FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                       PUBLISH                     May 27, 2015
                                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                   Clerk of Court

                                TENTH CIRCUIT



 SABREEN GAD,

              Plaintiff - Appellant,
       v.                                                No. 14-3050
 KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY,

              Defendant - Appellee.


         APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS
                   (D.C. NO. 2:12-CV-02375-EFM)


Danielle N. Davey (Alan V. Johnson with her on the briefs), Sloan, Eisenbarth,
Glassman, McEntire & Jarboe, L.L.C., Topeka, Kansas, for Appellant.

Peter J. Paukstelis, Office of General Counsel, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas, for Appellee.


Before TYMKOVICH, GORSUCH, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.


TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judge.


      Sabreen Gad filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission against Kansas State University, alleging that she was discriminated

against in her effort to obtain a promotion to a tenure-track faculty position.
Although the EEOC sent her a formal charge document to sign and verify, as both

Title VII and EEOC regulations require, she never did so. Nevertheless, after the

EEOC elected not to pursue her case, she brought a Title VII suit against KSU.

      This appeal requires us to decide whether Title VII’s requirement that a

claimant verify the charges against an employer is a jurisdictional prerequisite to

suit. If that is the case, the district court correctly concluded that it lacked Article

III subject-matter jurisdiction and dismissed the complaint. If, on the other hand,

the verification requirement is a non-jurisdictional condition precedent to suit, it

can be waived without defeating our jurisdiction. In that case, the requirement

does not affect our subject-matter jurisdiction and federal courts are free to

entertain the complaint and the defenses to it.

      We conclude this verification requirement is non-jurisdictional and does

not divest the federal courts of subject-matter jurisdiction. Title VII does not

make the verification requirement jurisdictional, and the failure to comply with

the requirement is not a conclusive impediment to suit. Like other conditions

precedent, verification can be asserted as a defense to a claim by the defendant.

But it cannot take away our power as federal courts to resolve live cases or

controversies under Article III.

      Consequently, exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

REVERSE the district court’s contrary decision and REMAND for further

proceedings.

                                          -2-
                                I. Background

      KSU hired Professor Gad in 2010 as a part-time assistant professor in the

geology department. She subsequently requested that KSU either promote her to

a full-time professorship position or promote her to membership on the graduate

faculty. She never received either promotion, however, and she believed KSU

discriminated against her by creating and giving similar positions to other

individuals.

      Consequently, in March 2012, Gad filed a claim with the EEOC, alleging

religious, sex, and national-origin discrimination. She completed the required

EEOC intake questionnaire form and prepared a letter to the EEOC summarizing

her claims. She signed both the form and the letter, but never “verified” either by

affirming them under penalty of perjury or before a person authorized to

administer oaths, as EEOC regulations require. See 29 C.F.R. § 1601.3. 1

      An EEOC investigator assigned to the case later spoke with Gad regarding

her discrimination claims. He “told her [he] would send her a charge for

signature.” App. 105. That charge—EEOC Form 5—includes a box for the

complainant to sign under penalty of perjury, which satisfies the verification



      1
        The regulations provide that “the term verified shall mean sworn to or
affirmed before a notary public, designated representative of the [EEOC], or other
person duly authorized by law to administer oaths and take acknowledgements, or
supported by an unsworn declaration in writing under penalty of perjury.” 29
C.F.R. § 1601.3.

                                        -3-
requirement. On the same day, the investigator mailed Gad Form 5 along with a

letter that explained what the form meant and the next steps in the EEOC’s

investigation. The letter contained two directions pertinent here. First, it

informed Gad that if the EEOC did not “receive [her] signed charge within 30

days, [it would be] authorized to dismiss [her] charge and issue [her] a right to

sue letter.” 

Second, it informed her that “proper handling of this

action by the Commission” required her to “sign and date the charge” and

“[r]eturn the signed charge to this office.” 

place to sign the charge

was a blank directly below the words, “I declare under penalty of perjury that the

above is true and correct.” 

According to Gad, she never signed or

returned the form because the investigator “mentioned something that I don’t

have to return . . . the signing form.” 

      The investigator also mailed a notice to KSU that Gad had filed an

“unperfected” charge of discrimination. 

The notice informed KSU

that “[n]o action is required by you at this time.” 

April, the EEOC investigator and Gad spoke again. The

investigator’s notes of the conversation report that he told Gad that “further

investigation will unlikely result in a violation” and that, if so, the EEOC would

issue her a “Dismissal and Notice of the Right to Sue.” 

On April 19,

the EEOC issued Gad the right-to-sue notice, on which KSU was carbon copied.




                                          -4-
       In June, Gad sued KSU in federal district court. KSU’s answer stated

generally that Gad had failed to exhaust her administrative remedies, but said

nothing specifically about Gad’s failure to verify. After filing its answer but

before summary judgment, KSU obtained Gad’s EEOC file, which contained a

copy of Gad’s unverified Form 5.

       In its motion for summary judgment, KSU argued the court lacked

jurisdiction because Gad failed to exhaust her administrative remedies by not

verifying her EEOC charge. The district court agreed, noting our holding in

Shikles v. Sprint/United Management Co., 

, 1317 (10th Cir. 2005),

that exhaustion of administrative remedies is a jurisdictional prerequisite to suit.

Relying on that principle, the court concluded that Gad’s failure to satisfy Title

VII’s verification requirement was a failure to exhaust administrative remedies

and that it thus lacked jurisdiction. 2

                                     II. Analysis

       KSU argues that a plaintiff’s failure to satisfy the verification requirement

divests us of subject-matter jurisdiction and cannot be waived. As we discuss

below, we conclude otherwise.


       2
         It is true that, as KSU mentions, courts “need not decide whether
exhaustion is jurisdictional [where] there is no question of waiver or forfeiture.”
McQueen ex rel. McQueen v. Colo. Springs Sch. Dist. No. 11, 

, 873
(10th Cir. 2007). The district court did not choose that path, and as we discuss
below, we only address the jurisdictional question and elect not to resolve the
factual question of waiver for the first time on appeal.

                                          -5-
      A. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

      The federal courts are courts of limited subject-matter jurisdiction. Radil v.

Sanborn W. Camps, Inc., 

, 1225 (10th Cir. 2004). And since we

have limited jurisdiction, we “may only hear cases when empowered to do so by

the Constitution and by act of Congress.” 

marks omitted).

Our subject-matter jurisdiction is a constitutional prerequisite to hearing a case

and “because it involves a court's power to hear a case, can never be forfeited or

waived.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 

, 514 (2006). Thus, we always

have an independent obligation—no matter the stage of litigation—to consider

whether a case creates a live case or controversy and belongs in federal court.

      In this case, the question is whether Title VII’s verification requirement is

a prerequisite to our subject-matter jurisdiction. Title VII specifically gives us

subject-matter jurisdiction as a general matter in 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3). 3 But

as a condition to filing suit in federal court, Title VII also requires claimants to


      3
          In pertinent part, that subsection provides that “[e]ach United States
district court . . . shall have jurisdiction of actions brought under [Title VII].” 42
U.S.C § 2000e-5(f)(3). Of course, 28 U.S.C. § 1331 would authorize us to
exercise subject-matter jurisdiction absent Title VII’s jurisdictional provision,
since Title VII cases arise “under the . . . laws . . . of the United States.”

. But when Congress enacted Title VII, federal-question
suits had an amount-in-controversy threshold. Thus, the jurisdictional
requirement was necessary to ensure that all suits meeting Title VII’s other
requirements could be heard in federal court. Congress has since eliminated that
threshold. But, as we discuss below, the Court plainly still considers it key for
interpretative purposes whether a requirement is located in the jurisdictional
subsection.

                                          -6-
submit a “charge” to the EEOC. That submission must “be in writing under oath

or affirmation” and “contain such information and be in such form as the [EEOC]

requires.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b). EEOC regulations interpreting the statute

reiterate that a charge “shall be in writing and signed and shall be verified.” 29

C.F.R. § 1601.9. And the regulations clarify that “verified” means “sworn to or

affirmed before a notary public, designated representative of the Commission, or

other person duly authorized by law to administer oaths and take

acknowledgments, or supported by an unsworn declaration in writing under

penalty of perjury.” 29 C.F.R. § 1601.3.

      Is this verification requirement a jurisdictional prerequisite to a Title VII

suit? The law is not clear. In several cases analyzing other aspects of Title VII,

we have concluded that some Title VII requirements are not jurisdictional

prerequisites to suit. For example, in Montes v. Vail Clinic, Inc., 

,

1167 (10th Cir. 2007), we held that § 2000e-5’s “mandatory time limit for filing

charges with the EEOC is not a jurisdictional prerequisite” and is “thus subject to

waiver, estoppel, and tolling when equity requires.” See also EEOC v. JBS USA,

LLC, 

, 1201 (D. Colo. 2011) (noting that “not every defect

in the administrative process defeats jurisdiction”).

      But we said in Shikles that “a plaintiff’s exhaustion of his or her

administrative remedies is a jurisdictional prerequisite to suit under Title

VII—not merely a condition precedent to suit.” 

.

                                         -7-
Exhaustion requires “the filing of a charge of discrimination with the EEOC,”

Jones v. U.P.S., Inc., 

, 1183 (10th Cir. 2007), and charges must be

verified. Thus, one might conclude a plaintiff has not complied with Title VII’s

required prerequisites to suit—i.e., he has not fully exhausted—until he verifies.

That might appear to require the conclusion that verification is necessarily

jurisdictional. But see Green v. Donahoe, 

, 1140 (10th Cir. 2014)

(noting that “the untimeliness of an administrative claim, although an exhaustion

issue . . . is not jurisdictional”), cert. granted, 

, 

(Apr. 27, 2015). Thus, our cases provide no dispositive answer.

         Nor has the Supreme Court directly confronted this question. Although the

Court has held that Title VII includes a specifically denominated “jurisdictional

provision, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3),” 

, that provision

has nothing to say about verification. But the Supreme Court has provided the

principles necessary to resolve this jurisdictional question in several instructive

cases.

         In the first, Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 

(1982), the

Court addressed § 2000e-5’s statutory time limit for filing EEOC charges. 

The question was whether compliance with the statutory time limit was “a

jurisdictional prerequisite to bringing a Title VII suit in federal court” or whether

it was “subject to waiver and estoppel.” 

In choosing the latter, the

Court made two important points. First, “[t]he provision granting district courts

                                           -8-
jurisdiction under Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000(e) and (f), does not limit

jurisdiction to those cases in which there has been a timely filing.” 4 

Second, the Court emphasized that restrictive readings of Title VII are

“particularly inappropriate in a statutory scheme in which laymen, unassisted by

trained lawyers, initiate the process.” 

      More recently, in Edelman v. Lynchburg College, 

(2002), the

Court upheld an EEOC regulation “permitting an otherwise timely filer to verify a

charge after the time for filing has expired.” 

That regulation

permitted an individual to amend a charge “to cure technical defects or omissions,

including failure to verify the charge.” 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(b). Title VII

requires—albeit in separate subsections—that a charge be verified and also be

filed within the limitations period. 

The Court rejected a lower court

decision finding the provision was contrary to the statute.

      First, the Court noted the verification and timely filing requirements are

located in different statutory subsections and have separate purposes—thus

reemphasizing the importance of examining a provision’s precise location in the

structure of Title VII to determine its meaning. See 

Second, the


      4
         Notably, since Zipes, Congress has amended the statute to combine
subsections (e) and (f) into one subsection: 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f). Today’s
jurisdictional subsection is 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3). 

–15. The timeliness provision in Zipes, at that time in subsection (d) and
outside the jurisdictional subsections, is now in subsection (e)—still outside the
jurisdictional subsection.

                                          -9-
verification requirement is intended to protect employers and perhaps co-workers

“from the disruption and expense of responding to a claim unless a complainant is

serious enough and sure enough to support it by oath subject to liability for

perjury.” 

But that purpose “demands an oath only by the time the

employer is obliged to respond to the charge, not at the time an employee files it

with the EEOC.” 

reiterated the importance of considering Title

VII’s nature as a “remedial scheme in which laypersons, rather than lawyers, are

expected to initiate the process” and the consequent need to protect the layperson

from “forfeiting his rights inadvertently.” 

Finally, the Court

approvingly quoted Wright and Miller for the proposition that “[e]ven if a federal

rule or statute requires verification, a failure to comply does not render the

document fatally defective.” See 

n.12 (quoting 5A Charles Alan Wright

et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1339 (2d ed. 1990)).

      Next, in 2006, the Court held in Arbaugh that Title VII’s 15-or-more-

employees requirement was non-jurisdictional and thus waivable by a defendant.

–04. Following Zipes, it noted that the 15-employee

threshold, rather than appearing in Title VII’s jurisdictional subsection, 42 U.S.C.

§ 2000e-5(f)(3), “appears in a separate provision that does not speak in

jurisdictional terms or refer in any way to the jurisdiction of the district courts.”

(quoting 

) (internal quotation marks omitted).




                                          -10-
      Importantly, the Court stated, “[n]othing in the text of Title VII indicates

that Congress intended courts, on their own motion, to assure that the employee-

numerosity requirement is met.” 

Thus, “when Congress does not rank

a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the

restriction as nonjurisdictional in character.” 

see also Sebelius v.

Auburn Reg’l Med. Ctr., 

, 824 (2013) (reiterating that courts should

not treat restrictions as jurisdictional unless Congress has “clearly state[d]” that a

rule is jurisdictional); Gonzalez v. Thaler, 

, 648 (2012) (same);

Muskrat v. Deer Creek Pub. Sch., 

, 783 n.2 (10th Cir. 2013)

(collecting recent Supreme Court cases).

      Most recently, in United States v. Kwai Fun Wong, 

(2015),

the Court reiterated its framework for analyzing jurisdictional claims.

“[P]rocedural rules . . . cabin a court’s power only if Congress has ‘clearly

state[d]’ as much.” 

(citing Auburn 

). And, “in

applying that clear statement rule,” courts employ “traditional tools of statutory

construction” to determine whether “Congress imbued” a requirement “with

jurisdictional consequences.” 

several key principles from these cases. First, a Title VII

statutory requirement’s classification as jurisdictional or non-jurisdictional turns

in large part on whether it is located in Title VII’s jurisdictional subsection—42

U.S.C. § 2000e-5(f)(3). Both Zipes and Arbaugh turned on that distinction. See

                                         -11-


; 

. Just this year, we noted this

principle’s general applicability: Statutes that speak “to the rights or obligations

of parties to a lawsuit,” rather than “speak[ing] clearly to the courts’ statutory or

constitutional power to adjudicate the case,” establish “claim-processing rules,

and should not be treated as jurisdictional prescriptions.” Barnes v. United

States, 

, 1146 (10th Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Second, recognizing that non-lawyers are initiating Title VII processes, the

courts should be careful in interpreting procedural rules to cause inadvertent

forfeiture of rights. Third, verification should protect employers from the burden

of responding to frivolous claims or later finding themselves in court over claims

of which they had no notice. Finally, Edelman endorses the principle that a

failure to verify as required by a federal rule will not render the document in

question fatally defective.

      B. Verification

      Applying these principles to the verification requirement, it is not

jurisdictional. First, neither the statutory text nor the structure of Title VII

provides a “clear statement” that jurisdiction turns on verification. In Title VII

cases, we primarily look to whether a limitation is contained in Title VII’s

jurisdictional subsection to determine Congressional intent. See 

; 

–94. Like the timely filing requirement in

Zipes and the 15-or-more-employee requirement in Arbaugh, verification “appears

                                         -12-
in a separate provision that does not speak in jurisdictional terms or refer in any

way to the jurisdiction of the district courts.” 

(internal

quotation marks omitted). Second, our conclusion follows the principle

disfavoring interpretations that might lead to inadvertent forfeiture of Title VII

rights by the non-lawyers initiating Title VII processes. See 

; 

. Yet it does not hinder the purpose of the verification

rule: protecting employers and co-workers “from the disruption and expense of

responding to a claim unless a complainant is serious enough and sure enough to

support it by oath subject to liability for perjury.” 

.

Because verification remains a Title VII requirement, its non-jurisdictional nature

does not bar an employer from raising a plaintiff’s failure to satisfy the

requirement as a defense. But “[w]hen an employer files a response on the merits

[without identifying a known verification defect], he foregoes the protection that

the requirement affords”—i.e., he has waived any verification objection. See

Buck v. Hampton Twp. Sch. Dist., 

, 263 (3d Cir. 2006).

      Finally, this conclusion squares with the Edelman Court’s statement that,

even “if a federal rule or statute requires verification,” failure to verify will not

“render the document fatally defective.” 

n.12 (quoting

5A Charles Alan Wright et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1339 (2d ed. 1990)). Indeed,

because verification “is now the exception rather than the rule in federal civil

practice,” it is generally the case that “any objection to a failure to comply with a

                                          -13-
verification requirement must be raised immediately or not at all.” 5A Charles

Alan Wright et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1339 (3d. ed., Sept. 2014 update).

      In sum, we conclude that the verification requirement is not jurisdictional.

      In reaching this conclusion, we must still consider Shikles’s general

statement that the exhaustion of administrative remedies is “a jurisdictional

prerequisite to suit under Title VII,” 

. After all, we have

identified multiple exhaustion requirements not formally located in Title VII’s

jurisdictional subsection. See, e.g., 

(noting requirement

that plaintiff “show that the claim [filed in district court] is within the scope of

the administrative investigation that could reasonably be expected to follow from

the allegations raised in the charge”); 

that plaintiff submit

charge in a timely fashion); Jones v. Runyon, 

, 1400 n.1 (10th Cir.

1996) (observing that filing an EEOC charge is exhaustion requirement); Khader

v. Aspin, 

, 971 (10th Cir. 1993) (referring to requirement that plaintiff

cooperate with the EEOC); cf. 

–15 (relying on Khader’s

language to impose a similar cooperation requirement on plaintiffs under the Age

Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA)). In a vacuum, the language from

Shikles might appear to enshrine all exhaustion requirements—including the

verification requirement—as jurisdictional prerequisites, regardless of whether

Congress evidenced intent to characterize them as such by placing them in Title

VII’s jurisdictional subsection. Indeed, in both Khader and Shikles, we held that

                                         -14-
failure to cooperate was a jurisdictional bar simply because it is an exhaustion

requirement. 

–71.

      That logic, however, is at odds with the Supreme Court’s instructions in

subsequent cases and cannot be squared with current law. 5 Since Shikles, the

Supreme Court in Arbaugh and Kwai Fun Wong reemphasized that we should not

treat requirements as jurisdictional without express congressional direction. 6 See

; see also Auburn 

. To the extent

our previous cases would require a contrary result, these “superseding contrary

decision[s]” of the Supreme Court “control[] our analysis.” United States v.

Hathaway, 

, 1006 (10th Cir. 2003); see also Clark v. Wilson, 

, 691 & n.3 (10th Cir. 2010).

      Moreover, the Supreme Court has instructed that “drive-by jurisdictional

rulings . . . have no precedential effect.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t,



      5
         Indeed, in Shikles itself we recognized the tension between classifying
cooperation as a requirement of Title VII and the rule against “read[ing]
requirements into Title VII . . . beyond those expressly provided by Congress.”

(citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 

, 798–99 (1973)). But Khader and our policy of interpreting Title VII and the
ADEA harmoniously compelled us to treat cooperation as an exhaustion
requirement, which in turn compelled us to treat failure to cooperate as a
jurisdictional bar. See 

(noting that “courts have held that Title VII
contains a cooperation requirement, despite the Supreme Court’s admonition that
no requirements beyond those in the statute should be imposed”). Our analysis in
this case should resolve that tension.
      6
        Our latest published opinion stating the Shikles rule was Bertsch v.
Overstock.com, 

, 1030 (10th Cir. 2012).

                                         -15-


, 91 (1998). Shikles’s statement that Title VII exhaustion is a

“jurisdictional prerequisite” can be traced back to two cases, both of which stated

the proposition with little extended analysis. See Sampson v. Civiletti, 

, 862 (10th Cir. 1980) (citing, without further discussion, Bragg v. Reed, 

, 1138 (10th Cir. 1979)). Significantly, Bragg does not address the

issue at all beyond citing (without expressly adopting) the district court’s order,

which only asserted that “[t]he timely exhaustion of the administrative remedies

[was] a jurisdictional prerequisite to the bringing of this civil action.” 

. Bragg did say that plaintiffs “must exhaust administrative remedies

before filing an action,” 

does not address the question of whether a

failure to satisfy a particular requirement robs the court of jurisdiction. Both

cases preceded not only Arbaugh but also Zipes, and the subsequent development

of the law underscores the limited force our earlier cases retain today. 7

      Holding verification non-jurisdictional does not imply any diminution in

the need for plaintiffs to comply with this Title VII requirement. Exhaustion still

serves the important purposes of “protect[ing] employers by giving them notice of

the discrimination claims being brought against them and providing the EEOC . . .

with an opportunity to conciliate the claims.” 

(internal

quotation marks omitted). Verification is particularly important because it helps


      7
         In fact, as far as we can tell, none of the cases stemming from Bragg
actually grappled with the propriety of calling exhaustion jurisdictional.

                                         -16-
weed out frivolous or harassing claims. See 

. And

serious verified claims may provide the impetus for settlement, avoiding federal

court action altogether.

      Thus, an employer that identifies and raises a verification defect may still

achieve the dismissal of a plaintiff’s suit. But because Congress has not

explicitly instructed that a failure to verify deprives us of jurisdiction, Supreme

Court precedent requires us to hold it is a “waivable claim processing provision[]

that do[es] not invoke our subject matter jurisdiction.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      Finally, although our conclusion is dictated by Supreme Court precedent,

other circuits have followed a similar course. For example, in Buck, the Third

Circuit observed that Title VII clearly makes verification “mandatory” and

reiterated verification’s purpose of protecting employers from having to respond

to frivolous charges. 

. But that did not end the analysis.

The court nonetheless held verification is non-jurisdictional, pointing to Zipes’s

instruction to look to the “provision granting district courts jurisdiction under

Title VII.” Id. (quoting 

). Because the jurisdictional

subsection does not limit jurisdiction to cases where the charge has been properly

verified, the court concluded that verification was “subject to waiver when equity

so requires.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Similarly, in

Price v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co., 

(5th Cir. 1982), the Fifth

                                         -17-
Circuit applied Zipes, emphasizing the need to protect the layman complainant

from inadvertent forfeiture while remanding for “a possible EEOC waiver” of

verification. 

      We could find only one case holding the requirement jurisdictional, Vason

v. City of Montgomery, 

(11th Cir. 2001). 8 There, the Eleventh

Circuit summarily affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the

grounds that verification is mandatory. See 

The court acknowledged,

but did not engage, the plaintiff’s argument that verification was waivable and

that the EEOC had in fact waived it. 

sure, that court never explicitly

dubbed the requirement jurisdictional, and a requirement is not jurisdictional just

because it is mandatory. Nevertheless, its holding strongly suggests an implicit

conclusion that the requirement was jurisdictional. Because Vason did not

analyze the issue in any detail and precedes the Supreme Court’s new analytical

framework, we find it unpersuasive.




      8
          Both parties suggest that Balazs v. Liebenthal, 

(4th Cir.
1994), also held the requirement jurisdictional, but that case dealt with whether
the plaintiff could amend his charge to provide the necessary verification after the
plaintiff had received a right-to-sue letter, instituted a suit, and had been served
with a motion to dismiss based on non-verification. 

157. It did not
address whether verification is waivable.

                                        -18-
       C. Waiver

       The district court did not reach waiver because it dismissed the case on

jurisdictional grounds. We remand for the district court to undertake that analysis

in the first instance.

       Several points are worth noting in considering waiver. As we mentioned

above, verification is a condition precedent. It is not an affirmative defense in the

classical sense—a meaningful distinction in the Title VII context. In this context,

a condition precedent is a “duty [Title VII] imposes” that “serves as a necessary

precondition to filing a lawsuit.” Mach Mining, LLC v. EEOC, 

,

1651 (2015) (discussing conciliation, which is a condition precedent to suit by the

EEOC). Our cases indicate verification is such a duty. For example, in Montes v.

Vail Clinic, Inc., 

(10th Cir. 2007), we rejected plaintiffs’ argument

that Title VII’s timely filing requirement is an affirmative defense, holding

instead that it is a “condition precedent” to suit, which made “the obligation to

demonstrate timeliness . . . a burden for plaintiffs to carry” by properly pleading

it. 

& n.11; see also Viviana Aldous, Comment, Timed Out of Title VII

Claims: Which Party Should Bear the Burden of Showing Compliance with Title

VII Timing Requirements?, 2014 U. Chi. Legal F. 697, 710–13 (exploring

distinction and the implications of placing burden on plaintiff instead of

defendant in timely filing context).




                                        -19-
      We noted two important considerations in Montes. First, the timely filing

deadlines are “integrated into the statutory section that delineates the various

other steps a prospective plaintiff must satisfy before being given the keys to the

courthouse door to file a complaint,” unlike “traditional affirmative defenses

which are separate bars to suit.” 

. Second, “practical

realities” supported placing the burden on plaintiffs, who “enjoy superior access

to the evidence necessary to prove their compliance with the statutory filing

deadline.” 

Montes, the verification requirement is a condition precedent. It is

located in the same subsection—42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b)—as the conciliation

requirement, which is a condition precedent to suit by the EEOC, EEOC v. Zia

Co., 

, 532 (10th Cir. 1978). The subsection’s structure indicates that

verification must precede conciliation, since conciliation should only occur after

the EEOC has investigated a verified charge and found there is “reasonable cause

to believe that the charge is true.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b); see also Occidental

Life Ins. Co. of Cal. v. EEOC, 

, 359 (1977) (describing process).

And, because the statute contemplates the investigation process beginning with a

verified charge, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b), there is no reason to think

verification is any less a condition precedent in cases where the EEOC finds no

reasonable cause to believe the charge is true. Thus, like the timely filing

deadlines, the verification requirement is “integrated into” a statutory section

                                         -20-
“delineat[ing]” steps plaintiffs must satisfy before receiving leave to sue. 

. And, as with timely filing, verification and proof of

verification lie chiefly within the plaintiff’s control.

      Nor does classification as an affirmative defense make sense. A Title VII

affirmative defense—such as a statute of limitations—can concede “that there has

in fact been discrimination and then justif[y] this admitted discrimination.” Hugh

Joseph Beard, Jr., Title VII and Rule 301: An Analysis of the Watson and Atonio

Decisions, 23 Akron L. Rev. 105, 140–41 (1989). Conversely, an employer

raising a failure to verify as a basis for dismissal need admit no discrimination.

The flaw is procedural, not substantive—it is the plaintiff’s failure to properly

comply with the requirements Congress and the EEOC established.

      We also note that Gad only argues the EEOC waived the requirement, not

KSU. Although the relevant principles show both that verification is non-

jurisdictional and that an employer that fails to raise a known verification defect

has waived the issue as a potential defense, it does not necessarily follow that the

EEOC can waive the requirement unilaterally. After all, that would allow cases

where an employer, through no fault of its own, suffers “the disruption and

expense of responding to a claim” despite the lack of verification demonstrating

the “complainant is serious enough and sure enough to support [the claim] by oath

subject to liability for perjury.” 

. Buck followed that

logic. See 

(premising decision “on the fact that the School

                                          -21-
District had adequate information, i.e., a copy of the detailed but unverified

charge, on which to raise the issue” and holding that “where, as here, an employer

has actual notice of a discrimination charge and chooses to respond to the merits

of the claim before the EEOC without asserting lack of verification as a defense it

waives its right to secure dismissal of the federal court proceedings on that

basis”). Moreover, verification provides notice and an opportunity for the

employer to investigate, promoting the prompt administration of discrimination

complaints and possible settlement.

      But we also recognize that a rigid rule can result in a Title VII complainant

inadvertently forfeiting his or her rights. That suggests a rule where non-

compliance might be excused, at least in extreme circumstances where negligent

EEOC conduct would mislead a reasonable layperson into thinking he need not

verify. Price apparently allows such a result. See 

(holding

requirement non-jurisdictional and remanding for “a possible EEOC waiver of

that requirement”); see also B.K.B. v. Maui Police Dep’t, 

, 1102

(9th Cir. 2002) (“A Title VII complainant is not charged with the commission’s

failure to perform its statutory duties.” (internal quotation marks omitted));

Forehand v. Fla. State Hosp., 

, 1571 (11th Cir. 1996) (“[A]ny




                                         -22-
deficiency in the EEOC’s performance of its duties should not adversely affect a

plaintiff’s right to sue.”). 9

       We need not decide the scope or contours of a waiver rule here, particularly

because the district court may not even need to reach the question on remand if it

concludes that, assuming an EEOC waiver is possible, no such waiver occurred.

                                 III. Conclusion

       Because Title VII’s verification requirement is not jurisdictional, we

REVERSE and REMAND this case for the district court to determine whether the

verification requirement was waived here.




       9
         In the related context of Title VII’s timely filing requirement, “equitable
tolling may be appropriate where a plaintiff has been lulled into inaction by . . .
state or federal agencies.” Gray v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 

, 615
(10th Cir. 1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). Of course, the timely filing
requirement, no less than the verification requirement, works to protect
employers. See Del. State Coll. v. Ricks, 

, 256–57 (1980) (noting
that Title VII’s “limitations periods . . . protect employers from the burden of
defending claims arising from employment decisions that are long past”).

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