FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                                                            Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        July 2, 2014

                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                            Clerk of Court



 IN RE: MATTHEW JAMES
 TRIERWEILER; SHANNON RENEE
 TRIERWEILER,

       Debtors.
 ____________________________

 RANDY L. ROYAL, Trustee,
                                                             No. 13-8003
                                                       (B.A.P. No. WY-11-111)
       Plaintiff–Appellant,
 v.

 FIRST INTERSTATE BANK, a
 corporation, its assigns and successors;
 MORTGAGE ELECTRONIC
 REGISTRATION SYSTEM, INC.,

          Defendants–Appellees.


                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*


Before LUCERO, HOLLOWAY,** and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         The late Honorable William J. Holloway, Jr., United States Senior Circuit
Judge, participated as a panel member when this case was heard, but passed away before
                                                                           Continued . . .
       This appeal arises from an adversary proceeding in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case.

Randy Royal, the bankruptcy trustee (the “Trustee”), attempted to avoid a mortgage lien

on the real property of the debtors, Matthew and Shannon Trierweiler (the “Debtors”),

using his “strong arm” powers under 11 U.S.C. § 544(a). The Trustee argued that the

mortgage became unsecured—and thus avoidable in bankruptcy—due to the involvement

of Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”) in the loan transaction that

gave rise to the contested mortgage. The bankruptcy court ruled that the mortgage was a

properly recorded and enforceable security interest that could not be avoided in

bankruptcy. The Tenth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (“BAP”) upheld the

bankruptcy court’s determination. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1),

we affirm.

                                             I

       There is essentially no dispute concerning the facts underlying this appeal. On

March 16, 2009, the Debtors took out a $417,000 loan from First Interstate Bank (“First

Interstate”) for the purchase of a home in Dayton, Wyoming. In return for the loan, the

Debtors executed a promissory note in favor of First Interstate, which was designated as

final disposition. “The practice of this court permits the remaining two panel judges if in
agreement to act as a quorum in resolving the appeal.” United States v. Wiles, 

, 1516 n.* (10th Cir. 1997); see also 28 U.S.C. § 46(d) (noting circuit court may
adopt procedure permitting disposition of an appeal where remaining quorum of panel
agrees on the disposition). The remaining panel members have acted as a quorum with
respect to this Order and Judgment.

                                            -2-
the “Lender.” By its express terms, the note could be transferred by First Interstate to

other entities. On the same day, the Debtors also granted a mortgage to First Interstate,

using their real property as collateral to secure repayment of the note. In the mortgage,

the Debtors were identified as the “Borrower,” First Interstate as the “Lender,” and

MERS as both the “mortgagee” and the “nominee for Lender and Lender’s successors

and assigns.” The mortgage agreement specified that “[t]he Note or a partial interest in

the Note (together with this Security Instrument) can be sold one or more times without

prior notice to Borrower.” On March 20, 2009, the mortgage was recorded in the

Sheridan County, Wyoming land records.

       MERS is a private electronic system used by lenders to record transfers of notes

and mortgages.1 The Debtors’ mortgage spelled out in considerable detail the role that



       1
         Described more specifically, “MERS is a private electronic database that tracks
the transfer of the beneficial interest in home loans.” Commonwealth Prop. Advocates,
LLC v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 

, 1197 n.1 (10th Cir. 2011).
“Many of the companies that participate in the mortgage industry—by originating loans,
buying or investing in the beneficial interest in loans, or servicing loans—are members of
MERS and pay a fee to use the tracking system.” Cervantes v. Countrywide Home
Loans, Inc., 

, 1039 (9th Cir. 2011). At the origination of the loan, “MERS
becomes the mortgagee of record for participating members through assignment of the
members’ interests to MERS. MERS is listed as the grantee in the official records
maintained at county register of deeds offices. The lenders retain the promissory notes,
as well as the servicing rights to the mortgages.” Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc. v.
Neb. Dep’t of Banking & Fin., 

, 785 (Neb. 2005). “If the lender sells or
assigns the beneficial interest in the loan to another MERS member, the change is
recorded only in the MERS database, not in county records, because MERS continues to
hold the deed [of trust, or the mortgage] on the new lender’s behalf.” 

. If the lender transfers its interest in the loan to an entity that is not a
                                                                                  Continued . . .
                                               -3-
MERS was to play in facilitating the loan transaction and later transfers of the note to

other parties. The mortgage agreement provided that

                MERS is a separate corporation that is acting solely as a nominee for
       Lender and Lender’s successors and assigns. MERS is the mortgagee
       under this Security Instrument.
                ...
                This Security Instrument secures to Lender: (i) the repayment of the
       Loan, and all renewals, extensions and modifications of the Note; and
       (ii) the performance of Borrower’s covenants and agreements under this
       Security Instrument and the Note. For this purpose, Borrower does hereby
       mortgage, grant and convey to MERS (solely as nominee for Lender and
       Lender’s successors and assigns) and to the successors and assigns of
       MERS, with power, the [Debtors’ real property] . . . .
                ...
                . . . Borrower understands and agrees that MERS holds only legal
       title to the interests granted by Borrower in this Security Instrument, but, if
       necessary to comply with law or custom, MERS (as nominee for Lender
       and Lender’s successors and assigns) has the right: to exercise any or all of
       those interests, including, but not limited to, the right to foreclose and sell
       the Property; and to take any action required of Lender including, but not
       limited to, releasing and canceling this Security Instrument.

The agreement did not contain any provision prohibiting the assignment of the mortgage

to other entities.

       After the Debtors executed the note and mortgage (but before they filed their

petition for bankruptcy), First Interstate sold the note to the Federal National Mortgage

Association (“Fannie Mae”), endorsing the note in blank and delivering the original to

Fannie Mae. By agreement with Fannie Mae, First Interstate continued to service the


member of MERS, then the assignment is once again recorded in the county land records,
“and the loan is no longer tracked in the MERS system.” 

for the Debtors. Thus, First Interstate remained responsible for corresponding with

the Debtors and collecting payments on the loan. Fannie Mae, however, possessed the

note through a document custodian. Throughout this time, MERS remained the

mortgagee of record, as reflected in the Sheridan County land records.

       In September 2009, the Debtors defaulted on the loan. On May 3, 2010, they filed

for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

Shortly thereafter, First Interstate filed a motion for relief from the automatic stay in

bankruptcy under 11 U.S.C. § 362(d) in order to foreclose on the Debtors’ property. First

Interstate’s motion was denied due to lack of standing, and the bankruptcy court found

that First Interstate, as servicer of the loan, had failed to present sufficient evidence of

authority to act on behalf of Fannie Mae, the owner and holder of the note, to foreclose

on the property.2


       2
         On December 13, 2010, First Interstate filed a second motion for relief from the
automatic stay after taking physical possession of the note from Fannie Mae and
receiving an assignment of the mortgage from MERS. The Debtors at first opposed the
motion but withdrew their opposition on March 20, 2012, several months after the
bankruptcy court issued its decision dismissing the Trustee’s adversary complaint to
avoid the mortgage. The next day, the bankruptcy court granted First Interstate’s motion
for relief from the automatic stay. The Debtors’ property in Dayton, Wyoming was later
sold to First Interstate at a foreclosure sale. Because First Interstate had received the
deed to the property, thereby merging the Debtors’ mortgage into First Interstate’s title,
the BAP initially questioned whether the Trustee’s appeal had been mooted. The BAP
eventually determined that the appeal was not moot, reasoning that if the Trustee
prevailed on appeal, then he could still recover the proceeds of the mortgage lien from
First Interstate—a conclusion with which we agree. See Golfland Entm’t Ctrs., Inc. v.
Peak Inv., Inc. (In re BCD Corp.), 

, 856 (10th Cir. 1997) (endorsing the
proposition that “an appeal would not be dismissed as moot where there was a possibility
                                                                                Continued . . .
                                               -5-
       In December 2010, the Trustee filed an adversary complaint against First Interstate

and MERS. The Trustee sought to avoid the mortgage lien on the Debtors’ real property

for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate, using powers afforded by 11 U.S.C. § 544(a). In

the Trustee’s view, MERS was the mortgagee of record but was powerless to foreclose

on the property because it was not also the holder of the note; similarly, Fannie Mae held

the note but had no ability to enforce the mortgage because it was not listed as the

mortgagee in the land records, and the combination rendered the mortgage unenforceable

and void as to the Trustee.

       Following a trial, the bankruptcy court dismissed the Trustee’s complaint on

November 21, 2011. In rejecting the Trustee’s arguments, the bankruptcy court held that

it was not impermissible for MERS to act as mortgagee in a representative capacity on

behalf of the holder of the note; that its doing so did not cause any split of the note and

mortgage; that the mortgage was properly recorded as a matter of Wyoming law before

the Debtors filed for bankruptcy; that the recorded mortgage gave notice to the Trustee of

a valid lien on the Debtors’ real property; and that the Trustee ultimately could not avoid

the mortgage. The Trustee appealed the decision to the BAP, which affirmed the

bankruptcy court’s judgment on December 28, 2012. This timely appeal by the Trustee

followed.




of recovery, to which the appellant might be entitled, from proceeds of a sale of property
in a bankruptcy case”).

                                             -6-
                                             II

       “Although this appeal is from a decision by the BAP, we review only the

Bankruptcy Court’s decision.” Alderete v. Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. (In re Alderete),

, 1204 (10th Cir. 2005). “We review matters of law de novo, and we

review factual findings made by the bankruptcy court for clear error.” C.O.P. Coal Dev.

Co. v. C.W. Mining Co. (In re C.W. Mining Co.), 

, 1240 (10th Cir. 2011).

“[W]e treat the BAP as a subordinate appellate tribunal whose rulings are not entitled to

any deference (although they certainly may be persuasive).” Parks v. Dittmar (In re

Dittmar), 

, 1204 (10th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). We may affirm the

decision of the bankruptcy court “for any reason supported by the record.” United States

v. Myers (In re Myers), 

, 674 n.7 (10th Cir. 2004).

                                             A

       Resolution of this appeal turns on whether, at the time the Debtors filed their

bankruptcy petition, the Trustee was put on notice that the Debtors’ real property was

encumbered by a properly perfected and enforceable mortgage. The Trustee does not

dispute that the Debtors executed a promissory note in favor of First Interstate that was

secured by a mortgage. The Trustee also agrees that the mortgage was recorded in the

county land records following the procedure dictated by state law. But he argues that the

simple act of recording the mortgage granted by the Debtors in 2009 was not sufficient to

give him notice of a valid mortgage lien on the Debtors’ property on the date they filed

for bankruptcy. He claims there was no valid mortgage at that time that could be
                                            -7-
enforced against a bankruptcy trustee using the avoidance powers granted by § 544(a).

Thus the Trustee asserts he can take the Debtors’ property free and clear of the mortgage

for the benefit of the bankruptcy estate.

       “A bankruptcy trustee . . . acts in the interests of the debtor’s general creditors.”

Hamilton v. Wash. Mut. Bank FA (In re Colon), 

, 1172 (10th Cir. 2009).

In this capacity, he “may acquire for the bankruptcy estate a greater right to a debtor’s

real property than the debtor himself had.” 

Under the terms of § 544(a), “a

bankruptcy trustee can avoid a mortgage if it could be avoided by a hypothetical lien

creditor or by a hypothetical [bona fide purchaser] of the property.”3 In re 

. “The trustee’s power to avoid transfers under this provision of the


       3
           The pertinent text of the statute provides:

              The trustee shall have, as of the commencement of the case, and
       without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or of any creditor, the rights
       and powers of, or may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor or any
       obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable by—
              (1) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the
       commencement of the case, and that obtains, at such time and with respect
       to such credit, a judicial lien on all property on which a creditor on a simple
       contract could have obtained such a judicial lien, whether or not such a
       creditor exists;
              . . . or
              (3) a bona fide purchaser of real property, other than fixtures, from
       the debtor, against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be
       perfected, that obtains the status of a bona fide purchaser and has perfected
       such transfer at the time of the commencement of the case, whether or not
       such a purchaser exists.

11 U.S.C. § 544(a).

                                               -8-
bankruptcy code is known as the ‘strong arm’ power.” 

We look to state law

to determine “[t]he status and rights” of the hypothetical bona fide purchaser or judicial

lien creditor. 

law, “a mortgage properly recorded in the county clerk’s office

provides notice to subsequent purchasers and takes precedence over later conveyances.”

Countrywide Home Loans, Inc. v. First Nat’l Bank of Steamboat Springs, N.A., 

, 1229 (Wyo. 2006) (discussing Wyo. Stat. § 34-1-121). “[A] subsequent purchaser

(or mortgagee) has constructive notice of any burden upon title from the date of

recordation.” Id.; see also Wyo. Dep’t of Revenue & Taxation–Excise Tax Div. v. First

Wyo. Bank, N.A.–Kemmerer, 

, 35 (Wyo. 1986) (observing that “the purpose

of our recording statutes” is to “entitle one to rely on public records and determine

whether or not a certain property is subject to liens, prior encumbrances or other

outstanding claims”). “Constructive or record notice is notice of all properly recorded

claims and is inferred as a matter of law.” Wyo. Bank & Trust v. Haught, 

,

306 (Wyo. 2003). In the present matter, the bankruptcy court held that the Trustee had

constructive notice of the mortgage’s existence because it was properly recorded in the

Sheridan County land records.

       We agree. Because the recording of the Debtors’ mortgage satisfied all the

formalities required by Wyoming law, the Trustee had constructive notice of the

existence of a mortgage lien on the Debtors’ property as a matter of law when the


                                            -9-
Debtors filed for bankruptcy. The Trustee cannot take a property free and clear of a

mortgage of which he had constructive notice.

       In addition, however, the Trustee attacks the underlying enforceability of the

mortgage itself. He argues that the recorded mortgage, despite complying with the

formalities of recordation, could not actually give him good notice of who was truly

entitled to foreclose on the mortgage at the time of the Debtors’ bankruptcy filing

because the land records on the filing date would have revealed that MERS was the

mortgagee of record, yet Fannie Mae held the note. This state of affairs, the Trustee

contends, resulted in an irreparable split of the note and mortgage, making the mortgage

unenforceable as to him.

       It is a black-letter rule, the Trustee argues, that a mortgage exists solely as an

“incident” to the obligation it secures. See, e.g., Bradburn v. Wyo. Trust Co. of Casper,

, 797 (Wyo. 1936) (“It is familiar law that a mortgage being only an incident

to the debt it secures, a transfer of the latter will carry with it the mortgage security and

operate as an equitable assignment thereof unless it is agreed otherwise.”). Whether the

mortgage was separated from the note when First Interstate transferred the note to Fannie

Mae without recording the assignment of the mortgage in the county land records or was

void from the outset because First Interstate held the note while listing MERS, rather than

itself, as mortgagee in the land records, the Trustee contends that the role MERS played

as a nominal mortgagee on behalf of First Interstate and, later, Fannie Mae operated to

sever the note from the mortgage, rendering the mortgage avoidable in bankruptcy.
                                             -10-
       In two recent opinions, we have rejected variations on the Trustee’s argument.

See Commonwealth, 

and Burnett v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc.,

(10th Cir. 2013). Although those cases involved application of Utah law,

the basis for our decision applies with equal force here. In both cases, a borrower had

executed a security instrument naming MERS as holder of legal title to the security in a

representative capacity for the lender and its successors, who retained the beneficial

interest in the debt. After defaulting, the borrowers or their successors in interest argued

that the securitization and transfer of the note had left no party with the authority to

foreclose on the property.

       Finding a recent state-court decision to be dispositive of the issue, we explained in

Commonwealth that Utah law “merely says the transfer of a debt operates as the transfer

of the security. It says nothing about who is or is not authorized to foreclose on a trust

. In discussing the Utah court’s opinion, we noted that Utah law

does not “‘prohibit[] the original parties to the Note and Deed of Trust from agreeing to

have someone other than the beneficial owner of the debt act on behalf of that owner and

its successors and assigns to enforce rights granted in the trust deed.’” 

(quoting Commonwealth Prop. Advocates, LLC v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc.,

, 404 (Utah Ct. App. 2011), cert. denied, 

(Utah)). Looking to


       4
          The difference in Utah between a mortgage and a deed of trust is mainly one of
terminology. See Utah Code § 70D-1-102 (defining “Mortgage” as a “mortgage or deed
of trust affecting real property located in this state”).

                                             -11-
the terms of the security instrument at issue, we said that “[t]he Deed of Trust explicitly

gave MERS the right to foreclose on behalf of ‘Lender and Lender’s successors and

assigns.’ [Utah law] does not prohibit parties from contracting for these

arrangements . . . .” 

(quotation omitted). We went on to add that the decision

of the Utah court was “consistent both with [Utah law] and with numerous federal district

court cases that have addressed the same arguments.” 

similar arguments

presented by the plaintiff in Burnett were “foreclosed by our decision in

.

       Our reasoning in Commonwealth and Burnett extends to this case. Although the

litigation in those matters was not initiated by a bankruptcy trustee, the argument used to

challenge the efficacy of the security interests at issue is fundamentally the argument

employed by the Trustee in this case. The deeds of trust in Commonwealth and Burnett,

like the mortgage executed by the Debtors in the case at bar, contained materially

identical language reflecting the agreement of all parties to the loan transaction that

MERS would act as mortgagee solely in a representative capacity for the lender and any

of its “successors and assigns.” The Trustee has offered no convincing explanation as to

why Wyoming law would treat promissory notes and security instruments any differently

than Utah law, as recently interpreted in Commonwealth and Burnett. The fundamental

rule that the security follows the note is in no way altered by the fact that deeds of trust

are used in home-loan transactions in Utah, while Wyoming uses mortgages. See Utah

Code § 57-1-35 (“The transfer of any debt secured by a trust deed shall operate as a
                                             -12-
transfer of the security therefor.”); 

(“It is familiar law [in

Wyoming] that a mortgage being only an incident to the debt it secures, a transfer of the

latter will carry with it the mortgage security . . . .”).

       As of the date the Debtors filed their bankruptcy petition, the Trustee had

constructive notice of a properly recorded and enforceable mortgage lien on the Debtors’

real property. Notwithstanding his “strong arm” powers under § 544(a), the Trustee

cannot avoid the mortgage.5

                                                B

       In addition, the Trustee asserts the bankruptcy court erred in failing to apply the

law-of-the-case doctrine to his adversary claim. Had the court done so, the Trustee

claims, it would have held the mortgage to be unenforceable. The Trustee argues that

because the bankruptcy court initially held that First Interstate could not obtain relief

from the automatic stay because it had not shown that it possessed authority to foreclose


       5
         For the first time on appeal, the Trustee argued before the BAP that the mortgage
was also unenforceable because it did not comply with the unique notice requirements of
two Wyoming statutes, Wyo. Stat. §§ 34-2-122 and -123, which primarily deal with
conveyances to trusts. The BAP rejected that argument. While this appeal was pending,
the Wyoming Supreme Court answered a certified question from the United States
Bankruptcy Court for the District of Wyoming in a separate case asking whether
Wyoming mortgages containing terms like those found in the mortgage at issue must
satisfy the specific requirements set forth in those two statutes. See Barney v. BAC
Home Loans Servicing, L.P. (In re Gifford), 

, 853 (Wyo. 2013). The
Wyoming Supreme Court held that Wyo. Stat. §§ 34-2-122 and -123 “are notice statutes
intended to protect third parties from conflicting claims of a principal and agent,” 

, a situation not implicated in the present matter. “[T]he statutes therefore
do not apply.” 

the Debtors’ property, the bankruptcy court should have gone on to hold that, as the

law of the case, the mortgage was unenforceable as to the Trustee. The Trustee reasons

that the bankruptcy court’s denial of First Interstate’s motion for relief must be

understood as determining that the only party with standing to enforce the mortgage was

Fannie Mae. But because Fannie Mae was not listed as the mortgagee in the county land

records, the Trustee had no notice of Fannie Mae’s interest and therefore should be able

to avoid the mortgage.

       “As most commonly defined, the [law-of-the-case] doctrine posits that when a

court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues

in subsequent stages in the same case.” Arizona v. California, 

, 618 (1983).

“[T]he rule is not an inexorable command, but is to be applied with good sense.” Major

v. Benton, 

, 112 (10th Cir. 1981) (quotation omitted).

       The bankruptcy court’s initial ruling—that First Interstate sought to foreclose

before it could demonstrate it was authorized to do so—had little to do with the court’s

later determination that the Trustee could not avoid the enforceable mortgage. “Whether

a party has standing to seek relief as a party in interest . . . is an issue distinct from

whether that party’s underlying claim is valid.” Miller v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Trust Co.

(In re Miller), 

, 1261 n.4 (10th Cir. 2012). There is no inconsistency

between the bankruptcy court’s separate rulings on two legally distinct issues, and the

law-of-the-case doctrine does not apply.


                                              -14-
                                             C

       As a final matter, the Trustee argues the BAP erred in denying his motion to

disqualify one of the three BAP judges who heard his appeal, the Honorable Dale L.

Somers.6 In seeking to disqualify him, the Trustee believed—and apparently continues to

believe—that Judge Somers could not be impartial in hearing this case because,

sometime earlier, he had authored the decision in Hamilton v. CitiMortgage, Inc. (In re

Lieurance), 

(Bankr. D. Kan. 2011). In dismissing the Trustee’s adversary

complaint to avoid the mortgage lien, the bankruptcy court cited and relied in part on the

analysis employed by Judge Somers in Lieurance. Although Judge Somers had no part in

the bankruptcy court’s deliberations in the case at bar, the Trustee contends that the

bankruptcy court’s reliance on Lieurance meant Judge Somers could not be objective

when it came time to review the bankruptcy court’s opinion on appeal to the BAP. As



       6
          The Trustee did not file a motion asking Judge Somers to recuse himself from
hearing the appeal. Instead, he filed a motion to disqualify Judge Somers directly with
the BAP. As the BAP noted, the proper mechanism for seeking to disqualify a judge is a
petition for writ of mandamus. Generally, the filing of a petition for writ of mandamus
presumes that a trial-court judge has previously denied a motion to recuse. See Nichols
v. Alley, 

, 350 (10th Cir. 1995) (per curiam) (“An order denying a motion to
recuse is interlocutory and is, therefore, not immediately appealable. It is established in
this circuit, however, that mandamus is an appropriate vehicle by which to challenge a
district court’s denial of a recusal motion.”). The denial of a motion to recuse is reviewed
for abuse of discretion. 

“mandamus remains an extraordinary remedy,”
we require that “[a] petitioner seeking mandamus relief must demonstrate a clear abuse of
discretion,” as well as “a clear and indisputable right to relief.” 

We conclude, as did the BAP, that the Trustee’s efforts to disqualify Judge Somers fail
under any standard.

                                            -15-
the Trustee puts it, “the practical effect of Judge Somers[’] participation in the B.A.P.’s

decision was to have Judge Somers reviewing his own decision in Lieurance.”

       We are pointed to two statutes that the Trustee claims should have commanded

Judge Somers’ disqualification from hearing the appeal. These are 28 U.S.C. §§ 47 and

455(a). Section 47 states that “[n]o judge shall hear or determine an appeal from the

decision of a case or issue tried by him.” Section 455(a) provides that a judge “shall

disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be

questioned.” Even the most stringent reading of these statutes clearly demonstrates that

there was no valid reason for the Trustee to call for Judge Somers’ disqualification.

       As an initial matter, § 47 applies when a trial-court judge is put in the position of

hearing an appeal from any part of a case that he decided below. Judge Somers,

however, had nothing to do with hearing any part of this case in the bankruptcy court or

with authoring the decision of the bankruptcy court that was appealed to the BAP. For

those simple reasons, § 47 is not implicated in this appeal.

       Section 455(a) offers no help to the Trustee either. The purpose of the statute is

“to avoid even the appearance of partiality” by a judge. Liljeberg v. Health Servs.

Acquisition Corp., 

, 860 (1988) (quotation omitted). Our “initial inquiry is

whether a reasonable factual basis exists for questioning the judge’s impartiality.”

. Adhering to a “purely objective” standard, “[t]he inquiry is

limited to outward manifestations and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.” United

States v. Cooley, 

, 993 (10th Cir. 1993). “[T]he mere fact that a judge has
                                            -16-
previously expressed an opinion on a point of law” will not, as a general rule, “satisfy the

requirements for disqualification under § 455(a).” 

“is not intended to give litigants a veto power over sitting judges,

or a vehicle for obtaining a judge of their choice.” 

. It does not

require any great flight of imagination to envision the absurd and disastrous

consequences that would flow from a rule permitting the disqualification of judges who

had pronounced their opinion—any opinion—on a legal issue whenever that issue arose

with another litigant in another case. We will not belabor the point. Suffice it to say that

“[t]here is as much obligation for a judge not to recuse when there is no occasion for him

to do so as there is for him to do so when there is.” Hinman v. Rogers, 

, 939

(10th Cir. 1987) (per curiam). The BAP did not err in denying the Trustee’s motion to

disqualify Judge Somers.

                                            III

       For the reasons discussed above, the judgment of the bankruptcy court is

AFFIRMED.


                                          Entered for the Court



                                          Carlos F. Lucero
                                          Circuit Judge




                                            -17-