costs,

and expenses. Based upon all we have written today, much of which certainly

suggests Respondent is not blameless for the current state of affairs, we cannot say

the award was “clearly inappropriate.” The judgment of the district court is, in all

respects,

      AFFIRMED. 9


      9
         At the end of her response brief, Petitioner asks us to award her fees and
costs on appeal. The extent of her argument is this: “ICARA’s fee statute, 42
U.S.C. § 11607(b)(3), provides that West is entitled to recover her fees and costs
after the return of the children. . . . Because West has continued to defend against
Dobrev on appeal, the Court should award West her fees and costs.” But
§ 11607(b)(3) is not worded as broadly as Petitioner says. The statute says “a court
ordering the return of a child . . . shall order the respondent to pay” a petitioner’s
                                                                        (continued...)

                                         20
      9
        (...continued)
fee, costs, and expenses. Are we “a court ordering the return of a child?” Petitioner
makes no attempt to provide us with an answer to this question and we are not
inclined to answer it for ourselves. See United States v. Wooten, 

,
1145 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting we generally will not consider issues a party adverts
to in an opening brief in a perfunctory manner without developed argumentation).
Accordingly, Petitioner’s request for fees and costs on appeal is denied.

                                         21