FILED
                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       May 6, 2014

                                                                     Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                         Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                          No. 12-3219
                                                  (D.C. No. 2:11-CR-20031-CM-1)
JUAN MANUEL CORTEZ-DIAZ,                                      (D. Kan.)

              Defendant - Appellant.



                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before TYMKOVICH, BALDOCK, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.


     After a nine-month investigation, law enforcement arrested Juan Manuel Cortez-Diaz

with about two pounds of pure methamphetamine in his car and, soon after, seized about

seven more pounds at his stash house. The evidence at trial showed that Cortez-Diaz ran

a multi-state methamphetamine distribution network centered in Kansas City, Kansas,

and based on this evidence the jury convicted him of various drug possession and




     *
     This order and judgment isn’t binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law
of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure and Tenth
Circuit Rule 32.1.
distribution crimes.1 The weight and purity of the methamphetamine, combined with

leadership-role and drug-house enhancements, led to an advisory guideline sentence of

life imprisonment—which the district court imposed. Cortez-Diaz now challenges the

procedural and substantive reasonableness of that sentence. We conclude that the district

court committed no error, and we affirm.


                                   BACKGROUND

   Special Agent Matt Hall of Homeland Security Investigations2 (HSI) began

investigating Cortez-Diaz after a confidential informant (CI) reported that Cortez-Diaz

had recently arrived in Kansas City from California to set up a drug-distribution network.

   On August 9, 2010, the CI bought methamphetamine from Cortez-Diaz at a local

market. After providing the CI with $2,600 in buy-money, Agent Hall watched from a

safe distance as Cortez-Diaz opened his trunk and the two men completed the exchange.

Following routine controlled-buy procedures, the agents recovered the two ounces of

purchased methamphetamine.3


   1
     The jury convicted Cortez-Diaz on five separate violations of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1):
(1) distributing more than five grams of methamphetamine (Count one, August 9, 2010);
(2) distributing methamphetamine (Count two, October 6, 2010); (3) possession with
intent to distribute methamphetamine (Count three, October 22, 2010); (4) distributing
more than five grams of methamphetamine (Count four, December 8, 2010); and (5)
possession with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of methamphetamine (Count five,
May 16, 2011).
   2
   Homeland Security Investigations is a part of the United States Department of
Homeland Security, Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
   3
    The weight of the methamphetamine was later determined to be 49.4 grams with a
37.9% purity (18.7 grams of actual methamphetamine).
                                         -2-
   On September 22, 2010, the CI introduced Agent Hall to Cortez-Diaz, who was

accompanied by Alfredo Soto-Contreras. Agent Hall was acting in an undercover role as

a driver for a parcel delivery company. After being introduced, Agent Hall complained to

Cortez-Diaz about the poor quality of methamphetamine that Cortez-Diaz had sold the CI

on August 9. Cortez-Diaz apologized, explaining that that methamphetamine hadn’t come

from his usual supplier. He promised to make it up the next time Agent Hall bought

methamphetamine from him or Soto-Contreras. During this same meeting, Agent Hall

asked if he could transport drug money for Cortez-Diaz as part of his parcel service job.

Agent Hall claimed that he already “ran money” for narcotics distributors and could do so

all the way to California. Agent Hall testified that Cortez-Diaz expressed interest in the

plan but needed to clear it with his bosses.

   On October 6, 2010, Agent Hall and the CI met with Cortez-Diaz and another

associate, Martin Gonzalez. This meeting was set to continue discussing the possibility of

Agent Hall’s transporting drug money for Cortez-Diaz. Agent Hall arrived in a company

van to make the story believable. Cortez-Diaz raised the possibility of using the van to

take money to Oklahoma and to bring back more methamphetamine. During the meeting,

Cortez-Diaz handed Agent Hall a shard of methamphetamine.4 Agent Hall understood

that Cortez-Diaz was proving to him that he could obtain high-quality drugs.

   On October 22, 2010, Agent Hall and the CI were again set to meet with Cortez-Diaz.

Instead, Cortez-Diaz sent two other men, Martin Gonzalez and Alfredo Soto-Contreras, to


   4
       The methamphetamine weighed 0.81 grams and was 99.2% pure.
                                               -3-
explain that he couldn’t make the meeting but to reset it for that afternoon. Later, Cortez-

Diaz came with Oscar Sotello and apologized for missing the earlier meeting. He

attributed his delay to law enforcement’s possibly having seized a load of his

organization’s methamphetamine. Cortez-Diaz again expressed interest in using the

parcel delivery company to run drug money to other cities but delayed making a final

decision. Cortez-Diaz then showed Agent Hall an ounce of “good” methamphetamine and

named a price—$1,300 for the ounce, or $18,500 for a pound. Agent Hall held the

bagged methamphetamine and could see that it was very pure. Because he had no buy-

funds, however, he declined to purchase and made an excuse that he couldn’t be carrying

methamphetamine in the company van.

   On December 8, 2010, Agent Hall and the CI met again with Cortez-Diaz about

transporting drug money and also to buy methamphetamine. At this meeting, Cortez-Diaz

told Agent Hall that he’d found another “source” that would “drive the loads back and

forth” but that “they” were still deciding whether to use Agent Hall’s delivery company

locally. R. vol. II, at 300–01. Cortez-Diaz handed Agent Hall an ounce of pure-looking

methamphetamine, and Agent Hall handed him $1,300.5 Although Agent Hall tried to

arrange another meeting with Cortez-Diaz, it never happened.

   In late April 2011, HSI agents learned from a court-authorized wiretap that a man

named Juan Razo may have been working as Cortez-Diaz’s driver, taking drug money

from Kansas City to California. In a series of monitored calls from May 13 to May 16,
   5
       The methamphetamine weighed 29.5 grams and was 100% pure.


                                           -4-
Razo told Cortez-Diaz that he was bringing nine cans or buckets of paint to Kansas City.

The agents believed the “cans” or “buckets” referred to kilograms or pounds of

methamphetamine. From the call, they knew that about half the total load was destined

for an unknown person, “Guerrillo.” During the calls, Cortez-Diaz directed Razo—he

told him when to leave, some details about a stash house, that he could provide Razo with

a place to sleep in Kansas City, and that he could avoid police detection by turning off his

cell phone and using cruise control.

   On May 16, 2011, once Razo arrived in Kansas City, he met with Cortez-Diaz at a

flea market. HSI witnessed this meeting through covert surveillance of Cortez-Diaz.

Cortez-Diaz then drove Razo to the stash house on Washington Avenue in Kansas City,

Kansas. They stayed there about five minutes before Cortez-Diaz took Razo back to the

flea market and returned to his apartment. Later that evening, Cortez-Diaz returned to the

flea market, picked up Razo, and the two men returned to the stash house.

   While at the house, Cortez-Diaz received a call from “Miguel” and arranged to sell

him a pound of methamphetamine. Soon after the call, HSI agents saw Cortez-Diaz walk

to the end of the driveway, pick up and empty a shoebox from a trash pile, and return

inside. A few minutes later, Cortez-Diaz left the stash house, put the shoebox inside the

trunk of a car, and drove away. HSI called local police to have them stop Cortez-Diaz,

which they did after seeing him commit a traffic violation. During the stop, Cortez-Diaz

consented to a search of the car. Inside the trunk, the officers found nearly two pounds

(891.9 grams) of methamphetamine in the shoebox; its purity was 99.7%.


                                           -5-
   HSI agents obtained a search warrant for the stash house. Inside they found Razo,

over five and half pounds (2,583 grams) of methamphetamine (99.1% pure) in one

container, another pound (488.3 grams) of methamphetamine (99.5% pure) in a second

container, a digital scale, and drug-packaging material. There was no furniture, and it

appeared that no one lived at the house.

   After his arrest, Razo waived his right to remain silent and spoke with the agents. He

said that he’d made six trips for a named drug organization, transporting

methamphetamine and cash. Consistent with the recorded calls, he said that in April 2011

he’d previously delivered a load of methamphetamine to Kansas City as organized by

Cortez-Diaz and Martin Gonzalez. Razo explained that he then returned to Kansas City to

collect $80,000 in methamphetamine sales proceeds. He also told the agents that Martin

Gonzalez had loaded the $80,000 into his vehicle. For the current trip, he said half of the

drugs had gone to Cortez-Diaz and the other half had gone to another person. Razo told

the agents that seven pounds of methamphetamine remained in the stash house from the

nine pounds he had delivered to Cortez-Diaz (who was arrested with the other two

pounds).

   A grand jury indicted Cortez-Diaz on five counts of methamphetamine trafficking.

The jury convicted on all counts. On its special verdict form, the jury specifically found

that Cortez-Diaz had possessed both the methamphetamine seized in the stash house and

in his car.




                                           -6-
   Before sentencing, the United States Probation Office for the District of Kansas

prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (PSR). The PSR detailed the factual

background of the offenses and incorporated Razo’s post-arrest statements. It included a

base offense level of 38 given Cortez-Diaz’s responsibility for 7.07 kilograms (over

fifteen pounds) of methamphetamine—the sum total of all the actual methamphetamine

involved in Cortez-Diaz’s relevant conduct.6 The PSR recommended a two-level

enhancement for maintaining a stash house and a four-level enhancement for Cortez-

Diaz’s leadership of a criminal activity with five or more participants.7 See U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines Manual (U.S.S.G.) § 2D1.1(b)(12), § 3B1.1(a) (2012). Because

the sentencing table has a maximum total offense level of 43, however, the PSR’s total

offense level was reduced to that number. See U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A, Sentencing Table,

cmt. n.2. At total offense level 43, the Guidelines provide an advisory sentencing range of

life imprisonment. U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A, Sentencing Table.

   Cortez-Diaz argued that he shouldn’t be found responsible for the methamphetamine

seized from the stash house. He also objected to the PSR’s recommended enhancements


   6
      This amount far exceeded the “more than 1.5 kilograms” required to reach a base
offense level of 38. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(1). Because this resulted in the maximum base
offense level of 38, the district court had no need to include as relevant conduct Razo’s
earlier methamphetamine delivery to Cortez-Diaz, the one yielding $80,000 in proceeds.
But had it mattered, this methamphetamine would also have counted as part of the base
offense level calculus. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3.
   7
     Although the PSR also included a two-level enhancement because Cortez-Diaz knew
the methamphetamine had been imported unlawfully, the district court didn’t impose this
enhancement after the government conceded it wouldn’t affect the applicable total
offense level. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(5).
                                           -7-
for maintaining a stash house and for his leadership role. He requested a downward

variance based on mitigating factors such as his age, familial situation, and lack of

criminal history.8 After hearing argument, the district court imposed the recommended

base offense level of 38 and six additional levels for the two disputed enhancements.

After considering the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors and the requested

downward variance, the district court ultimately imposed the recommended Guidelines

sentence of life imprisonment.9


                                     DISCUSSION

   “On appeal, the district court’s sentence is reviewed for reasonableness under an

abuse-of-discretion standard.” Peugh v. United States, 

, 2080 (2013).

Sentencing review proceeds in two steps. First, we address whether the court committed

procedural error. United States v. Lente, 

, 1030 (10th Cir. 2011). This step

includes reviewing the court’s Guidelines calculation—in that process, legal conclusions

are reviewed de novo and the factual findings for clear error. United States v. Kristl, 

, 1055 (10th Cir. 2006) (per curiam). When reviewing the application of

sentencing enhancements, “we view the evidence and inferences therefrom in the light



   8
      Indeed, Cortez-Diaz had no countable criminal history points and just one listed
arrest—on May 17, 2011, he was arrested in Kansas City, Kansas, for possession of
opiates/opium/narcotic drugs.
   9
     We focus only on the life sentence imposed for Count five as the sentences for
the other four counts are for lesser terms of years to be served concurrently and don’t
affect our analysis.
                                           -8-
most favorable to the district court’s determination.” United States v. Mozee, 

, 1088 (10th Cir. 2005).

   Second, we address substantive reasonableness, which we review for abuse of

discretion. Gall v. United States, 

, 51 (2007). A sentence must fall within the

range of permissible choice. United States v. McComb, 

, 1053 (10th Cir.

2007). We may assume a within-Guidelines sentence is reasonable, but we aren’t required

to do so. 

.


1. Procedural Challenges

   Procedural error “relates to the method by which the sentence is calculated.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court recognizes at

least five types of procedural error: (1) improperly calculating the Guidelines range; (2)

adhering to the Guidelines as though they are mandatory; (3) failing to consider the

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing factors; (4) basing a sentence on clearly erroneous facts;

and (5) failing to adequately explain the sentence. 

552 U.S. at 50–51).

Although a sentence must be adequately explained, within-Guidelines sentences require

only a general statement of the court’s reasons and don’t need explicit references to the

§ 3553(a) factors or to every rejected argument for leniency. 

   Cortez-Diaz first claims the district court miscalculated his sentence by including

within his relevant conduct too much actual methamphetamine and by applying two

enhancements—one for maintaining a stash house and another for his aggravating role in



                                           -9-
the offense (as a leader). In addition, he argues that the district court procedurally erred

by inadequately explaining the basis for the sentence.

   Drug Quantity. In a jointly undertaken criminal activity involving controlled

substances, a defendant is responsible for all drugs with which he was directly involved

or that were reasonably foreseeable within the scope of the joint-criminal activity.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A)–(B); see 

n.2. Cortez-Diaz concedes that he was

directly involved with the drugs found in his car but thinks it was error for the district

court to include the stash-house methamphetamine in calculating his base offense level.

He claims “the evidence at trial did not prove by a preponderance that [he] actually or

constructively possessed [the] packages of methamphetamine” found in the house.

Appellant’s Br. 30.

   This argument rests upon two mistaken premises—first, that a defendant is only

accountable under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 for controlled substances he possesses, and second,

that for relevant conduct purposes this possession must be proved by the government at

trial. In fact, as stated above, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 applies whenever a defendant is directly

involved with the drugs in question—even if he didn’t possess them. And in evaluating

this involvement, a district court isn’t limited to trial evidence. Instead, “[a]ny

information may be considered [at sentencing], so long as it has sufficient indicia of

reliability to support its probable accuracy.” U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3 cmt. (emphasis added); see

United States v. Ruby, 

, 1227 (10th Cir. 2013) (“[A]t a sentencing hearing

the court can have access to any relevant information . . . . Sentencing courts historically


                                           - 10 -
rely on a wide array of information relevant to the individualized needs of the offender,

including hearsay evidence . . . .”). Accordingly, the district court was free to consider

any reliable relevant information in assessing Cortez-Diaz’s connection to the drugs at

issue.

   In this case, the district court relied on evidence presented at trial as well as in the

PSR in concluding that Cortez-Diaz was accountable for the stash-house drugs. We find

no error as this conclusion was well supported. After all, the jury found by special verdict

that Cortez-Diaz possessed the methamphetamine in the house. Regardless of whether

actual possession is dispositive under U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A), it is certainly strong

evidence of direct involvement.

   Yet the district court didn’t just rely on the jury’s special verdict, but instead found

that trial evidence linked Cortez-Diaz to the stash house. The court pointed out that

Cortez-Diaz discussed the house on the phone with Razo. From the intercepted calls, we

know that it is indeed true that Cortez-Diaz gave Razo directions to the house before

Razo arrived in Kansas City. We also can glean from the calls that Cortez-Diaz offered to

arrange for someone in his organization to meet Razo when he arrived and take him to

the stash house.10 Further, the court noted Cortez-Diaz’s presence at the stash house on

two occasions. As HSI observed, Cortez-Diaz twice took Razo to the stash house where

the methamphetamine was later found and went inside with him. And, before leaving the

house with the shoebox, we know from the calls that Cortez-Diaz arranged a
   10
      Because HSI only had visual surveillance on Cortez-Diaz on May 16, 2011, the
record is unclear on when or how the methamphetamine was unloaded at the stash house.
                                           - 11 -
methamphetamine sale from the house. All of these facts support Cortez-Diaz’s

connection to the stash house and, by extension, his direct involvement with the

methamphetamine found there. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(A).

   Cortez-Diaz doesn’t address this strong evidence against him, but he does argue that

the district court erred in relying on the single unsupported PSR statement that “Cortez

and Razo both pulled bags from the trunk of the vehicle” before entering the stash house.

R. vol. III, at 10. This was just one point the court made in reaching its ultimate

conclusion that Cortez-Diaz was accountable for the stash-house drugs. But even so, a

court is entitled to rely on uncontested facts within the PSR. Fed. R. Crim. P. 32(i)(3)(A).

Since Cortez-Diaz never contested the accuracy of this specific fact, or any specific fact,

the district court was free to accept it as uncontroverted and consider it during sentencing.

See United States v. Warren, 

, 1285–86 (10th Cir. 2013) (“Rule 32(i)(3)(B)

applies only if facts in the PSR are disputed by specific objection.”).

   In addition, even had Cortez-Diaz neither carried the methamphetamine into the house

nor aided and abetted Razo in doing so, his relevant conduct would still include that

methamphetamine. The district court also based its finding on the fact that Cortez-Diaz

and Razo worked together, a finding that was well supported by the wiretap

conversations. Indeed, since Cortez-Diaz and Razo were engaged in “jointly undertaken

criminal activity” within the meaning of § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B), Cortez-Diaz was responsible

for all reasonably foreseeable acts of Razo in furtherance of those activities. Here, this

included Razo’s bringing Cortez-Diaz nine pounds of methamphetamine from California


                                           - 12 -
under their express understanding and agreement. Accordingly, even had Razo been

arrested before meeting up with Cortez-Diaz, Cortez-Diaz’s relevant conduct would still

have included the entire nine pounds. In sum, the district court didn’t err in concluding

that Cortez-Diaz was responsible for the seven pounds of methamphetamine at the stash

house based on the aforementioned information.

      Stash house. The Guidelines provide for a two-level enhancement for “maintain[ing] a

premises for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance.”

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12). To determine whether the defendant “maintained” the stash

house, the Guidelines commentary instructs courts to consider “(A) whether the

defendant held a possessory interest in (e.g., owned or rented) the premises and (B) the

extent to which the defendant controlled access to, or activities at, the premises.” 

2D1.1 cmt. n.17. Among the qualifying uses of the maintained premises are distributing a

controlled substance or storing the controlled substance there to distribute it elsewhere.

that the government failed to show he maintained a stash house.

He claims that his brief presence at the house and his vague phone calls with Razo are

insufficient to support the enhancement. By his characterization, he was just a casual

visitor to the stash house with no substantial connection to it. See United States v. Flores-

Olague, 

, 532 (7th Cir. 2013) (“[A]lthough ownership is not dispositive of

whether a defendant maintains a stash house, the statute contemplates a defendant who is

more than a casual visitor.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).


                                           - 13 -
   Cortez-Diaz was anything but a casual visitor. After all, as the district court

recognized, he left the house with a shoebox containing 891.9 grams of

methamphetamine. Further, trial evidence supported the district court’s finding that

Cortez-Diaz controlled access to the stash house. As the district court observed, Cortez-

Diaz “directed Juan Razo to go to the house, to lock himself in, and wait for [him].” R.

vol. II, at 785. Cortez-Diaz then twice took Razo to and from the house. The court also

found it significant that the house had no furniture. Indeed, its only noted contents were

seven pounds of methamphetamine, drug packaging materials, a digital scale, and Razo’s

luggage. All told, this information is more than enough to establish that Cortez-Diaz

maintained the house to store or distribute a controlled substance. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.17.

Again, we see no error by the district court.

   Organizer or leader of criminal activity with five or more participants. A district court

may impose a four-level enhancement “[i]f the defendant was an organizer or leader of a

criminal activity that involved five or more participants.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(a). To apply

this enhancement, therefore, the district court needed to find two things: first, that Cortez-

Diaz was a leader or organizer; and, second, that five or more people were participants in

the criminal activity. United States v. Egbert, 

, 1103 (10th Cir. 2009).

   To decide whether the defendant was a leader or organizer, the Guidelines

commentary instructs us to consider various factors: decision-making authority,

participation in the offense, recruitment of accomplices, claiming a larger share of the

crime proceeds, the amount of participation in planning or organizing the offense, the


                                            - 14 -
nature and scope of the illegal activity, and the amount of control exercised over others.

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.4. To qualify as a leader, the defendant must exercise authority

over at least one of the participants. 

. A participant must be

criminally responsible for the commission of the offense, but the person need not be

charged or convicted. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1; see United States v. Scott, 

, 1303

(10th Cir. 2008) (“A participant, in turn, must be criminally responsible for the

commission of the offense even if he or she was not charged or convicted.” (internal

quotation marks omitted)).

   In this case, the district court found that Cortez-Diaz was a leader of a particular

methamphetamine ring in Kansas City. Cortez-Diaz disputes that he qualified as a leader

and that five or more people participated in the criminal activity. He challenges his

leadership role, saying that the trial evidence doesn’t prove by a preponderance that he

controlled Razo, recruited accomplices, or claimed a larger share of the proceeds.

Additionally, Cortez-Diaz claims that trial evidence only supports a finding that Razo

was a participant in the criminal activity.

   Again, Cortez-Diaz mistakenly assumes that trial evidence is needed to support

Guidelines enhancements. Yet as stated, the trial court is free to look outside the trial

record for reliable evidence. See 

. Here for instance, the district

court was free to consider Razo’s post-arrest statements in the PSR, even though Razo

didn’t testify at trial. See United States v. Cook, 

, 1296 (10th Cir. 2008)




                                              - 15 -
(“[H]earsay statements may be considered at sentencing if they bear some minimal

indicia of reliability.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

   Regardless, the trial evidence also supported the district court’s finding that Cortez-

Diaz “had access to and control over large amounts of drug proceeds, which would

indicate . . . a leadership position.” R. vol. II, at 787. Agent Hall testified that Cortez-Diaz

discussed and expressed interest in his offer to transport large amounts of Cortez-Diaz’s

drug proceeds on three separate occasions. The taped phone calls also showed that

Cortez-Diaz controlled the shipment of proceeds and drugs from California and the

subsequent sale of those drugs. After all, Cortez-Diaz told Razo when to begin his trip; he

met him at an agreed location and took him to the stash house; and he left the house alone

with two of the nine pounds of methamphetamine to sell after taking a call from a buyer.

Agent Hall also testified that he believed Cortez-Diaz was a high-level drug dealer based

on the nearly pure methamphetamine he supplied, his knowledge of seized drug

shipments, and an analysis of his phone records. In fact, Agent Hall testified that Cortez-

Diaz was a regional cell head of a methamphetamine distribution network.

   Further, the district court found that Cortez-Diaz directed Razo’s activities. Indeed,

the trial evidence shows that Cortez-Diaz told Razo when to sleep, how to drive while

carrying the shipment, and how to avoid police tracking by turning off his cellphone.

Additionally, the PSR specifically states that “Razo was given directions by Cortez[-

Diaz].” R. vol. III, at 11. Also, Cortez-Diaz had control over Martin Gonzalez and

Alfredo Soto Contreras, as shown by his sending them to meet with Agent Hall.


                                            - 16 -
   The district court’s finding that there were at least five other participants in the

criminal activity is also well supported. At trial, the government’s evidence implicated

Alfredo Soto-Contreras, Martin Gonzalez, “Miguel,” “Guerillo,” and Juan Razo—five

different individuals.11 First, Alfredo Soto-Contreras accompanied Cortez-Diaz to meet

with the undercover agent. At that meeting, they discussed transporting drug proceeds.

Later, Cortez-Diaz sent Soto-Contreras to meet with the undercover agent when Cortez-

Diaz was running late. Second, Martin Gonzalez also accompanied Soto-Contreras to

meet with the undercover agent. And the PSR included Razo’s statement that Martin had

loaded the $80,000 in drug proceeds into Razo’s vehicle. Third, “Miguel” arranged to

purchase a pound of methamphetamine from Cortez-Diaz by phone. During the call, they

discussed the quantity, quality, and price of the drugs. Fourth, “Guerillo” was to receive

nine pounds of methamphetamine from Razo.12 Fifth, and finally, Cortez-Diaz concedes

that Razo was a participant. That makes five participants in addition to Cortez-Diaz. See

United States v. Holland, 

, 1045 (11th Cir. 1994) (“[W]hen determining the

number of participants, the defendant is considered to be one of the five.”). And even

though all of these participants weren’t prosecuted, their knowing involvement in a

   11
     Another individual, Oscar Sotello, was also present at the October 22, 2010 meeting
between Agent Hall and Cortez-Diaz, which adds a sixth individual into the mix.
   12
       Even though “Miguel’s” and “Guerillo’s” last names were unknown, the district
court properly considered them as participants. See, e.g., United States v. Thomas, 373 F.
App’x 538, 540–41 (6th Cir. 2010) (upholding a leadership enhancement under § 3B1.1
based on eleven possible participants, including two with unknown last names); United
States v. Fells, 

, 1182–83 (4th Cir. 1990) (holding that the district court
properly considered individuals not identified by name (lower-level drug dealers) as
participants for a leadership enhancement under § 3B1.1).
                                          - 17 -
criminal activity meets the standard for criminal responsibility as a participant. See

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1 cmt. n.1 (“A ‘participant’ is a person who is criminally responsible for

the commission of the offense, but need not have been convicted.”). Considering this

evidence, the district court didn’t clearly err by finding Cortez-Diaz was a leader of

criminal activity involving five or more participants.

   Failure to adequately explain the sentence. “When a district court imposes a within-

Guidelines sentence, the court must provide only a general statement of its reasons, and

need not explicitly refer to either the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors or respond to every

argument for leniency that it rejects in arriving at a reasonable sentence.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Cortez-Diaz argues that the district court

failed to adequately explain the sentence and how it conformed to the § 3553(a) factors.

Although he claims this is a substantive issue, we treat sentence explanation challenges as

procedural. United States v. Wilken, 

, 1174 (10th Cir. 2007). And because

he didn’t object to the explanation below, we review for plain error.13 

district court expressly considered the § 3553(a) factors and the sentencing

guidelines. As discussed above, the court also found and articulated several reasons for

the base offense level and the enhancements imposed—all of which were supported by

trial evidence or uncontested PSR statements. The district court further addressed Cortez-

Diaz’s request for a downward variance but denied the request based on the facts of the


   13
      “Plain error occurs where there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, which (3) affects
substantial rights, and which (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.” 

.
                                           - 18 -
case, the PSR, and applicable law. In the end, the district court arrived at a within-

Guidelines sentence, and we see no error, let alone plain error, in its explanation of how it

got there.


2. Substantive Challenges

   To determine a sentence’s substantive reasonableness we consider its length given the

case’s circumstances and the § 3553(a) factors. United States v. Chavez, 

,

1233 (10th Cir. 2013). Cortez-Diaz attacks the substantive reasonableness of his sentence

on two related grounds. First, he claims that his within-Guidelines sentence is

unreasonable given the facts of this case and the § 3553(a) factors. Second, he argues that

the Guidelines are driven by misguided policy that overemphasizes the quantity of

methamphetamine in setting the base offense level.14

   First, we may presume that within-Guidelines sentences are reasonable—and we do

so here. 

. Despite Cortez-Diaz’s arguments in favor of leniency,

which the district court addressed, the court ultimately concluded that the specifics of the

crime weighed in favor of the Guidelines recommendation. Considering our deferential

standard on review and the well-supported facts found by the district court regarding the




   14
      The government asks us to review the policy argument for plain error because
Cortez-Diaz failed to object at sentencing. Although we would affirm the district court
under either standard of review, we think Cortez-Diaz, although opaquely, raised this
objection below allowing us to review for abuse of discretion.
                                           - 19 -
amount of drugs involved, the use of the stash house, and Cortez-Diaz’s leadership role,

we find no abuse of discretion.15

   Second, there is no doubt that a life sentence is a hefty penalty. But that is the

Guidelines recommendation based on the policy that the Sentencing Commission saw fit

to incorporate. Despite Cortez-Diaz’s objection, “a sentence is not rendered unreasonable

merely because of a district court’s refusal to deviate from the advisory guideline range

based on disagreements with the policies underlying a particular Guideline provision.”

(internal quotation marks omitted). The district court was well

within its discretion to rely on the Guidelines recommendation here, notwithstanding

Cortez-Diaz’s challenges to the policies underlying that recommendation.


                                      CONCLUSION

   We conclude that the sentence was procedurally and substantively reasonable and

therefore affirm.


                                                     Entered for the Court


                                                     Gregory A. Phillips
                                                     Circuit Judge


   15
      Cortez-Diaz faults the district court for its “blind reliance” on the quantity of drugs.
See Apellant’s Br. 40. Even excluding the stash-house drugs, however, Cortez-Diaz’s
base offense level still would be 36. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(2). With the two enhancements,
his total offense level would be 42, resulting in an advisory sentencing range of 360
months to life imprisonment. The district court’s sentence would thus still fall within the
applicable Guidelines range.
                                            - 20 -