FILED
                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                PUBLISH                       Tenth Circuit

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS September 1, 2015
                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                      FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                   Clerk of Court
                    _________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff – Appellee,

v.                                                No. 14–1218

KEFELEGNE ALEMU WORKU,
a/k/a Habteab Berhe Temanu, a/k/a
Habteab B. Temanu, a/k/a TUFA,
a/k/a Kefelegn Alemu,

      Defendant – Appellant.
                  _________________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the District of Colorado
                   (D.C. No. 1:12-CR-00346-JLK-1)
                   _________________________________

Jessica E. Yates (Bethany A. Gorlin, with her on the briefs) Snell &
Wilmer, L.L.P., Denver, Colorado, for Defendant–Appellant.

J. Bishop Grewell, Assistant U.S. Attorney (John F. Walsh, United States
Attorney, with him on the brief) Office of the United States Attorney,
Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff–Appellee.
                    _________________________________

Before MATHESON, BACHARACH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
               _________________________________

BACHARACH, Circuit Judge.
               _________________________________

     Mr. Kefelegne Alemu Worku is an Ethiopian man who entered the

United States after assuming the identity of an Eritrean man, Mr. Habteab
Berhe Temanu. Using Mr. Berhe’s identity, Mr. Worku lived in the Denver

area for years and eventually became a U.S. citizen.

      Immigration authorities learned that Mr. Worku was using a false

identity and suspected that he had tortured Ethiopian prisoners in the

1970s. After an investigation and trial, Mr. Worku was convicted of three

crimes:

      1.       unlawful procurement of citizenship or naturalization,

      2.       fraud and misuse of visas, permits, and other documents, and

      3.       aggravated identity theft.

The court sentenced Mr. Worku to 22 years, relying in part on a finding

that he had committed these crimes to conceal violations of human rights

in Ethiopia.

      On appeal, Mr. Worku makes four contentions:

      1.       The immigration-related convictions violated the Double
               Jeopardy Clause.

      2.       The conviction for aggravated identify theft was improper
               because Mr. Worku had permission to use the identity of Mr.
               Berhe.

      3.       The sentence was procedurally unreasonable because (1) there
               was no evidence that Mr. Worku had come to the United States
               to conceal violations of human rights and (2) the witnesses
               identifying him as an Ethiopian torturer had done so because of
               improperly suggestive photo arrays.

      4.       The sentence was substantively unreasonable.

We reject these challenges and affirm.


                                            2
I.    Challenges to the Conviction

      In the first two contentions, Mr. Worku attacks his conviction for the

first time on appeal. Because these contentions were not raised in district

court, we confine our review to the plain-error standard. United States v.

Burns, 

, 1223 (10th Cir. 2014). To establish plain error,

Mr. Worku must show an error that is plain, affects his substantial rights,

and seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the

judicial proceedings. 

standard of review, we reject

Mr. Worku’s challenges to his conviction.

      A.    Double Jeopardy

      Mr. Worku argues that his conviction under Counts 1 and 3 violated

the Double Jeopardy Clause. Count 1 was based on 18 U.S.C. § 1425(a)

and (b), and Count 3 was based on 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a). These statutes

criminalize the fraudulent use of immigration or naturalization documents.

18 U.S.C. § 1425(a), (b) (2006); 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) (2006).

      We must consider these statutes against the backdrop of the Double

Jeopardy Clause, which protects a defendant from being punished multiple

times for the same offense. United States v. Benoit, 

, 12 (10th

Cir. 2013). Mr. Worku’s conviction under Counts 1 and 3 would have

violated the Double Jeopardy Clause if

           the conviction under Counts 1 and 3 was based on the same
            conduct and


                                       3
            one of the statutes of conviction was a lesser-included offense
             of the other.

United States v. Morehead, 

, 1506-07 (10th Cir. 1992). For

the sake of argument, we can assume that Mr. Worku has satisfied the first

three prongs of the plain-error test.

      But even with these assumptions, we must affirm the conviction on

Counts 1 and 3 because Mr. Worku has not satisfied the fourth prong of the

plain-error standard. Under this prong, we must affirm when evidence of

guilt “on the challenged point is ‘overwhelming’ and ‘essentially

uncontroverted.’” United States v. Edeza, 

, 1251 (10th Cir.

2004). In our view, the evidence of guilt would have remained

overwhelming and essentially uncontroverted even if the charges in Counts

1 and 3 had been more clearly identified with different acts.

      Mr. Worku argues that his conviction under Counts 1 and 3

constituted a double-jeopardy violation in part because the two counts were

based on the same conduct: misrepresentations in his form for

naturalization (N-400 form). But the government contends that Counts 1

and 3 related to different conduct: Count 1 related to misrepresentations in

Mr. Worku’s form for naturalization (N-400 form), and Count 3 related to

misrepresentations in Mr. Worku’s application for permanent residence (I-

485 form).




                                        4
      According to Mr. Worku, this distinction was blurred in the jury

instructions. The instruction for Count 1 referred to lies in Mr. Worku’s

form for naturalization (N-400 form). But the jury instruction for Count 3

did not refer to any specific documents. Instead, the instruction referred to

conduct occurring over a time span that covered both Mr. Worku’s form for

naturalization (N-400 form) and his application for permanent residence (I-

485 form).

      For the sake of argument, we can assume that the jury relied on Mr.

Worku’s form for naturalization (N-400 form) as the basis for finding Mr.

Worku guilty under both counts (1 and 3). But even then, the government

could easily have cured the alleged error by narrowing the charge in Count

3 to exclude the form for naturalization (N-400 form). See United States v.

Goode, 

, 682 (10th Cir. 2007) (holding that the fourth prong

was not satisfied because the alleged error “could have been quickly cured

by amending the instruction” if the defendant had raised the issue at trial).

      And we can reasonably expect that the government would have

modified the charge to avoid the alleged double-jeopardy violation. In

closing argument, the government linked Count 3 with the form for

permanent residence, indicating an intent to match the counts to different

conduct. See, e.g., R., vol. VI, at 377 (“Count 3 is fraud and misuse of

visa, permits and other documents. So what’s the document? The lawful



                                      5
permanent resident card.”); R. vol. V, at 405-06 (discussing the contents of

the form for permanent residence in connection with Count 3).

      If the jury instruction for Count 3 had been narrowed to false

statements in the form for permanent residence, we know that the jury

would have found Mr. Worku guilty of lying in two different documents,

constituting two separate acts. In both forms, the defendant stated under

oath that his name was “Habteab Berhu Temanu.” But the defendant never

denied that he had used a false name on both forms.

      Without any dispute on this fact, the jury found that Mr. Worku had

used a false name. This finding is spelled out in the special interrogatories

for Count 1, where the jury found that “the government [had] proved

beyond a reasonable doubt that [Mr. Worku] falsely identified himself as

‘Habteab Berhe Temanu’” in the naturalization form (N-400). R., vol. I, at

327. Mr. Worku made the same representation in his form for permanent

residence (I-485 form). Thus, the jury’s finding of a lie in the

naturalization form (N-400 form) would have required a finding that

Mr. Worku had lied on the form for permanent residence (I-485 form). And

a finding that Mr. Worku had lied on the I-485 form would have required

the jury to find guilt on Count 3. See R., vol. I, at 255 (the district court’s

instruction to the jury that 18 U.S.C. § 1546(a) “prohibits someone from

knowingly possessing or using a visa or other document required as



                                       6
evidence of an authorized stay or employment in the United States that is

falsely made or that was procured by means of a false statement”).

      Under these circumstances, we conclude that the evidence of guilt

would have remained overwhelming and essentially uncontroverted even if

the two counts had more clearly identified different acts. Thus, Mr. Worku

has failed to show that the alleged double-jeopardy violation seriously

affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the proceedings,

leading us to affirm based on the fourth prong of the plain-error standard.

See United States v. Sinks, 

, 1320-21 (10th Cir. 2007). 1

      B.    Lawful Authority to Assume Another’s Identity

      Mr. Worku was also convicted of aggravated identity theft under

18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). The subsection provides:

      (1) In general.--Whoever, during and in relation to any felony
      violation enumerated in subsection (c), knowingly transfers,
      possesses, or uses, without lawful authority, a means of

1
       Sinks involved an analogous situation. There the defendant was
charged with two counts: (1) possession of stolen explosive materials, and
(2) being a felon in possession of explosives. 

. Both
charges required a jury finding that the explosives had traveled in
interstate commerce. 

On the second count, the jury found that
the explosives had traveled in interstate commerce. 

first count,
however, the government did not allege that the explosives had traveled in
interstate commerce and the jury did not make a finding on this element.

The government conceded that the omission constituted an
obvious error with regard to the first count. 

But our court
rejected the defendant’s challenge based on the fourth prong of the plain-
error standard, reasoning that the jury had already found (in connection
with Count Two) that the explosives had traveled in interstate commerce
and the evidence on that element was essentially uncontroverted. 

of another person shall, in addition to the
      punishment provided for such felony, be sentenced to a term of
      imprisonment of 2 years.

18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (2006) (emphasis added). Mr. Worku obtained

permission to use Mr. Berhe’s identity from his children. As a result,

Mr. Worku argues that he had “lawful authority” to use Mr. Berhe’s

identity. We reject the claim under the plain-error standard because the

alleged error would not have been obvious.

      Mr. Berhe’s children approached Mr. Worku, asking him to tell

federal authorities that he was their father. Their actual father had

developed dementia, and the children feared he could not complete the

interview requirements for admission into the United States.

      But Mr. Worku has not presented any cases suggesting that the

children could lawfully allow another person to use their father’s identity.

Rather, Mr. Worku has provided cases indicating at most that

§ 1028A(a)(i) is not violated when someone allows use of his or her own

identity. These cases are inapplicable, for Mr. Worku does not allege

consent from the person whose identity was used: Mr. Berhe. Thus, even if

the district court had erred, the error would not have been obvious. 2 In

2
      Mr. Worku also challenges precedent supporting the view that a
conviction under § 1028A can be upheld even when the victim gives
consent. According to Mr. Worku, this precedent fails to distinguish
between identity theft (§ 1028A) and identity fraud (§ 1028). Because the
record does not suggest consent by the victim (Mr. Berhe), we need not
address Mr. Worku’s argument.

                                      8
these circumstances, we conclude that Mr. Worku has not established plain

error.

II.      Challenges to the Sentence

         Mr. Worku raises procedural and substantive challenges to his 22-

year sentence. We reject these challenges.

         A.   Procedural Reasonableness

         At sentencing, the court determined that Mr. Worku had committed

the underlying crimes to avoid punishment for the violation of human

rights in Ethiopia. This determination affected the judge’s decision to

sentence Mr. Worku above the guideline range.

         Mr. Worku argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable

because the record does not show that he

             immigrated to conceal his involvement in torture or

             was the notorious torturer.

We review challenges to the procedural reasonableness of sentences for an

abuse of discretion. Gall v. United States, 

, 51 (2007). Because

the district court did not abuse its discretion in making these findings, we

reject Mr. Worku’s arguments.

         1.   Immigrating to Conceal Human Rights Violations

         Mr. Worku argues that the record does not support the sentencing

court’s finding that he immigrated to the United States to conceal

involvement in torture. The sentence was procedurally unreasonable if the
                                        9
district court had relied on clearly erroneous facts. See United States v.

Haley, 

, 1311 (10th Cir. 2008). In applying the clear-error

standard, we can reverse only if the finding was “‘simply not plausible or

permissible in light of the entire record on appeal.’” United States v.

Garcia, 

, 478 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v.

McClatchey, 

, 1128 (10th Cir. 2003)).

      The record includes three facts supporting the district court’s

conclusion:

      1.      The jury found beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Worku had
              (1) persecuted others “because of race, religion, national
              origin, membership in a particular social group, or political
              opinion,” and (2) lied about committing those crimes. R., vol.
              I, at 327.

      2.      Mr. Worku said that he had never been at ease in Kenya
              because of “fear that he would be kidnapped and returned to
              Ethiopia.” R., vol. II, at 111 (presentence report).

      3.      The Berhe children hired a broker who stated that Mr. Worku
              was to pay part of the broker’s fee. R., vol. V, at 350.

Together, these facts create a plausible inference that Mr. Worku wanted to

come to the United States to avoid punishment for his human rights

violations in Ethiopia. Because this finding is plausible, the district court

did not abuse its discretion in finding that Mr. Worku had committed the

U.S. crimes to conceal his violations of human rights in Ethiopia.

      Mr. Worku argues that the evidence more readily supports an

inference that he came to the United States to escape political turmoil.


                                      10
That inference is possible. But under the clear-error standard, we must

affirm when the evidence would support an inference that is either culpable

or innocent. See United States v. Garcia, 

, 479–80 (10th Cir.

2011) (rejecting the defendant’s inference of innocence on the basis of

ample circumstantial evidence from which the district court could have

inferred guilt).

      Urging an innocent inference, Mr. Worku likens his circumstances to

those of the Berhe children. They wanted to come to the United States for a

better way of life. If we would not suspect the Berhe children of trying to

conceal their past, Mr. Worku argues that we should not suspect him of

trying to conceal his past.

      But a jury could reasonably have found that Mr. Worku’s

circumstances had differed from those of the Berhe children. If Mr. Worku

had been the notorious torturer in the 1970s, he would have been facing a

death sentence in Ethiopia for genocide. Regardless of whether Mr. Worku

was aware of his Ethiopian death sentence, he admitted that he had never

been “‘at ease’” in Kenya, fearing that he would be kidnapped and returned

to Ethiopia. R., vol. II, at 111 (presentence report). The Berhe children had

neither expressed similar fears nor been convicted of genocide. Thus, the

jury could have distinguished Mr. Worku’s circumstances from those of the

Berhe children.



                                     11
      Considering Mr. Worku’s genocide conviction and his kidnapping

fears, the court could reasonably find that Mr. Worku had lied about his

identity on the immigration-related documents to conceal the atrocities

committed in Ethiopia.

      2.   Identification as the Notorious Torturer: Suggestive Photo
           Arrays

      Federal agents showed photo arrays to at least six former inmates at

an Ethiopian prison camp, and five identified Mr. Worku as a supervisor

who had tortured inmates. 3 Mr. Worku argues that the photo arrays were

unduly suggestive, resulting in a deprivation of due process. 4




3
       The government also presented testimony from Mr. Kinfe Wolday,
who had met Mr. Worku in the 1980s during an interrogation in Ethiopia.
Mr. Worku allegedly bragged to Mr. Wolday about his role at the prison
camp and how he had killed, arrested, and tortured people. Mr. Wolday
could not identify Mr. Worku from the photo array, but identified him at
trial. In imposing the sentence, the district court mentioned Mr. Wolday’s
identification, but relied more heavily on the testimony of the other eye-
witnesses. In this appeal, Mr. Worku does not mention Mr. Wolday’s
testimony.
4
      The government contends that this argument is forfeited. Mr. Worku
raised his objections to the use of the photo arrays through a pretrial
motion in limine. The district court denied the motion, concluding that the
identifications did not violate due process. But when the district court
relied on the witness identifications at sentencing, Mr. Worku did not
object. Because Mr. Worku did not challenge use of the identifications at
sentencing, the government argues that Mr. Worku has forfeited his
challenge. We need not resolve this issue because Mr. Worku’s challenge
would fail even if the issue had been preserved.

                                     12
     a.    Standard of Review

     Because the ultimate issue involves the procedural reasonableness of

a sentence, we apply an overarching standard of abuse-of-discretion. 5

Within this overarching standard, we confine our review of the district

court’s factual findings under the clear-error standard and engage in de

novo review of legal determinations. United States v. Ruby, 

,

1225 (10th Cir. 2013). We conclude that the district court did not clearly

err by concluding that the photo arrays had not been impermissibly

suggestive. And in conducting de novo review, we conclude that use of the

photo arrays did not violate Mr. Worku’s right to due process.

     b.    The Due-Process Test

     For a due process violation, the photo array must be “so

unnecessarily suggestive that it is ‘conducive to irreparable mistaken

identification.’” Grubbs v. Hannigan, 

, 1489–90 (10th Cir.

1993) (quoting Kirby v. Illinois, 

, 691 (1972)). The use of a

photo array is evaluated under a two-step inquiry:

5
      Mr. Worku argues that the overarching standard of review is de novo,
relying on a case involving reversal of a conviction. But here, the
challenge involves the sentence, not the conviction. As a result, we
consider the argument involving the photo arrays as a challenge to the
procedural reasonableness of the sentence. See United States v. Ruby, 

, 1225 (10th Cir. 2013) (“Because unreliable hearsay evidence
can result in a sentence based on erroneous facts, we construe Ruby’s
argument as an objection that his sentence was procedurally
unreasonable.”). This type of challenge is reviewable under the abuse-of-
discretion standard. 

   Was the photo array impermissibly suggestive?

      2.    If the array was impermissibly suggestive, was identification
            reliable under the totality of the circumstances?

Suggestive

      Courts consider three factors to determine whether an array was

impermissibly suggestive:

      1.    the number of photographs,

      2.    the details of the photographs, and

      3.    the manner of presentation by the officers.

United States v. Sanchez, 

, 1262 (10th Cir. 1994). We apply

the clear-error standard to findings involving suggestiveness of a photo

array. See United States v. Kamahele, 

, 1018 (10th Cir. 2014)

(concluding that the district court did not clearly err by discounting facial

irregularities or concluding that the array had been presented in a neutral

manner); United States v. Wiseman, 

, 1209–10 (10th Cir.

1999) (characterizing as factual a district court’s conclusion that a photo

array was not overly suggestive).

      The number of photographs affects how the other two factors are

evaluated. 

case, four photographic arrays were used, three

containing six photographs and one containing twelve. See Supp. R., vol. I,

at 3, 16–19.


                                      14
      i.    Six-Photograph Arrays

      Mr. Worku alleges the six-photograph arrays suffer from three

problems:

      1.    There are irregularities between the photographs.

      2.    The photographs were presented as a composite.

      3.    The witnesses were not properly admonished.

      In six-photograph arrays, significant weight is given to irregularities.

United States v. Wiseman, 

, 1209 (10th Cir. 1999), abrogated

on other grounds, Rosemond v. United States, __ U.S. __, 

(2014); 

. Mr. Worku identifies three irregularities

in the six-photograph arrays:

           Lighting: Mr. Worku’s picture is the brightest and clearest (the
            newest looking) in two of the arrays. And in the third array, his
            photo is heavily shadowed and dark compared to the other
            photos.

           Facial Hair: There were only two individuals without facial
            hair, and only one had hair on his head.

           Clothing: Mr. Worku is the only member of the array wearing
            a large hooded winter jacket.

In our view, however, the district court did not clearly err by discounting

these irregularities.

      Mr. Worku complains that the lighting in his photograph is different

from the lighting in the other photographs. We agree that in the arrays, the

lighting is slightly different for Mr. Worku’s photograph and some of the

                                     15
other photographs. But all are color photographs and depict Ethiopian men

of similar ages. With these similarities among the men depicted, the court

           had the discretion to conclude that the differences in lighting
            would not have suggested which photograph to pick and

           did not clearly err by concluding that no particular individual
            stuck out within the array.

See United States v. Bautista, 

, 731 (2d Cir. 1994) (holding

that the photo array was not overly suggestive even though the defendant’s

photograph was brighter and more close-up than the five other photos).

      The same is true of the differences in facial hair and clothing. In

other cases, we have held that differences in facial hair do not render photo

arrays overly suggestive. See United States v. Kamahele, 

,

1020 (10th Cir. 2014) (“[W]e have held that a difference in facial

hair―even when the suspect was the only one with a beard and one with a

beard and braided hair―did not render the photo array unduly

suggestive.”). And other circuits have held that differences in clothing do

not render a photo array unduly suggestive. Briscoe v. Cnty. of St. Louis,

, 1013 (8th Cir. 2012); United States v. Brennick, 

, 99 (1st Cir. 2005).

      The differences in facial hair and clothing could be downplayed

because of the passage of over 30 years from the sightings to the photo

arrays. Over this period of time, the suspect’s facial hair and clothing

would likely have changed. Thus, in viewing the photos, the victims likely
                                     16
would have focused on the individuals’ faces rather than their facial hair or

clothing. See Harker v. Maryland, 

, 444 (4th Cir. 1986)

(rejecting a challenge to an identification based on differences in clothing

because “facial features, rather than clothing, appear to have been more

important to the identification in this case”). In these circumstances, the

district court did not clearly err by concluding that Mr. Worku had not

stood out in the photo array.

         In addition, Mr. Worku argues the arrays were overly suggestive

because they had been presented as a composite. In rejecting this

argument, the district court determined that there had been “no evidence”

about the greater reliability of sequential presentations. R., vol. V, at 121.

Although the judge recognized that some studies suggest that sequential

presentation enhances reliability, these studies had not been presented.

Thus, the district court’s rejection of this argument did not constitute clear

error.

         Mr. Worku also alleges that the officers failed to provide the

witnesses with department-policy admonitions before the witnesses viewed

the arrays. The court reviewed the manner of presentation to the witnesses,

concluding that it was “neither suggestive nor intrusive nor intimidating.”

R., vol. V., at 122. Mr. Worku has not shown a clear error.

         In sum, the district court did not clearly err in evaluating the

suggestiveness of the six-photograph arrays.

                                         17
      ii.     Twelve-Photograph Array

      Mr. Worku argues that the same problems plague the twelve-photo

array: irregularities in the photographs, composite presentation, and lack of

admonitions. The alleged problems in the twelve-photograph array are no

more acute than they were in the six-photograph arrays, and we have

already concluded that the alleged problems in the six-photograph arrays

did not create a due process violation. Because there were twice as many

pictures in the twelve-photograph array, this array is even less

problematic. See United States v. Sanchez, 

, 1262 (10th Cir.

1994) (reasoning that irregularities have greater impact when there is a

smaller group of photos). Therefore, the district court did not clearly err by

concluding that the twelve-photograph array had not been impermissibly

suggestive.

      d.      Totality of the Circumstances

      Even if the arrays were overly suggestive, the identifications could

violate due process only if the suggestiveness rendered the identifications

unreliable in light of the totality of the circumstances. Neil v. Biggers, 

, 199–200 (1972). In assessing reliability, courts generally

consider five factors:

      1.      witnesses’ opportunity to view the suspect when the wrongful
              action was committed,

      2.      witnesses’ degree of attention,


                                       18
         3.   accuracy of witnesses’ prior description of the suspect,

         4.   level of certainty demonstrated by the witnesses, and

         5.   length of time between the wrongful action and the photo array.

factors, we apply de novo review on the ultimate issue

(whether a due process violation took place). United States v. Sanchez, 

, 1262 (10th Cir. 1994); see Cikora v. Dugger, 

, 895

(11th Cir. 1988) (“The district court’s ultimate conclusion, taking into

consideration the five factors of the Neil v. Biggers test, that [the

defendant] was not deprived of due process by the admission of the out-of-

court identification, is subject to plenary review as a mixed question of

fact and law.”). But we review the district court’s underlying findings of

fact for clear error. See Sumner v. Mata, 

, 597–98 (1982)

(evaluating a habeas claim and explaining that the federal appellate court

was required to defer to the factual findings underpinning the state court’s

decision on reliability of the photo array).

         The issue involves identification of Mr. Worku by five individuals:

Assayehgen Feleke, Kiflu Ketema, Nesibu Sibhat, Berhan Dargie, and

Abebech Demissie. Four of them recalled seeing Mr. Worku regularly over

lengthy time spans. 6 Mr. Ketema stated that he had seen Mr. Worku 4–5


6
          Mr. Worku argues that none of the witnesses had meaningful
    opportunities to view the torturer in the Ethiopian prison because of poor
    lighting, the witnesses’ physical position, and their physical condition.
    Appellant’s Opening Br. at 40 (citing R., vol. V, at 190–91, 203–05, 531–
                                       19
times almost every day for 7–8 months. Mr. Berhan Dargie saw Mr. Worku

nearly every day for 10 months. Mr. Assayehgen Feleke saw Mr. Worku

nearly every day for 6–7 months. Mr. Sibhat saw Mr. Worku practically

every day for 2 months.

      Each described seeing Mr. Worku in circumstances that would have

heightened their attention. For example, 4 of the victims testified that they

had been tortured by Mr. Worku.

      Ms. Demissie said she had been beaten by Mr. Worku, sometimes

with his rifle, and had seen him

             order others to burn a boy, then shoot him,

             shoot another boy in the stomach as he begged for mercy, and

             make a boy drink the blood of two teenagers Mr. Worku had
              killed.

      Mr. Dargie testified that he was facing execution at the hands of

Mr. Worku as the two men stood face-to-face, before another guard

intervened.

      Mr. Sibhat testified that at the age of fourteen, he had been

victimized by Mr. Worku’s

             beatings with a whip, an electrical wire, and a piece of wood,
              and

             almost daily threats of death over a two-month period.

32, 573, 615, 619, 657–58, 754). But a reasonable fact-finder could
conclude that the witnesses had an adequate opportunity to observe the
torturer at the Ethiopian prison.
                                       20
      According to Mr. Feleke, he had been ordered by Mr. Worku to strip,

hang upside down, take a beating, and undergo torture by having hot water

poured over his wounds.

      The fifth former prisoner, Mr. Ketema, stated that he was able to

avoid physical torture because of the intervention of a guard. But

Mr. Ketema saw Mr. Worku beat other inmates with whips and sticks and

direct guards to sit on the inmates’ feet.

      All were certain that Mr. Worku had been the torturer. And multiple

victims added that they were able to identify Mr. Worku with “100%”

certainty, one based on his voice.

      Finally, Mr. Worku admitted to the probation officer that in the late

1970s, he had worked in the Ethiopian city where the five individuals were

imprisoned. With this admission, the district court could reasonably infer

that the witness identifications were reliable.

      Mr. Worku points to (1) a gap of over 30 years between the prior

sightings and the pretrial identifications and (2) the possible sharing of

information between the witnesses. These arguments do not suggest an

abuse of discretion.

      The time gap is extraordinary. Neither our court nor the Supreme

Court has confronted the reliability of identification 30+ years after the

witness’s last viewing of the suspect. But the circumstances supporting

reliability are also extraordinary: The five witnesses saw the torturer

                                      21
virtually every day for many months, and four of the witnesses were

victims of his horrific acts. The district court determined that this

combination of extraordinary circumstances rendered the identifications

reliable. We agree.

      According to Mr. Worku, the identifications were unreliable because

the witnesses had likely shared information about Mr. Worku’s current

appearance before viewing the photo arrays. Mr. Worku speculates that

Mr. Ketema likely reported his identification to Mr. Sibhat and that

Mr. Sibhat likely shared information with Mr. Dargie. But there was no

evidence to support this speculation.

      Mr. Worku also complains that Mr. Ketema’s identification had been

tainted before he viewed the photo array. The alleged taint involved a

discussion between Mr. Ketema and his brother. The brother did not know

what the torturer looked like, but heard that he had been in a Denver café

called “The Cozy Bar.” Mr. Ketema went there and saw Mr. Worku,

confirming he was the man who had tortured prisoners in Ethiopia over 30

years earlier.

      The district court could legitimately have questioned Mr. Ketema’s

identification based on his conversation with his brother. But the district

court could also find the identification reliable based on other factors.

Mr. Ketema testified that he was 100% certain when he saw Mr. Worku’s

photograph. Though decades had passed, Mr. Ketema explained that Mr.

                                        22
Worku was unforgettable because he was “the most feared person” in the

prison camp, causing everyone to shake whenever he entered. R., vol. V, at

215.

       But even if Mr. Ketema’s identification were disregarded, we would

still be left with the identifications of Mr. Worku by four other individuals,

all of whom picked Mr. Worku from photo arrays without evidence of any

prior conversations with one another.

       In these circumstances, the identifications were reliable

notwithstanding the passage of over 30 years and Mr. Ketema’s prior

conversation with his brother.

       B.   Substantive Unreasonableness

       Mr. Worku argues his sentence is substantively unreasonable because

the duration of the sentence cannot be reconciled with the sentencing

guidelines. We review the sentence for an abuse of discretion. United

States v. Smart, 

, 805–06 (10th Cir. 2008).

       Because Mr. Worku’s last criminal acts took place in 2010, the 2010

version of the guidelines applies. See Peugh v. United States, __ U.S. __,

, 2088 (2013). This version did not include any factors for

crimes perpetrated in connection with human rights violations. Under these

guidelines, Mr. Worku’s base-offense level was 8, which resulted in

guideline ranges capped at 3 years (assuming the sentences would run

consecutively).

                                      23
      The court thought a guideline sentence would have been too short:

      [The recommended sentence] is the product of a matrix
      established for all violations of the statutes forming the charges
      in the Indictment. There are not enough cases involving
      convictions of human rights violators entering the United
      States with false documents and false statements to form the
      basis for a statistically valid array. The Sentencing Commission
      has failed to provide a justification or empirical data to support
      its recommendation. The incongruity of a Guideline sentence of
      zero to six months, followed by a two year mandatory sentence
      for a lesser offense, is enough to reject it.

R., vol. I, at 512–13.

      Sentencing courts have the discretion to “impose a non-Guidelines

sentence based on a disagreement with the Commission’s views.” Pepper v.

United States, 

, 501 (2011). But a sentencing court cannot

reject the guidelines for arbitrary and capricious reasons. United States v.

Pinson, 

, 836 (10th Cir. 2008). In applying this standard of

review to a sentence above the guideline range, we “may consider the

extent of the deviation, but must give due deference to the district court’s

decision that the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the

extent of the variance.” Gall v. United States, 

, 51 (2007).

      The district court considered the § 3553(a) factors and reached three

conclusions:

      1.    Mr. Worku concealed his identity to avoid prosecution for the
            violations of human rights in Ethiopia. With this conduct, “the
            very integrity of the United States [was] challenged and its
            claim to decency in the world community [was] besmirched.”



                                     24
      2.    Mr. Worku was capable of torture and had no neurological or
            psychotic disorders, though he had clinical depression.

      3.    The crime was serious because it corrupted the established
            processes of immigration and limited the prospects of truly
            deserving immigrants. Deterrence was necessary for the United
            States to avoid “becoming a haven for fugitives from justice in
            their own countries.”

R., vol. I, at 502–11. Based on these conclusions, the district court

imposed the maximum statutory sentence for each count, explaining:

“Congress has provided maximum sentences for the most egregious

violations of these statutes. If this case is not egregious, I cannot imagine

what case would be.” 

      This rationale fell within the district court’s discretion. The court

carefully evaluated the § 3553(a) factors and the policies behind the

Sentencing Commission’s recommendation. Doing so, the court varied

significantly from the guidelines. But a district court can vary from the

guidelines so long as it does not do so arbitrarily and capriciously. See

Pepper v. United States, 

, 501 (2011). The district court’s

variance was not arbitrary or capricious.

      Mr. Worku refers to recent guideline amendments to highlight the

degree of the variance. In 2012, the Sentencing Guidelines were amended

to increase the guideline range for offenders violating immigration laws to

conceal the violation of human rights. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual




                                      25
§ 2L2.2(b)(4) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2012). Under the newly enacted

section, the district court is to apply the greater of two choices:

      1.    If the defendant committed the offense to conceal “membership
            in, or authority over, a military, paramilitary, or police
            organization that was involved in a serious human rights
            offense during the period in which the defendant was such a
            member or had such authority,” the offense level is increased
            by 2 levels or to level 13, whichever is greater.

      2.    If the defendant committed the offense “to conceal the
            defendant’s participation in (i) the offense of incitement to
            genocide, increase by 6 levels; or (ii) any other serious human
            rights offense, increase by 10 levels” or to level 25, whichever
            is greater.

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2L2.2(b)(4)(A)–(B) (U.S. Sentencing

Comm’n 2012). Had these amendments been applied, Mr. Worku’s

recommended offense level could have been as high as 25. But Mr.

Worku’s actual sentence corresponded to an even higher offense level (39).

      But whether the variance was 14 levels above the range under the

2012 guidelines or 31 levels above the range under the 2010 guidelines, the

district court acted within its discretion. The district court analyzed the

sentence and concluded that the guideline range was too low because of

(1) the horrific nature of Mr. Worku’s violations of human rights in

Ethiopia and (2) his lying about his identity to avoid punishment in

Ethiopia. This conclusion did not entail an abuse of discretion.




                                      26
III.   Conclusion

       Mr. Worku has failed to establish (1) an effect on his substantial

rights from the alleged double-jeopardy violation or (2) a legal flaw in the

conviction for aggravated identity theft. And under our deferential

standards of review, we conclude that the sentence was procedurally and

substantively reasonable. For these reasons, we affirm the conviction and

sentence.




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