FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                December 11, 2013
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT



 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,                       No. 13-6033
          v.                                           W.D. Oklahoma
 CESAR SANTANA-GOMEZ,                           (D.C. No. 5:12-CR-00175-M)

               Defendant-Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before LUCERO, MURPHY, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.



I.    Introduction

      Defendant-Appellant Cesar Santana-Gomez was charged in a one-count

indictment with possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of

methamphetamine. He moved to suppress evidence obtained from the search of

his Chevrolet Malibu, arguing the initial traffic stop was not supported by

reasonable articulable suspicion and the subsequent encounter was not

consensual. After the district court denied Santana-Gomez’s motion, he entered


      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
into a conditional guilty plea with the government. The court thereafter sentenced

him to 120 months’ incarceration. Santana-Gomez now appeals the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291, this court affirms the district court’s ruling.

II.   Background

      On July 2, 2012, Lieutenant Jason Glass was patrolling highway I-40 in

Canadian County, Oklahoma when he began following a white Chevrolet Malibu

with Minnesota license plates. Glass testified the vehicle caught his eye because

it had a loose rear bumper. Glass entered the license plate number into his mobile

computer to check the registration but the computer showed the registration was

“not on file.” Glass then had dispatch run the tag number but that query also

returned the response of “not on file.” Glass testified a tag could return as “not

on file” for either valid or unlawful reasons. Accordingly, he decided to initiate a

traffic stop to ascertain if there was possible violation of state law.

      Glass approached the passenger side of the vehicle and made contact with

the driver, Santana-Gomez, who produced a valid Minnesota driver’s license,

proof of insurance, a copy of a title application from the Minnesota Department of

Public Safety, and a copy of an Arizona certificate of title in the name of the

previous owner. At Glass’s request, Santana-Gomez sat in the patrol car while

Glass ran a check on the vehicle’s VIN. The check on the VIN came back as “not

on file.” Although the documentation provided by Santana-Gomez was in order,

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Glass wrote a warning for improper tag display. He returned Santana-Gomez’s

documents and told him he was “good to go.”

      Before Santana-Gomez could exit the patrol car, Glass asked him if there

was anything illegal in the vehicle. Santana-Gomez replied, “no,” and

specifically denied carrying drugs, money, or firearms. Glass asked if he could

search the vehicle and Santana-Gomez said, “Yeah, go ahead.” While searching

the trunk, Glass noticed after-market screws and other alterations indicating,

based on his experience and training, that there was a compartment in the vehicle.

He ran his drug dog around the exterior of the car and the dog alerted to the rear

bumper area. A subsequent search of the entire vehicle at an off-site location led

to the discovery of methamphetamine. Santana-Gomez was charged with one

count of possession with the intent to distribute 500 grams or more of

methamphetamine. He filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized during the

search of his vehicle. After holding a hearing at which Lieutenant Glass testified,

the district court denied the motion, concluding Glass had reasonable suspicion to

stop Santana-Gomez’s vehicle and any questioning that occurred beyond the

scope of the initial stop resulted from a consensual encounter. Accordingly, the

district court ruled the arrest of Santana-Gomez and the subsequent search of the

Malibu were reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Santana-Gomez entered a

conditional guilty plea, preserving his right to appeal the denial of his motion to

suppress. After sentencing, he brought this appeal.

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III.   Discussion

       When this court reviews a district court’s denial of a motion to suppress

evidence, it considers the totality of the circumstances, views the evidence in the

light most favorable to the government, and accepts the district court’s factual

findings unless clearly erroneous. United States v. Stephenson, 

,

1176 (10th Cir. 2006). The ultimate determination of reasonableness under the

Fourth Amendment, however, is a question of law this court reviews de novo. 

challenge to the district court’s ruling focuses on the

justification given by Lieutenant Glass for stopping his vehicle. See United

States v. Cline, 

, 1286 (10th Cir. 2003) (stating review of the

constitutionality of a traffic stop begins with determining “whether the officer’s

action was justified at its inception” (quotations omitted)). This court has held

that “a traffic stop will be held reasonable when, under the totality of the

circumstances, the officer bears a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may

be afoot.” United States v. Cortez-Galaviz, 

, 1205-06 (10th Cir.

2007) (quotations omitted). The district court concluded the initial stop met this

standard because Glass’s inability to obtain information on Santana-Gomez’s

vehicle after running his license plate number through his mobile computer and

through dispatch was an indication the vehicle could be stolen or was being used

in a crime. Santana-Gomez challenges this ruling by arguing Glass pulled his

vehicle over based solely on a “hunch” because even Glass acknowledged there

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could be lawful and valid reasons why his tag returned as “not on file.” Cf.

United States v. DeJear, 

, 1200 (10th Cir. 2009) (stating that

unparticularized hunches about criminal activity are insufficient to justify an

investigative detention). This court considers Lieutenant Glass’s “conduct in

light of common sense and ordinary human experience, and we accord deference

to an officer’s ability to distinguish between innocent and suspicious actions.”

United States v. Williams, 

, 1268 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotation and

citation omitted). Additionally, as the government correctly argues, “[a]

determination that reasonable suspicion exists . . . need not rule out the possibility

of innocent conduct.” United States v. Arvizu, 

, 277 (2002).

      Our review of the totality of the circumstances shows the stop of Santana-

Gomez’s vehicle was not based solely on a hunch. The specific facts available to

Lieutenant Glass at the time he initiated the stop, none of which are challenged by

Santana-Gomez, would cause an objectively reasonable officer to believe

Santana-Gomez was possibly operating an unregistered vehicle. Driving an

unregistered vehicle violates Oklahoma law. See Okla. Stat. tit. 47, § 1125(C)

(requiring a vehicle owned by a nonresident to be properly registered in its native

state). Accordingly, the initial stop did not violate the Fourth Amendment.

      Santana-Gomez next argues his initial detention was extended without his

consent in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. This court has previously

held that a Terry stop ends and questioning must cease “once an officer returns

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the driver’s license and registration.” United States v. Villa, 

, 1339

(10th Cir. 2009). “This general rule, however, is subject to an important

exception. Additional questioning unrelated to the traffic stop is permissible if

the detention becomes a consensual encounter.” 

A

detention is consensual if “a reasonable person would believe he was free to leave

or disregard the officer’s request for information.” 

      Here, the district court concluded the encounter became consensual based

on the facts Glass did not raise his voice, brandish his weapon, remove his canine

from the back of the patrol car, or call for another officer. Further, when Glass

returned Santana-Gomez’s documents he told him he was “good to go.” Having

reviewed the record on appeal and considered Santana-Gomez’s arguments, we

conclude the district court’s analysis was entirely correct. This court has

previously held that a reasonable motorist would feel free to leave under

circumstances nearly identical to those present in this case:

      [The officer] had returned [the defendant’s] license and registration
      and told him he was free to go. [The defendant] must have believed
      he was free to leave at that point because the district court found he
      turned to get out of the car. . . . There was no evidence that [the only
      officer present] used a commanding or threatening manner or tone of
      voice, displayed a weapon, or touched [the defendant].

United States v. Hernandez, 

, 1499 (10th Cir. 1996). Santana-

Gomez argues the exchange had an “accusatory nature,” but that argument is

foreclosed by the district court’s finding that Lieutenant Glass did not raise his


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voice, brandish his weapon, or engage in another act that could be considered

coercive. Simply “asking questions which may elicit incriminating answers is

irrelevant to a determination of whether an encounter was consensual.” Id.; see

also United States v. Esparza-Mendoza, 

, 959 (10th Cir. 2004)

(holding “‘the reasonable person test presupposes an innocent person’” and, thus,

questioning is not necessarily coercive even if it “might have been disconcerting

to a person who had committed a crime” (quoting Florida v. Bostick, 

, 441 (1991)). Santana-Gomez also relies on Lieutenant Glass’s testimony

that most people do not decline to answer additional questions after their

documents have been returned. That testimony addresses only whether an

objectively reasonable person would be willing to answer a question, not whether

that person would feel free to leave. Cf. United States v. Thompson, 

, 1226 (10th Cir. 2008) (holding a reviewing court is guided by precedent in

similar cases, not its own experience in how “reasonable people actually respond

to police investigations”). Additionally, as the government correctly asserts, the

fact that an objectively reasonable person may consent to answer additional

questions does not suggest they feel compelled to do so.




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IV.   Conclusion

      The judgment of the district court denying Santana-Gomez’s motion is

affirmed.

                                       ENTERED FOR THE COURT


                                       Michael R. Murphy
                                       Circuit Judge




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