FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                    May 29, 2014
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT


 JEFFREY BELLMAN, an individual;
 THOMAS R. SAMUELSON, an
 individual,

          Plaintiffs - Appellees,

 v.
                                                        No. 12-1275
                                               (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-00655-RBJ)
 I3CARBON, LLC, a Colorado limited
                                                         (D. Colo.)
 liability company; PATRIC GALVIN,
 an individual; ROBERT HANFLING,
 an individual; FAISAL SYED, an
 individual; CHRISTOPHER GALVIN,
 an individual; REBECCA GALVIN,
 an individual; DAVID SUNSHINE, an
 individual,

          Defendants - Appellants.


                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TYMKOVICH, GORSUCH, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.



      Defendants-Appellants i3Carbon, LLC, Patric Galvin, Robert Hanfling,

Faisal Syed, Christopher Galvin, Rebecca Galvin, and David Sunshine



      *
             This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
(collectively, “Defendants”) appeal from the denial of their motion to compel

arbitration of Plaintiffs-Appellees Jeffrey Bellman’s and Thomas R. Samuelson’s

(together, “Plaintiffs”) claims for securities fraud. Defendants assert that the

district court erred by failing to find that the parties had entered into an

enforceable arbitration agreement and by refusing to apply the doctrine of

equitable estoppel. Exercising our jurisdiction under 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1)(C),

which provides that an appeal may be taken from an order denying an application

to compel arbitration, we affirm.

                                           I

                                          A

      Plaintiffs brought this securities fraud case based upon alleged

misstatements and omissions made at the time of their investment in i3Carbon, a

Colorado limited liability company (“LLC”) that acquires, develops, and sells

coal and similar commodity resources. Patric Galvin, an officer of i3Carbon,

approached Mr. Samuelson and Mr. Bellman in, respectively, the late summer and

early fall of 2010, regarding a possible investment in i3Carbon. It is undisputed

that Mr. Galvin provided each of the Plaintiffs with a binder of materials (the

“Investment Binder(s)”) relating to their possible investment. The Investment

Binders contained approximately 200 pages of documents, including an unsigned

Operating Agreement and two unsigned Subscription Agreements. Plaintiffs

submitted declarations stating that neither of them signed, nor were asked to sign,

                                          -2-
the Operating Agreement. 1 Mr. Samuelson invested $350,000 in i3Carbon in

August and September 2010, and Mr. Bellman invested $250,000 in i3Carbon in

November 2010 and January 2011.

                                         B

      The Operating Agreement provided to Plaintiffs in the Investment Binders

states that it is an agreement dated “the ___ day of July, 2010” between

Defendants and “the Persons whose names are set forth on Exhibit A attached

hereto.” Aplt. App. at 48 (Operating Agreement, filed May 1, 2012) (formatting

altered). Plaintiffs claim that the Investment Binders did not contain an Exhibit A

to the Operating Agreement. The signature page to the Operating Agreement lists

i3Carbon and GSC Holdings, LLC, as the only signatories to the agreement,

although Plaintiffs contend that neither of those parties actually signed the copy

of the agreement included in the Investment Binder.

      The Operating Agreement contains an arbitration provision, stating, in

pertinent part:

             Any suit, . . . claim, controversy, action or
             proceeding arising out of or relating to this
             Agreement or the breach, enforcement, termination
             or validity thereof, shall be brought exclusively in


      1
              Defendants have implied in their briefing on appeal that a signed
copy of the Operating Agreement may exist, but it cannot be located. However,
in their earlier briefing, Defendants admitted that “neither Bellman, nor
Samuelson signed either Operating Agreement.” Aplt. App. at 28 (Mot. to
Compel Arbitration, filed May 1, 2012).

                                             -3-
             either (a) the state courts located in the City and
             County of Denver, Colorado, or (b) before one (1)
             arbitrator located in the City and County of Denver,
             Colorado, such arbitration to be administered by
             JAMS pursuant to its Comprehensive Arbitration
             Rules and Procedures (an “Arbitration”).             In
             addition to the foregoing, any party that becomes a
             party to a state court proceeding pursuant to (a) of
             this Section 11.7 may, upon written notice delivered
             to all other parties to the proceeding (as set forth in
             the complaint or other pleadings) to [sic] be
             transferred and determined solely pursuant to an
             Arbitration; provided that such party provides notice
             of its election to have such proceeding be
             determined by Arbitration within thirty (30) days
             following its initial receipt of the original complaint
             filed with a state court pursuant to (a) of this
             Section 11.7.

(formatting altered).

      In addition to the Operating Agreement, the Investment Binders contained a

Subscription Agreement. The Subscription Agreement states that it is an

agreement “executed by the undersigned in connection with the private placement

of Class A Units” and provides a space for the “undersigned Purchaser” to include

his name and address. 

(Subscription Agreement, dated Aug. 27, 2010).

The Subscription Agreement includes a forum selection provision, stating that:

             Any disputes arising out of, in connection with, or
             with respect to this Subscription, the subject matter
             hereof, the performance or non-performance of any
             obligation hereunder, or any of the transactions
             contemplated hereby shall be adjudicated by a court
             of competent civil jurisdiction sitting in Denver,
             Colorado and nowhere else.


                                             -4-


(emphasis added).

      Mr. Samuelson signed and returned a copy of the Subscription

Agreement in August 2010. In September 2010, i3Carbon sent Mr. Samuelson

a signed letter agreement confirming his investment and stating, in part, “This

letter agreement is intended to clarify the relationship between you and

i3Carbon, LLC, and does not supersede the subscription agreement or the other

materials you have been provided.” 

(Letter Agreement, dated Sept.

23, 2010) (emphasis added). Mr. Samuelson signed and returned the letter

agreement to i3Carbon.

      Defendants allege that sometime after Plaintiffs received the Investment

Binders, but before they made their investments, Plaintiffs had a telephone

conversation with Mr. Galvin during which Mr. Bellman “stated . . . that in

connection with his investment he required changes in the overall agreement

which included specific ‘Early Investor’ distribution terms that would

significantly benefit both Bellman and Samuelson.” 

(Supp. Decl. of

Patric Galvin, filed June 1, 2012). According to Mr. Galvin’s declaration, Mr.

Galvin obtained approval for the requested changes and informed Plaintiffs that

he “would have an amended operating agreement prepared to reflect them.” 

Mr. Galvin stated that he “directed the preparation of the First

Amended and Restated Operating Agreement” and “directed that copies be sent

to [Plaintiffs].” 

further declared that he had a subsequent

                                        -5-
telephone conversation with Mr. Bellman in which Mr. Bellman claimed to

have misplaced the Operating Agreement “and requested that i3Carbon send

him another copy which he would then sign and return.” 

claims

that he did this.

       Plaintiffs dispute Mr. Galvin’s version of events and have submitted

declarations stating that they (1) “did not at any time request any revisions or

modifications to the Operating Agreement,” (2) did not receive a copy of the

Amended Operating Agreement prior to this lawsuit, (3) never signed an

Amended Operating Agreement, and (4) never discussed the Operating

Agreement or Amended Operating Agreement with anyone at i3Carbon. See 

(Decl. of Jeffrey Bellman, filed May 25, 2012); 

(Decl. of

Thomas R. Samuelson, filed May 25, 2012).

       The Amended Operating Agreement that Defendants claim to have sent

to Plaintiffs is dated October 5, 2010. It includes an Exhibit A, which lists the

shareholders in i3Carbon as GCS Holding, LLC and Mr. Samuelson. Mr.

Bellman is not listed on the agreement. The Amended Operating Agreement

was signed by i3Carbon and GCS Holdings, LLC, but was not signed by either

Mr. Samuelson or Mr. Bellman. The Amended Operating Agreement contains

an arbitration provision identical to the arbitration provision in the earlier

Operating Agreement.

       In September 2011, Mr. Samuelson emailed Mr. Galvin seeking an

                                          -6-
update regarding potential dividends to “round A shareholders.” 

(Email from T. Samuelson to P. Galvin, dated Sept. 15, 2011). Mr. Galvin

alleges that these dividends were consistent with the “requested and agreed

upon ‘Early Investor’ provisions” included in the Amended Operating

Agreement. 

The email does not reference either the Operating

Agreement or the Amended Operating Agreement.

                                        C

      Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint against Defendants on April 17,

2012, alleging various securities-fraud violations. Defendants filed a motion to

compel arbitration on May 1, 2012. Following full briefing on the issue, the

district court held a hearing on June 6, 2012. At the conclusion of the hearing,

the district court denied Defendants’ motion on the grounds that Defendants

had “presented no evidence that creates a genuine issue of material fact as to

whether or not there was a meeting of the minds and an agreement binding on

the parties to arbitrate the disputes that have arisen between them with respect

to their dealings . . . [with] i3 Carbon.” 

(Tr. of Hr’g on Mot. to

Compel Arbitration, dated June 6, 2012); see also 

(Minute Order,

dated June 6, 2012). Defendants subsequently filed a timely notice of appeal.




                                         -7-
                                        II

                                        A

      We review a district court’s denial of a motion to compel arbitration de

novo, applying the same legal standard employed by the district court. Avedon

Eng’g, Inc. v. Seatex, 

, 1283 (10th Cir. 1997). Although “[t]he

Supreme Court has ‘long recognized and enforced a liberal federal policy

favoring arbitration agreements,’” Nat’l Am. Ins. Co. v. SCOR Reinsurance Co.,

, 1290 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Howsam v. Dean Witter

Reynolds, Inc., 

, 83 (2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted), the

question “whether parties have a valid arbitration agreement at all” is a

“gateway matter[]” that is “presumptively for courts to decide,” Oxford Health

Plans LLC v. Sutter, --- U.S. ----, 

, 2068 n.2 (2013) (quoting

Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Bazzle, 

, 452 (2003)) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Courts thus review this question “de novo absent ‘clear[] and

unmistakabl[e]’ evidence that the parties wanted an arbitrator to resolve the

dispute.” 

original) (quoting AT & T Techs. v. Commc’ns

Workers, 

, 649 (1986)). Whether an agreement to arbitrate exists

“is simply a matter of contract between the parties.” Walker v.

BuildDirect.com Techs., Inc., 

, 1004 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting

Avedon 

) (internal quotation marks omitted). As such,

we “apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts

                                        -8-
to determine whether a party has agreed to arbitrate a dispute.” 

v. First Cash Fin. Servs., Inc., 

, 475 (10th Cir. 2006))

(internal quotation marks omitted); Avedon 

.

      “When parties dispute the making of an agreement to arbitrate, a jury

trial on the existence of the agreement is warranted unless there are no genuine

issues of material fact regarding the parties’ agreement.” 

(quoting Avedon 

) (internal quotation marks

omitted). That is, “when factual disputes [seem likely to] determine whether

the parties agreed to arbitrate, the way to resolve them isn’t by round after

round of discovery and motions practice. It is by proceeding summarily to

trial.” Howard v. Ferrellgas Partners, L.P., --- F.3d ----, 

, at

*7 (10th Cir. 2014). By contrast, “[w]hen it’s apparent . . . that no material

disputes of fact exist it may be permissible and efficient for a district court to

decide the arbitration question as a matter of law through motions practice and

viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the party opposing arbitration.”

see, e.g., Hancock v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 

, 1261 (10th

Cir. 2012), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 

(2013); 

–75.

      In ascertaining whether questions of material fact remain, we give the

nonmoving party—here, Plaintiffs—“the benefit of all reasonable doubts and

inferences that may arise.” 

(quoting Par-Knit Mills,

                                          -9-
Inc. v. Stockbridge Fabrics Co., 

, 54 (3d Cir. 1980)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). We have previously explained that the framework

for analyzing this issue “is similar to summary judgment practice”: the party

moving to compel arbitration bears the initial burden of presenting evidence

sufficient to demonstrate the existence of an enforceable agreement; if it does

so, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to raise a genuine dispute of

material fact regarding the existence of an agreement. 

above, if a

genuine dispute of material fact exists, the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”)

calls for a summary trial. See Howard, 

, at *7. Only “when

it’s clear no material disputes of fact exist and only legal questions remain”

may a court resolve the arbitration question by ruling on a motion to compel,

rather than conducting a summary trial. 

also argued that the district court erred in rejecting their

equitable estoppel argument. We have not yet decided whether the de novo

standard that generally applies to our review of a denial of a motion to compel

arbitration also applies to a denial of such a motion based on equitable

estoppel, or whether some other standard of review applies. See Lenox

MacLaren Surgical Corp. v. Medtronic, Inc., 449 F. App’x 704, 707 (10th Cir.

2011). Other circuits are split on this issue, with some courts reviewing such

decisions de novo, and others for an abuse of discretion. See 

the Fourth and Fifth Circuits review for abuse of discretion, while the Third,

                                        -10-
Eighth, Ninth, and Eleventh Circuits review de novo). It is unnecessary for us

to decide here which standard applies because Defendants’ equitable estoppel

argument fails regardless.

      We turn now to Defendants’ arguments on appeal.

                                        B

      Defendants principally challenge the district court’s determination that,

as a matter of law, an agreement to arbitrate between the parties does not exist.

Alternatively, Defendants argue that the district court erred by refusing to find

that Plaintiffs were equitably estopped from denying the enforceability of the

arbitration provision in the Operating Agreement because, according to

Defendants, Plaintiffs have benefitted from and attempted to enforce other

provisions of the Operating Agreement. We begin by addressing whether an

enforceable agreement exists between the parties and then turn to Defendants’

equitable estoppel argument.

      As noted above, “arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be

required to submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not agreed so to

submit.” Spahr v. Secco, 

, 1269 (10th Cir. 2003) (quoting

AT & T 

) (internal quotation marks omitted). And,

although the presence of an arbitration clause generally creates a presumption

in favor of arbitration, see ARW Exploration Corp. v. Aguirre, 

,

1462 (10th Cir. 1995) (“If a contract contains an arbitration clause, a

                                        -11-
presumption of arbitrability arises, particularly if the clause in question

contains . . . broad and sweeping language.”), “this presumption disappears

when the parties dispute the existence of a valid arbitration agreement,”

Dumais v. Am. Golf Corp., 

, 1220 (10th Cir. 2002); see also Riley

Mfg. Co. v. Anchor Glass Container Corp., 

, 779 (10th Cir. 1998)

(“[W]hen the dispute is whether there is a valid and enforceable arbitration

agreement in the first place, the presumption of arbitrability falls away.”).

      We “‘apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of

contracts’ to determine whether a party has agreed to arbitrate a dispute.”

(quoting First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 

, 944 (1995)). Here, the parties agree that Colorado law governs this

question. Under Colorado law, a contract requires a “meeting of the minds.”

See Schulz v. City of Longmont, Colo., 

, 438 n.8 (10th Cir. 2006)

(quoting Agritrack, Inc. v. DeJohn Housemoving, Inc., 

, 1192

(Colo. 2001)) (internal quotation marks omitted). This is true for both express

contracts and contracts that are implied in fact based on the conduct of the

parties. See id.; see also N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. K N Energy, Inc., 

,

412 (10th Cir. 1996) (“Although implied in fact contracts can be based on the

conduct of the parties, ‘there must be a meeting of the minds before any

contract will be implied.’” (quoting A.R.A. Mfg. Co. v. Cohen, 

,

859 (Colo. App. 1982))).

                                         -12-
      Here, the district court concluded that “the defendant has presented no

evidence that creates a genuine issue of material fact as to whether or not there

was a meeting of the minds and an agreement binding on the parties to arbitrate

the disputes that have arisen between them.” Aplt. App. at 298. We agree.

Specifically, we conclude that Defendants have failed to show that the “conduct

of the parties . . . evidences a mutual intention to contract with each other,”

N.Y. Life 

(quoting Tuttle v. ANR Freight Sys., Inc., 

, 829 (Colo. App. 1990)) (internal quotation marks omitted), or that

there was a “meeting of the minds,” 

)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      Defendants argue that Plaintiffs manifested their acceptance of the

Operating Agreement, and specifically the arbitration provision, when they

invested in i3Carbon following receipt of the approximately 200-page

Investment Binder. However, the Operating Agreement included in the

Investment Binder did not have Plaintiffs’ names on it and did not indicate that

Plaintiffs were expected to sign it. Moreover, Plaintiffs have submitted

uncontroverted evidence that (1) i3Carbon never requested that they sign the

Operating Agreement or agree to its provisions, and (2) Plaintiffs, in fact, did

not sign the Operating Agreement.

      Defendants attempt to minimize the importance of the parties’ failure to

sign the Operating Agreement by arguing that an arbitration agreement does not

                                         -13-
need to be signed to be enforceable. Specifically, Defendants correctly note

that “[w]hile the [FAA] requires a writing evidencing an agreement to arbitrate

disputes, it is well-established that the FAA does not require signatures of the

parties to be enforceable.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 19; see, e.g., Med. Dev. Corp.

v. Indus. Molding Corp., 

, 348 (10th Cir. 1973) (noting that it is

“not necessary . . . that a party sign the writing containing the arbitration

clause”). However, while a signature is not always required, the parties must

still have entered into a valid arbitration agreement under state law. See E-21

Eng’g, Inc. v. Steve Stock & Assocs., Inc., 

, 39 (Colo. App. 2010)

(“[T]he lack of signature in and of itself does not invalidate an otherwise

enforceable agreement to arbitrate.”). Thus, while Defendants are correct in

asserting that the parties’ failure to sign the Operating Agreement is not

dispositive, this does not relieve Defendants of their burden to establish the

existence of an enforceable agreement in the first place.

      Here, Defendants have failed to carry their burden of showing that an

enforceable arbitration agreement exists. First, it is undisputed that the

Investment Binder contained conflicting provisions regarding arbitration.

While the Operating Agreement provided for arbitration, the Subscription

Agreement did not. In our view, the documents in the Investment Binder do




                                         -14-
not demonstrate a meeting of the minds regarding arbitration. 2

      Furthermore, we underscore that the only signed documents in the record

are Mr. Samuelson’s August 27, 2010 Subscription Agreement and the

September 22, 2010 letter from i3Carbon to Mr. Samuelson. Neither of these

documents evinces an agreement by Plaintiffs to arbitrate their claims. To the

contrary, the Subscription Agreement explicitly provides that any disputes shall

be heard by “a court of competent civil jurisdiction sitting in Denver, Colorado

and nowhere else.” Aplt. App. at 171. The September 22, 2010 letter reiterates

that it was intended to clarify the relationship of the parties, but “does not

supersede the subscription agreement or the other materials you have been

provided.” 

. While the September 22 letter specifically references the

Subscription Agreement (which explicitly provides that disputes will be

resolved by the courts) it does not do the same with regard to the Operating

Agreement, or otherwise identify any arbitration provision.

      Defendants have failed to articulate why the Operating Agreement



      2
               This is consistent with the approach taken by other courts. See, e.g.,
In re Toyota Motor Corp. Unintended Acceleration Mktg., Sales Practices, &
Prods. Liab. Litig., 

, 992 (C.D. Cal. 2012) (refusing to
compel arbitration where two documents contained conflicting arbitration
provisions that were “not only ambiguous” but also “fundamentally
incompatible”); Rockel v. Cherry Hill Dodge, 

, 623–24 (N.J. Super.
Ct. App. Div. 2004) (holding that where “parties executed two documents which
contain separate and somewhat disparate arbitration clauses[, t]his ambiguity . . .
is fatal to the compelling of the arbitration of plaintiffs’ . . . claims”).

                                         -15-
(including its arbitration provision)—which neither of the parties

signed—should be binding, but the Subscription Agreement—which was

contained in the same binder and actually signed by Mr. Samuelson—should

not be enforced. 3 Defendants’ argument essentially boils down to their

assertion that Plaintiffs’ mere investment in i3Carbon following their receipt of

a binder containing an unsigned Operating Agreement somehow establishes that

Plaintiffs agreed to, and accepted, the terms of the Operating Agreement,

including its arbitration provision. However, in light of the conflicting

provisions contained in the Investment Binder, this argument is unpersuasive.

      Based on the foregoing, the district court correctly concluded that no

genuine dispute of material fact exists regarding whether the parties entered

into an agreement to arbitrate. Accordingly, the district court properly denied

Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration on this basis.



      3
             Any attempt by Defendants to give the unsigned Operating
Agreement particular weight or significance is unpersuasive. The validity of the
Operating Agreement, including whether the parties agreed to its terms, whether
those terms are ambiguous, and whether its terms conflict with the Subscription
Agreement, must be determined under ordinary state contract law. See, e.g.,
Condo v. Conners, 

, 1115 (Colo. 2011) (rejecting argument that
operating agreement functioned as a “super-contract” and finding instead that an
operating agreement should be interpreted “in light of prevailing principles of
contract law”); In re DB Capital Holdings, LLC, 

, 

, at *3 n.21 (B.A.P. 10th Cir. 2010) (unpublished disposition) (“Absent a
contrary statutory provision, Colorado courts consider a limited liability
company’s operating agreement according to the general principles of contract
law.”).

                                        -16-
                                         C

      We turn now to Defendants’ argument that “Plaintiffs are equitably

estopped from asserting their lack of signature on the Operating Agreements as

a basis [for] avoiding arbitration.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 23. In support of their

argument, Defendants cite International Paper Co. v. Schwabedissen

Maschinen & Anlagen GMBH, 

(4th Cir. 2000), which states:

             In the arbitration context, the [equitable estoppel]
             doctrine recognizes that a party may be estopped
             from asserting that the lack of his signature on a
             written contract precludes enforcement of the
             contract’s arbitration clause when he has
             consistently maintained that other provisions of the
             same contract should be enforced to benefit him.

see also Pikes Peak Nephrology Assocs., P.C. v. Total Renal Care,

Inc., No. 09-CV-00928-CMA-MEH, 

, at *8 (D. Colo. March

20, 2010) (finding that plaintiff was bound by unsigned arbitration agreement

where plaintiff received benefits from the contract and sought to enforce his

rights under the terms of the contract). However, both International Paper and

Pikes Peak involved situations where the non-signing party sought to take

advantage of beneficial terms of the agreement while simultaneously

disavowing the enforceability of the agreement’s arbitration clause. See Int’l

(“International Paper’s entire case hinges on its asserted

rights under the . . . contract; it cannot seek to enforce those contractual rights

and avoid the contract’s requirement that ‘any dispute arising out of’ the

                                         -17-
contract be arbitrated.”); Pikes Peak, 

, at *8 (“[B]ecause

[plaintiff] seeks adjudication of his rights and remedies under the [agreement],

and because he . . . seeks the benefits of the [agreement], it follows that he

would at least be bound by the contractual procedures for resolving disputes

arising therefrom.”). Here, in contrast, Plaintiffs did not receive direct benefits

from or seek to enforce their rights under the Operating Agreement. For this

reason, the present case is distinguishable from the factual situations present in

International Paper and Pikes Peak.

      Defendants disagree with this conclusion, arguing that Plaintiffs did in

fact benefit from and seek to enforce their rights under the Operating

Agreement. Specifically, Defendants point to a telephone conversation

between Plaintiffs and Mr. Galvin, in which Mr. Bellman allegedly requested

that the “overall agreement” be changed to include distribution terms for early

investors. See Aplt. App. at 186. Defendants then made changes reflecting

Plaintiffs’ request in an Amended Operating Agreement. In his declaration,

Mr. Galvin asserts that he directed a copy of the Amended Operating

Agreement to be sent to Plaintiffs. However, Plaintiffs have submitted

declarations swearing that they never received the Amended Operating

Agreement, and that neither of them ever signed or agreed to the terms of the

Amended Operating Agreement. Several months later, Mr. Samuelson sent an

email to i3Carbon requesting early investor distributions. The email did not

                                         -18-
reference the Operating Agreement or the Amended Operating Agreement in

any way. 4

      Based on these facts, Defendants cannot establish that Plaintiffs sought a

change to the Operating Agreement and thereafter sought to benefit from or

enforce rights under the original or amended agreement. For one, Plaintiffs

merely sought a change to the “overall agreement.” See 

, 160,

186–87. They never requested that the change be made to the Operating

Agreement (which contains the arbitration provision) or that the change be

reflected in an Amended Operating Agreement. Thus, the fact that Defendants

chose to reflect the change in the Amended Operating Agreement does not

somehow elevate that document above the other documents sent to Plaintiffs in

the Investment Binder, such as the Subscription Agreement (which explicitly

provides that courts will resolve the disputes).

      Moreover, as Plaintiffs note, they “never agreed that their entire

agreement was governed by and reflected in either Operating Agreement, and

[they] did not receive or sign the Amended Operating Agreement.” Aplee. Br.

at 28. Defendants have not established otherwise. Thus, contrary to



      4
             With regard to the email, the district court noted: “You can read that
e-mail exchange until you’re blue in the face, and you will not find any express
or, in my view, implied indication in there that either Mr. Bellman or Mr.
Samuelson were agreeable to the terms of either version of the operating
agreement.” Aplt. App. at 294.

                                        -19-
Defendants’ assertion, there is no evidence that Plaintiffs “sought to rely on

provisions in the Amended Operating Agreement to request early investor

distributions.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 16. In fact, Defendants cannot even establish

that Plaintiffs received the Amended Operating Agreement, 5 much less that

they agreed to its terms. And it is undisputed that Plaintiffs never received an

early investor distribution, and they have not made a claim for such a

distribution in their pending lawsuit. Furthermore, the present case is

distinguishable from International Paper and Pikes Peak in that Plaintiffs’

“amended complaint states no claim for any relief or indication that the

plaintiffs are seeking any benefit under the terms of the operating agreement in

either form.” Aplt. App. at 295–96. Indeed, the Operating Agreement is not

mentioned anywhere in the amended complaint.

      Defendants acknowledge that Plaintiffs have not alleged a breach-of-

contract claim, but nonetheless argue that equitable estoppel should apply

because Plaintiffs have included claims “that relate in various ways to the




      5
             Mr. Galvin declares in his supplemental affidavit that he had a
telephone conversation with Mr. Bellman in which Mr. Bellman “stated that he
had misplaced the Operating Agreement and requested that i3Carbon send him
another copy which he would then sign and return.” Aplt. App. at 187. However,
as noted by the district court, even “[t]aking that as true, it does not mean that
[Mr. Bellman] received or certainly signed . . . the amended version of the
operating agreement.” 

                                        -20-
Operating Agreement.” 6 Aplt. Opening Br. at 15. However, in Lenox, a case

arising under Colorado law, a panel of our court held that the doctrine of

equitable estoppel does not apply merely because plaintiffs have asserted

claims that relate to or are “factually significant” to the agreement at issue

embodying the arbitration provision. 449 F. App’x at 709–10. More

specifically, “[f]or a plaintiff’s claims to rely on the contract containing the

arbitration provision, the contract must form the legal basis of those claims; it

is not enough that the contract is factually significant to the plaintiff’s claims

or has a ‘but-for’ relationship with them.” 

In other words, “[t]he

claims must be ‘so intertwined with the agreement’ that ‘it would be unfair to

allow the signatory [7] to rely on the agreement in formulating its claims but to

disavow availability of the arbitration clause of that same agreement.’” 

(quoting PRM Energy Sys., Inc. v. Primenergy, L.L.C., 

, 835


      6
              Plaintiffs allege numerous securities-fraud violations based on
alleged misrepresentations and omissions made by Defendants. Specifically,
Plaintiffs claim that Defendants knowingly made false representations and
omissions of material fact relating to the health and sales capacity of i3Carbon in
order to secure funding, thereby violating section 10(b) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), section 20(a) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a), and various sections of the Colorado
Securities Act. Plaintiffs also state claims for negligent misrepresentation,
common law fraud, and civil theft pursuant to Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-4-405.
      7
              In Lenox, a non-signatory sought to enforce an arbitration provision
against a signatory to the agreement. See 449 F. App’x at 705–07. Here, none of
the parties signed the Operating Agreement. Moreover, only the Defendants
signed the Amended Operating Agreement; neither of the Plaintiffs did.

                                         -21-
(8th Cir. 2010)).

      In Lenox, the defendants contended that the plaintiff’s claims “rely on

the Agreement because they are significantly related to, make reference to, or

presume the existence of the Agreement.” 

The panel rejected this

argument, finding that while the agreement was “factually significant to [the

plaintiff’s] claims,” it did not “form the legal basis for [those] claims” because

“[the plaintiff was] not attempting to hold the non-signatory liable pursuant to

duties imposed by the agreement, and its claims [did] not depend on whether

[the defendants’] conduct was proper under the Agreement.” 

(citation omitted) (quoting Grigson v. Creative Artists Agency, L.L.C., 

, 528 (5th Cir. 2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted). As such, the

panel concluded that the plaintiff did “not rely on the terms of the Agreement

in a manner that would make it unfair for [the plaintiff] to avoid arbitrating

those claims.” 

reasoning of Lenox here leads ineluctably to a similar

outcome. Specifically, Plaintiffs do not assert a claim for breach of the

Operating Agreement or seek to enforce any rights or recover any remedies

under the Operating Agreement. While Plaintiffs’ complaint relies on materials

other than the Operating Agreement provided in the Investment Binder, along

with alleged statements made by Defendants, the Operating Agreement does not

“form the legal basis” of Plaintiffs’ claims. See 

Rather,

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Plaintiffs’ claims are based on allegedly fraudulent misrepresentations and

omissions of material fact made by Defendants in order to secure funding.

None of these claims relate to statements or omissions made in the Operating

Agreement. In fact, as noted above, Plaintiffs’ complaint does not even

reference the Operating Agreement. It follows perforce that Plaintiffs’ claims

cannot be deemed to have relied on the Operating Agreement in a manner that

would make it unfair for Plaintiffs to avoid arbitrating their claims. See 

For these reasons, the district court properly concluded that Plaintiffs are

not equitably estopped from disavowing the enforceability of the Operating

Agreement’s arbitration provision.

                                        III

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s denial of

Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration.



                                                Entered for the Court



                                                JEROME A. HOLMES
                                                Circuit Judge




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