FILED
                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                  Tenth Circuit

                                                                 March 5, 2013
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                  Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff - Appellee,                    No. 12-8043
          v.                                           (D. Wyoming)
 RICHARD GRAY,                               (D.C. No. 2:11-CR-00272-ABJ-3)

               Defendant - Appellant.


                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before HARTZ, ANDERSON, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.




      After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

      Defendant and appellant, Richard Wayne Gray, appeals his sentence of 135

months’ imprisonment, imposed following his plea of guilty to one count of



      *
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of

21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A) and 846, and one count of possession with

intent to distribute methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and

(b)(1)(C). Finding no abuse of discretion in the district court’s calculation of

Mr. Gray’s sentence, we affirm.



                                  BACKGROUND

      In March of 2011, law enforcement authorities seized approximately eleven

grams of methamphetamine from an individual who claimed to have received it

from Mr. Gray. The authorities learned subsequently that Mr. Gray distributed

methamphetamine to a large number of people in the Sheridan, Wyoming, area.

      On April 30, 2011, Wyoming authorities, with the help of a confidential

informant, conducted a controlled purchase of 5.6 grams of methamphetamine

from Mr. Gray. Subsequently, on May 6, 2011, the Sheridan County Sheriff’s

Office pulled over Mr. Gray’s car in a traffic stop. During a search of Mr. Gray

and his car, officials found a large amount of currency ($2,280) in his pants

pocket, as well as a digital scale and a cellular phone. When he was interviewed

by the authorities, Mr. Gray admitted to being involved in a fairly substantial

methamphetamine drug trafficking enterprise. In fact, he said he was so

successful at selling methamphetamine that he had become the primary distributor

of methamphetamine for his source in Buffalo, Wyoming.

                                        -2-
      Mr. Gray further informed authorities that he had sold three pounds of

methamphetamine and made more than $100,000 over the last eight months. He

also said that he paid to his supplier $1,700 per ounce of methamphetamine and

that he sold his meth in Sheridan, Buffalo and Gillette, Wyoming, as well as

Billings, Montana. Mr. Gray claimed to have nearly one hundred customers.

      After this interview on May 6, 2011, law enforcement personnel released

Mr. Gray, and he agreed to continue to contact them to advise them of his

activities involving his methamphetamine dealings.

      On September 28, 2011, several of Mr. Gray’s sources of methamphetamine

were arrested. Unfortunately, information identifying Mr. Gray as a confidential

informant appeared in a Wyoming newspaper a few days after these arrests.

      As a result of this inadvertent revelation, the Wyoming Division of

Criminal Investigation (“DCI”) agents, in particular DCI Special Agent

Quarterman, attempted to find Mr. Gray. Given that his cooperation had been

made public, they wanted to arrest him based on the probable cause that

developed during their investigation into Mr. Gray’s and his associates’

methamphetamine trafficking activities, and they also thought he would be safest

in custody.

      Accordingly, at approximately 3:00 p.m. on October 3, 2011, Mr. Gray was

stopped (at the request of the DCI) by a deputy of the Johnson County Sheriff’s

Office in Buffalo, Wyoming. Several DCI agents also arrived at the stop, with

                                        -3-
their vehicle emergency lights and sirens on. The deputy also had his dashboard

video camera on and recording.

      When the law officers asked Mr. Gray to step out of his car, he refused and

then drove off at a high rate of speed. The deputy’s video camera captured the

entire chase. It was played at the sentencing hearing and is included in the record

on appeal. That video was supplemented at the sentencing hearing by the

testimony of the other agents involved in the chase, including DCI Agent

Quarterman.

      That evidence showed that Mr. Gray drove at first along a residential street

and past a school, traveling at approximately 50 mph. He then drove along more

rural roads, running past a stop sign where he nearly struck another vehicle

broadside. He subsequently drove off the road, crashed through a fence and drove

onto a high school soccer field. Mr. Gray drove his car off the soccer fields,

around the school, going the wrong way on a one-way bus route, and then drove

towards an officer’s vehicle which was attempting to block Mr. Gray’s car. When

it appeared Mr. Gray would not stop, the officer moved his car, and Mr. Gray

continued along a rural highway at speeds varying from approximately 50 mph to

70 mph. The video shows that his car veered onto the wrong side of the road




                                         -4-
frequently, causing oncoming cars to have to move off to the side of the road.

Mr. Gray’s car finally veered off the road, struck a fence and then stopped. 1

      Mr. Gray then got out of his car (actually fell out of his car, due to injuries

he had sustained) and was taken away in an ambulance. He admitted to being in

possession of methamphetamine at the time the authorities first contacted him that

day and tried to arrest him. 2

      Mr. Gray eventually pled guilty to the two counts described above. In

preparation for sentencing under the advisory United States Sentencing

Commission, Guidelines Manual (“USSG”), the United States Probation Office

      1
       The district court, after watching the video of the chase and hearing
testimony, found as follows, in part:
      And he [Mr. Gray] suddenly departed at a high rate of speed, passed
      a grade school where the parents were parked alongside of the
      boundary of the grade school waiting to pick up their young students,
      at speed through that school zone, traveling, then narrowly missing
      vehicles which pulled off the side of the road . . . .
              [T]he very close call occurred shortly before, very shortly
      before the defendant’s vehicle crashed through the chain-link fence
      at Johnson County high school, proceeded across the [soccer] field in
      attempts to elude the arrest that he knew was coming. Eventually
      contact was again made with the vehicle which proceeded out on a
      more rural and less trafficked area, pieces of the vehicle falling off
      of it. . . . Officer Quarterman indicated that the vehicle was traveling
      about 50 miles an hour by that time because of mechanical problems
      that it was having. However, it repeatedly was driving over the
      double yellow line on curves, on hills which were blind at that point,
      and then swerving back and forth across the center line of the road.

Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 42, R. Vol. 3 at 82-83.
      2
       Mr. Gray had apparently tried to eat the methamphetamine he had with
him in his car.

                                         -5-
prepared a presentence report (“PSR”). The PSR computed a base offense level

of 32, then added two levels for reckless endangerment in the course of fleeing,

pursuant to USSG §3C1.2, and deducted three levels for acceptance of

responsibility, resulting in a total adjusted level of 31. With a criminal history

category of IV, the PSR recommended an advisory sentencing range of 151-188

months.

      Mr. Gray made several objections to the PSR, including an objection to the

reckless endangerment enhancement and to the criminal history category,

claiming that category IV over-represented his criminal history. The district court

agreed with his objection to the criminal history categorization, and ultimately

assigned Mr. Gray a criminal history category of III, which, with a total adjusted

level of 31, yielded an advisory sentencing range of 135-168 months. The court

then sentenced Mr. Gray to 135 months. The district court refused to alter the

two-level enhancement for reckless endangerment.

      This appeal followed, in which Mr. Gray challenges that two-level

enhancement. His argument is two-fold: (1) “his conduct driving at varying

speeds to avoid the police was not so dangerous as to create a substantial risk of

death or serious bodily injury”; and (2) “there was not a nexus between this car

chase and his relevant conduct.” Appellant’s Br. at 15.




                                          -6-
                                   DISCUSSION

      We review sentences for reasonableness under a deferential abuse-of-

discretion standard. See United States v. Alapizco-Valenzuela, 

,

1214 (10th Cir. 2008). “‘Reasonableness review is a two-step process comprising

a procedural and a substantive component.’” Id. (quoting United States v.

Verdin-Garcia, 

, 895 (10th Cir. 2008)). See Gall v. United States,

, 51 (2007). “Procedural review asks whether the sentencing court

committed any error in calculating or explaining the sentence.” Alapizco-

Valenzuela, 546 F.3d at 1214. In determining whether the district court correctly

calculated the applicable Guidelines range, “we review factual findings for clear

error and legal determinations de novo.” United States v. Wilken, 

,

1169 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Kristl, 

, 1054 (10th

Cir. 2006) (per curiam)). Mr. Gray appears to challenge only the procedural

reasonableness of his sentence, as he argues the district court erred in applying

the reckless endangerment enhancement to the calculation of his sentence.

      USSG §3C1.2 provides for a two-level enhancement “[i]f the defendant

recklessly created a substantial risk of death or serious bodily injury to another

person in the course of fleeing from a law enforcement officer.” 3 A defendant

      3
       We note that the PSR referred to the adjustment under §3C1.2 as an
“Adjustment for Obstruction of Justice.” Section 3C1.2, however, is entitled
“Reckless Endangerment During Flight”; it is the preceding provision, §3C1.1,
which is entitled “Obstructing or Impeding the Administration of Justice.” We
                                                                    (continued...)

                                         -7-
acts recklessly for purposes of this enhancement when he “was aware of the risk

created by his conduct and the risk was of such a nature and degree that to

disregard that risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care that a

reasonable person would exercise in such a situation.” United States v. Conley,

, 1389 (10th Cir. 1997).

      A panel of our court has held that a brief high-speed chase qualifies for the

reckless endangerment enhancement. See, e.g., United States v. Moreira, 317

Fed. Appx. 745, 747 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (finding a reckless

endangerment enhancement appropriate when, upon defendant’s arrival in his car,

“police officers in unmarked patrol cars activated their lights and attempted to

blockade his vehicle. [Defendant] managed to evade the blockade and drove

away. Officers pursued him for a short distance until they decided to cease their

high-speed chase due to concern for public safety”); 4 United States v. Wilfong,

, 1216 (10th Cir. 2007) (finding reckless endangerment when a

defendant “drove off at a high rate of speed when the officers got out of their

patrol cars. A chase ensued, during which the female driver drove in a reckless

fashion, and both the female driver and her male passenger threw papers out of

the vehicle. Officers eventually stopped the suspects using ‘stop sticks’ to blow

      3
       (...continued)
follow the nomenclature as stated in the Guidelines themselves.
      4
        We note that unpublished decisions have no precedential value, but we cite
it here because we agree with its reasoning.

                                         -8-
out the tires of the suspects’ vehicle”); Conley, 131 F.3d at 1389-90 (“The

evidence before the court reveals that the defendants engaged in a high-speed car

chase with law enforcement officials on an icy road, passed two rolling road

blocks, and attempted to ram a police officer’s vehicle. These actions involved a

known risk of danger to others, and constituted a gross deviation from the

standard of care that a reasonable person would have exercised in that

situation.”).

      We have no problem concluding that the district court did not clearly err in

deciding that the circumstances of the high-speed flight in which Mr. Gray

engaged constituted reckless endangerment under USSG § 3C1.2. 5 We turn,

now, to Mr. Gray’s second argument—whether a “nexus” is required between his

flight and the crimes of conviction and, if so, whether there was such a nexus.

      Mr. Gray argues that there is no “nexus” between the high-speed chase and

the crime of conviction. The district court stated, with regard to the nexus issue,

as follows:

             The nexus issue is an interesting one. The admissions made by
      the defendant certainly would indicate a nexus in this case in that he
      at the time the arrest was occurring, regardless of purpose, he was
      holding methamphetamine at that point, contrary to his statement that
      he or the suggestion made here that he had not used or been involved

      5
       We note that the Sixth Circuit has stated that “[b]ecause the ‘question of
what constitutes endangerment is a mixed question of law and fact . . . [that] is
highly fact-based,’ we give ‘significant deference to the district court.” United
States v. Dial, 

, 785 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v.
Hazelwood, 

, 796 (6th Cir. 2005)).

                                        -9-
      with methamphetamine for several weeks prior to the last contact
      with Agent Quarterman.
            And so I conclude that the decision that was made by the
      probation officer to impose an adjustment pursuant to guideline
      3C1.2 is an appropriate adjustment.

Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 45, R. Vol. 3 at 84-85.

      The question of whether the government must prove, by a preponderance of

the evidence, that a nexus exists between the defendant’s high-speed chase and

his crimes of conviction has generated some uncertainty in our circuit and others.

We have said that “the Tenth Circuit has never required a nexus under §3C1.2.”

United States v. Davidson, 283 Fed. Appx. 612, 614 (10th Cir. 2008)

(unpublished). Our case law has not, however, been completely consistent. As

we stated in Davidson:

      First, we rejected the argument that the reckless endangerment must
      occur during the flight to avoid arrest for the particular offense of
      conviction. United States v. Green, No. 98-5256, 

,
      *2 (10th Cir. 1999) (unpublished). Instead, the enhancement is
      simply part of the relevant conduct a district court may consider
      under §1B1.3 in determining the appropriate offense level and
      criminal history. Second, another unpublished Tenth Circuit case
      held that a district court did not commit plain error in concluding that
      §3C1.2 does not contain a nexus requirement, reasoning that even
      though §1B1.3 may suggest a nexus, it does not unequivocally state
      such a requirement and, at that time, no circuit had required a nexus.
      United States v. Weathersby, 89 Fed. Appx. 683, 689 (10th Cir.
      2004) (unpublished).

Id. at 614.

      We then noted that the question of whether “section §3C1.2 [requires a

nexus] has also received varying treatment by the circuits.” Id. Accordingly, the

                                        -10-
Ninth Circuit has assumed without deciding that §3C1.2 requires a nexus between

the crime of conviction and the reckless endangerment. See United States v.

Duran, 

, 559-60 (9th Cir. 1994). The Sixth Circuit initially decided,

in an unpublished opinion, that no nexus was required, see United States v.

Lykes, 71 Fed. Appx. 543, 553 n.7 (6th Cir. 2003) (unpublished), “but then

reversed itself in a published opinion concluding that the section [§3C1.2] does

have a nexus requirement.” Davidson, 283 Fed. Appx. at 615 (citing United

States v. Dial, 

, 787 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2008)). The Fifth Circuit

explicitly requires a nexus. United States v. Southerland, 

, 268 (5th

Cir. 2005). 6 In an unpublished Fourth Circuit case, the court assumed there was a

nexus requirement without analysis. United States v. Scearcy, 

 (4th

Cir. 1997) (unpublished). A recent district court case made the same assumption.

Trent v. United States, 

, at *5 (E.D.N.Y. Jan. 17, 2012).

      Nonetheless, our circuit has never required a nexus; indeed, we explicitly

stated in Davidson that “[w]e have doubts whether there is a nexus requirement

since reckless endangerment may simply be part of relevant conduct under


      6
       In an earlier unpublished decision, the Fifth Circuit suggested that no such
nexus requirement existed: “the plain language of U.S.S.G. §3C1.2 seems not to
require a direct nexus between the crime of conviction and the defendant’s acts of
reckless endangerment. Nor can we glean from a literal reading of the guideline’s
commentary the sentencing commission’s intent to limit application of the
enhancement in such a manner.” United States v. Hodges, 

 (5th Cir.
1999) (unpublished). But then the court assumed that there was a nexus
requirement and found a sufficient nexus for application of the enhancement.

                                        -11-
§1B1.3, but we need not weigh in on the question today.” Davidson, 283 Fed.

Appx. at 615. We take that same course here. Rather than delving into the nexus

question now, we will assume, without deciding, that a nexus must be

demonstrated.

      We conclude that such a nexus was clearly demonstrated in this case. The

Fifth Circuit in Southerland developed a five-part test for determining whether the

USSG §3C1.2 enhancement should apply. With respect to the nexus requirement

the court stated the government must show that the reckless conduct “occurred

during the commission of the offense of conviction, in preparation for that

offense, or in the course of attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that

offense. Southerland, 405 F.3d at 268 (quoting USSG §1B1.3). Further, “the

Southerland court looked ‘primarily to any evidence of the defendant’s state of

mind while fleeing’” Dial, 524 F.3d at 787 (quoting Southerland, 405 F.3d at

268). “To supplement the inquiry into the defendant’s state of mind, the Fifth

Circuit ‘examine[d] the temporal and geographic proximity of the reckless

endangerment during flight to the offense of conviction.’” Id. (quoting

Southerland 405 F.3d at 269).

      Here, law enforcement personnel became aware of Mr. Gray’s drug-

trafficking conduct no later than May 2011. From that time onward, he was, in

essence, a confidential informant for the police. When Mr. Gray’s identity was

inadvertently released in late September, the police sought him out shortly

                                         -12-
thereafter both to protect him and, presumably, to charge him for his drug

trafficking activities. At the time of the high-speed chase, Mr. Gray had

methamphetamine in his possession (i.e., he continued to be engaged in the drug-

related conduct of which the police were aware and for which he was acting as a

confidential informant.). It defies belief to think that Mr. Gray was not aware of

the fact that the police were stopping him to detain him for his methamphetamine-

related activities. It is accordingly quite clear that there was a nexus between the

crimes of conviction and Mr. Gray’s high-speed chase.

      We accordingly conclude that the district court correctly applied the USSG

§3C1.2 enhancement when calculating Mr. Gray’s sentence. There was therefore

no procedural error in the calculation of that sentence and it is procedurally

reasonable. To the extent Mr. Gray suggests that his sentence is substantively

unreasonable (and he makes no specific argument about this), we find it is

substantively reasonable. And, as a within-Guidelines sentence entitled on appeal

to a presumption of substantive reasonableness, see Rita, 551 U.S. at 347, we

conclude Mr. Gray has failed to rebut that presumption.



                                  CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Mr. Gray’s sentence.

                                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                                Stephen H. Anderson
                                                Circuit Judge

                                         -13-