MATHESON, Circuit Judge.
On February 18, 2008, Donald Stewart, driving a semi-tractor trailer, hit the back of a tow truck driven by Melvin Mathis. Mr. Mathis sued Mr. Stewart and his employer, Huff & Puff Trucking, Inc., for negligence in the District of Wyoming. On August 9, 2013, after a bench trial, the district court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court determined Mr. Stewart was 100 percent at fault for the accident, and entered judgment in favor of Mr. Mathis. The damages award, which was significantly less than Mr. Mathis sought, was based on findings that his spinal injuries from the accident were only temporary and he did not suffer a mild traumatic brain injury ("MTBI"). On September 6, 2013, Mr. Mathis moved for a new trial, arguing, among other things, that the judge's law clerk had an undisclosed conflict of interest. The court denied the motion.
On appeal, Mr. Mathis challenges (1) the district court's factual findings relating to his back and head injuries, (2) whether the court impermissibly allowed a defense expert to testify beyond his qualifications as a biomechanical engineer, and (3) the court's denial of his motion for a new trial based on the alleged law clerk conflict.
On February 18, 2008, Mr. Stewart, a driver for Huff & Puff, hit Mr. Mathis's tow truck from behind with his semi-tractor trailer on Interstate 80 near Rawlins, Wyoming. Mr. Stewart was at fault for the accident. He was driving too fast for the icy road conditions and should not have been traveling in the left lane. The crash damaged the tow truck, but Mr. Mathis was "ambulatory, functional and coherent" immediately following the accident. App. at 74. He called 911, and an ambulance took him to the emergency room. The emergency room doctor found no evidence of head trauma, but noted Mr. Mathis strained his neck and back. Mr. Mathis was released later that evening.
Before the accident, Mr. Mathis had a back condition. He had undergone spinal surgeries in 1989 and 1993. Four days after the accident, Mr. Mathis saw Dr. Kenneth Schulze for follow-up care for his back and neck pain. Dr. Schulze reviewed x-rays taken the day of the accident and ordered MRIs of Mr. Mathis's spine. He concluded Mr. Mathis suffered "multiple
Dr. Cook diagnosed Mr. Mathis with "cervical, thoracic and lumbar sprains and/or material aggravation of preexisting asymptomatic degenerative [spinal] disease." App. at 81. He prescribed a conservative treatment plan of physical therapy and massage. He allowed Mr. Mathis to return to light duty work in March 2008 and removed all work restrictions except avoiding heavy or repeated lifting in April 2008. Mr. Mathis saw Dr. Cook several times over the next year. Dr. Cook reported that Mr. Mathis's condition was slowly improving, though he was still symptomatic and experiencing discomfort.
In May 2009, Mr. Mathis saw Dr. Cook for the last time. Dr. Cook reported that Mr. Mathis "was doing fairly well with conservative and medical management." Id. at 83. Mr. Mathis requested to continue conservative therapy and planned to see Dr. Cook in two months for a follow-up appointment. Following the May 2009 visit, however, Mr. Mathis did not return to Wyoming Spine and Neurosurgery for nearly two years.
During those two years, Mr. Mathis worked as a nighttime fuel delivery man, working 12-hour shifts, 20 to 25 days a month. Mr. Mathis was under no work restrictions, and the job was physically demanding, requiring him to drag a 200-foot hose, refuel multiple pieces of fracking equipment, and install heavy tire chains to get around. In 2011, his employer lost a big fuel delivery contract. After that, Mr. Mathis continued to work full time doing mechanic work, driving a tow truck, and delivering fuel as needed.
In April 2011, Mr. Mathis returned to Wyoming Spine and Neurosurgery and saw a different neurosurgeon, Dr. Steven Beer. Mr. Mathis complained about lower back pain, and Dr. Beer ordered new MRIs and x-rays. The images were essentially unchanged from the MRIs and x-rays taken in 2008. In September 2012, Dr. Beer performed two-level lumbar fusion surgery on Mr. Mathis to relieve his chronic pain.
On February 9, 2012, Mr. Mathis filed this negligence action in the District of Wyoming against Mr. Stewart and Huff & Puff ("Defendants"). From July 8 to July 19, 2013, the district court conducted an 8-day bench trial. At trial, Mr. Mathis argued the accident caused permanent injuries to his spine, an MTBI, emotional distress, and pain and suffering. He further contended his injuries required ongoing medical care and reduced his future earning capacity. The district court heard competing evidence regarding Mr. Mathis's spinal and head injuries.
On Mr. Mathis's back injuries, Dr. Beer testified for Mr. Mathis. Dr. Mark Hadley, a neurosurgeon, and Dr. Toby Hayes, a biomechanical engineer, testified for the Defendants.
Dr. Hadley testified Mr. Mathis's "medical records show no evidence of injury from the collision other than temporary muscular-skeletal injuries." Id. at 87. He explained the images of Mr. Mathis's spine "show a typical degenerative lumbar spine," caused by aging. Id. He acknowledged there were disc bulges, but said they were all old. He disagreed with Dr. Beer's determination that Mr. Mathis suffered a very small annular tear. Dr. Hadley testified that because the white dot Dr. Beer identified as an annular tear appeared on both the 2008 and 2011 images, it is related to age "because such tears don't remain acute for three years." Id. He concluded the 2011 surgery "addressed only age-related narrowing," and no further operation would help relieve Mr. Mathis's pain. Id. He further identified age, arthritis, deconditioning, and smoking as potential factors contributing to Mr. Mathis's pain.
Dr. Hayes testified regarding biomechanical injury causation. He evaluated the forces of the collision and whether those forces were likely to cause the types of injuries Mr. Mathis claimed he suffered. Dr. Hayes concluded "the forces involved in the accident are far below the `more-likely-than-not' known injury tolerance thresholds for risk of injury to Mathis' low back, cervical spine and brain." Id. at 88. Specifically, he explained the potential for low back injury—like the type of injury Mr. Mathis claims he suffered from the accident—is "particularly low in rear-end automobile collisions when the low back stays in contact with the seatback." Aplee. Supp. App. at 168-69.
In February 2013, Mr. Mathis saw a lifecare planner, Francine Mazone, who suggested he might have an MTBI.
Dr. Helffenstein testified Mr. Mathis suffered an MTBI from the 2008 accident. He further explained as follows. Mr. Mathis meets the diagnostic criteria for MTBI because "there is a notable gap in
To support his MTBI claim, Mr. Mathis also offered the testimony of his wife, Nada Mathis; his stepdaughter, Hope Waldner; and his former boss, Gregg Waldner. Mrs. Mathis testified that since the accident her husband had been short-tempered, frustrated, and depressed, and that, about a year and a half before trial, Mr. Mathis began stuttering.
Defendants' expert, Dr. Richards, testified Mr. Mathis did not suffer an MTBI from the collision. He cited the lack of documentation indicating confusion or memory loss immediately after the accident. He disagreed with Dr. Helffenstein's "notable gap" testimony, reporting that in his interview with Mr. Mathis, he did not find any gap in Mr. Mathis's memory immediately after the accident, but rather that Mr. Mathis "had a quite good recollection of the time immediately post-injury." Trial Tr., Vol. VI at 1498. Finally, Dr. Richards testified that "[i]n comparison to his same-aged male peers with comparable education . . . Mr. Mathis generally demonstrated an intact ([a]verage and above) neuropsychological profile with only one documented deficit," relating to his processing speed. Aplee. Supp. App. at 131. Dr. Richards explained that many non-neurological factors could deflate Mr. Mathis's processing speed score, including depression, chronic pain, or lack of sleep. And "[a]ny recent problems [Mr. Mathis] is reportedly experiencing, with stuttering, work finding, or cognitive functioning are naturally occurring problems, and not caused or aggravated by any injury from [the accident]." Aplee. Supp. App. at 133.
Dr. Hayes also testified that the force of the collision was "well below the levels necessary to produce concussion or mild traumatic brain injury." Aplee. Supp. App. at 169.
On August 9, 2013, the district court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court rejected Mr. Mathis's claim he suffered permanent spinal injuries. Instead, it concluded "[t]he weight of the evidence supports finding that [Mr.] Mathis suffered various temporary muscular-skeletal sprains from the collision, which resolved in approximately mid-2009 following conservative therapy." App. at 89. The court listed eight reasons explaining its finding, and it rejected Dr. Beer's differential diagnosis conclusion. It explained, "While Dr. Beer's differential diagnosis testimony might be persuasive if that were the only testimony in the case,
The district court also found Mr. Mathis did "not suffer MTBI from the 2008 collision." Id. at 92. It based this finding on its "view that the testimony from Dr. Richards and Dr. Hayes is more persuasive than the testimony from Dr. Helffenstein." Id. It said Dr. Helffenstein placed "undue emphasis" on Mr. Mathis's claimed memory loss, which was both inconsistent with Mr. Mathis's other statements in the record and inconsequential given the details from the accident Mr. Mathis "admittedly remembers." Id. at 92. The court further explained that "no medical documentation indicates that [Mr.] Mathis was confused, disoriented, or repeated information or questions indicative of MTBI." Id. It stated, "[I]t strains credulity to attribute [Mr.] Mathis' below-average testing scores to [an] MTBI from a collision that occurred five years earlier." Id. at 93.
Based on its findings, the district court awarded Mr. Mathis $145,582 in damages: $30,000 for reasonable medical and out-of-pocket expenses incurred through mid-2009; $100,000 for past emotional distress, pain and suffering, and loss of enjoyment of life; and $15,582 for loss of income from 2008 to mid-2009.
Two weeks after trial, Mr. Mathis's attorney, Frederick Harrison, learned of a potential issue regarding the district judge's law clerk and her husband, a partner at a Wyoming law firm.
The law clerk was present for all pretrial proceedings and was in the courtroom throughout trial. The day her husband first appeared in the gallery, she advised the judge she had learned the previous evening her husband had been asked to monitor the trial for AIG. The clerk inquired if she should separate herself from the case. The judge responded that she— the judge—would be drafting and finalizing the opinion in the case herself, and that AIG "was not a party in the proceeding
The judge wrote in the memorandum order denying Mr. Mathis's motion for a new trial that once trial concluded and the case was taken under advisement, the law clerk had no further contact with the case, and that she—the judge—researched, drafted, and finalized the opinion based on the record and her personal notes.
On September 6, 2013, seven weeks after trial had ended and five weeks after he had learned about the law clerk and her husband's relationship, Mr. Mathis filed a motion for a new trial under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(a) and a motion to alter or amend the judgment under Rule 59(e). In his motion for a new trial, Mr. Mathis argued: (1) the evidence did not support the district court's factual findings that Mr. Mathis suffered only a temporary sprain and did not suffer an MTBI; (2) the court erroneously relied on Dr. Hayes's testimony because it went beyond his qualifications as a biomechanical engineer; and (3) the law clerk had an undisclosed conflict of interest. The motion to alter or amend the judgment argued the judgment should be amended to correct an inadequate damages award based on the court's erroneous rulings. The court denied both motions.
Mr. Mathis timely appealed.
On appeal, Mr. Mathis argues the district court erred in (A) finding he suffered only a temporary sprain and did not suffer an MTBI, (B) admitting Dr. Hayes's testimony as going beyond his qualifications as a biomechanical engineer, and (C) denying his motion for a new trial based on the alleged undisclosed law clerk conflict. We conclude the record supports the district court's factual findings regarding Mr. Mathis's injuries, Mr. Mathis did not adequately challenge Dr. Hayes's testimony in the district court, and the alleged law clerk conflict does not warrant a new trial. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's judgment.
Mr. Mathis challenges two of the district court's factual findings. "In an appeal from a bench trial, such as in this case, we review the district court's factual findings for clear error. . . ." Holdeman v. Devine, 572 F.3d 1190, 1192 (10th Cir. 2009) (quotations omitted). "A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is without factual support in the record or if, after reviewing all the evidence, we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made." Sw. Stainless, LP v. Sappington, 582 F.3d 1176, 1183 (10th Cir.2009) (quotations omitted). "In conducting this review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the district court's ruling and must uphold any district court finding that is permissible in light of the evidence." Id. (quotations omitted).
"It is not the role of an appellate court to retry the facts, because the court below has the exclusive function of appraising credibility, determining the weight to be given testimony, drawing inferences from facts established, and resolving conflicts in the evidence." Holdeman, 572 F.3d at 1192 (quotations omitted). "That the record supports a view of the evidence that is permissible but contrary to the trial court's findings is
First, Mr. Mathis challenges the district court's finding his spinal injuries from the accident were only temporary sprains. He argues the court unduly relied on medical records and that it gave inadequate weight to the testimony of Dr. Beer, Mrs. Mathis, Ms. Waldner, and Mr. Mathis's former employer, Mr. Waldner. We conclude Mr. Mathis has not shown that the court's spinal injury finding is clearly erroneous.
Trial evidence supported the district court's finding. The court's order included 16 findings addressing Mr. Mathis's spinal injuries from the accident. The court considered extensive evidence presented in Mr. Mathis's medical records since the accident, including records from Dr. Schulze, Dr. Cook, and Dr. Beer. It also considered the testimony of Mr. Mathis, Mrs. Mathis, Mr. Waldner, Dr. Beer, Dr. Hadley, Dr. Hayes, and others. The court determined Mr. Mathis suffered only temporary muscular-skeletal sprains from the collision, and the sprains resolved in approximately mid-2009. Among other evidence, the court based this finding on post-collision medical records diagnosing Mr. Mathis with "cervical, thoracic, and lumbar sprains"; Mr. Mathis's two-year gap in treatment when he was engaged in strenuous employment activities; and medical records after the two-year gap in treatment attributing his spinal issues to a degenerative condition and not the accident. App. at 89. The court also based the finding on the testimony of defense experts Dr. Hadley and Dr. Hayes. It determined "Dr. Beer's differential diagnosis testimony . . . [was] overwhelmed by the other evidence [in the case]." App. at 90.
Mr. Mathis's reference to testimony contrary to the court's finding does not establish clear error: "[P]ointing to conflicting evidence inconsistent with the district court's finding is insufficient, standing alone, to establish clear error." Penncro Assocs., Inc. v. Sprint Spectrum, L.P., 499 F.3d 1151, 1161 (10th Cir.2007). "[E]very trial is replete with conflicting evidence, and in a bench trial, it is the district court, which enjoys the benefit of live testimony and has the opportunity firsthand to weigh credibility and evidence, that has the task of sorting through and making sense of the parties' competing narratives." Watson v. United States, 485 F.3d 1100, 1108 (10th Cir.2007). The district court resolved the parties' conflicting evidence in favor of the Defendants. The court's finding that Mr. Mathis's spinal injuries were only temporary was not clearly erroneous.
Second, Mr. Mathis challenges the district court's finding he did not suffer an MTBI. He attacks the finding as "simplistic," Aplt. Br. at 41, and contends the court "completely ignored" many facts and nuances showing that he suffered an MTBI, id. Specifically, he argues the court's finding does not adequately address the testimony of Dr. Helffenstein, Mrs. Mathis, Ms. Waldner, and Mr. Waldner.
Again, the record supports the court's finding. Mr. Mathis's primary argument is the district court gave Dr. Helffenstein's testimony short shrift. A district court's factual findings need not contain every detail of a witness's trial
Mr. Mathis again attempts to establish clear error by pointing to conflicting testimony. The evidence, however, supports the district court's finding that Mr. Mathis did not suffer an MTBI. The court relied on Dr. Richards's testimony that Mr. Mathis did not meet any of the diagnostic criteria for MTBI, did not have memory loss about the accident, and his below-average test scores were likely related to non-neurological factors. The court further relied on the lack of medical records from the five years after the accident demonstrating any suspicion, much less a diagnosis, that Mr. Mathis suffered from an MTBI. Because the evidence presented at trial supported the court's factual finding, we conclude the finding was not clearly erroneous.
Under Federal Rule of Evidence 702,
Fed.R.Evid. 702. "[Rule] 702 imposes upon the trial judge an important `gatekeeping' function with regard to the admissibility of expert opinions." Ralston v. Smith & Nephew Richards, Inc., 275 F.3d 965, 969 (10th Cir.2001); see also Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592-93, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). To determine whether an expert's opinion is admissible, the district court must undertake a two-step analysis. United States v. Nacchio, 555 F.3d 1234, 1241 (10th Cir.2009) (en banc). First, the court must determine whether the expert is "qualified `by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education' to render an opinion." Id. (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 702). Second, "the court must determine whether the expert's opinion is reliable by assessing the underlying reasoning and methodology, as set forth in Daubert." Id.
When an appellant properly preserves an objection to expert evidence, we review whether the district court applied the proper legal test in admitting expert testimony de novo and the court's application of that standard for abuse of discretion. Nacchio, 555 F.3d at 1241. But when, as here, "there is no objection to the expert testimony, the opposing party
Mr. Mathis challenges only whether Dr. Hayes's testimony exceeded the scope of his qualifications as a biomechanical engineer. Relying on Smelser v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., 105 F.3d 299 (6th Cir.1997), he argues the district court improperly allowed Dr. Hayes to testify that the forces involved in the collision were insufficient to cause Mr. Mathis's injuries. Biomechanical engineers, he contends, are qualified to testify only to "what injury causation forces are in general and. . . how a hypothetical person's body will respond to them," not how a specific person will respond to an accident. Aplt. Br. at 43 (quoting Smelser, 105 F.3d at 305) (emphasis omitted).
The district court received expert testimony through pre-filed witness statements, which were admitted into evidence before trial. At trial, the experts took the witness stand for cross-examination and redirect examination. Defendants argue Mr. Mathis forfeited any objection to the scope of Dr. Hayes's testimony because, as the district court explained in its denial of Mr. Mathis's motion for a new trial, Mr. Mathis never filed an objection to Dr. Hayes's witness statement nor did he object to any questions seeking to elicit such testimony during trial. We agree.
Mr. Mathis did not file a Daubert motion under Federal Rule of Evidence 104(a) to exclude Dr. Hayes's witness statement. Although Mr. Mathis points to a belated objection he made to Dr. Hayes's pre-filed witness statement, the district court correctly concluded Mr. Mathis could not object to this evidence after it had already been admitted.
After denying Mr. Mathis's belated objection, the court recognized Dr. Hayes as an expert in biomechanical engineering. The court instructed Mr. Mathis's counsel to object if he "believe[d] that the testimony either as designated or as elicited exceed[ed] the scope of [Dr. Hayes's] qualifications given his training and education as an anatomist and a biomechanical engineer." Trial Tr., Vol. VI at 1338. Mr. Mathis did not make any specific objections at trial to such testimony. Further, Mr. Mathis does not argue the court plainly erred in admitting Dr. Hayes's testimony. Somerlott v. Cherokee Nation Distribs., Inc., 686 F.3d 1144, 1151 (10th Cir. 2012) ("The burden of establishing plain error lies with the appellant."). "[T]he failure to argue for plain error and its application on appeal . . . surely marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal not first presented to the district court." Richison, 634 F.3d at 1131. Accordingly, we deem Mr. Mathis's challenge to Dr. Hayes's testimony forfeited.
We review the denial of a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion. Minshall v. McGraw Hill Broad. Co., Inc., 323 F.3d 1273, 1283 (10th Cir.2003). We also review a district court's denial of a motion to recuse or disqualify a judge for abuse of discretion. United States v. Mendoza,
Mr. Mathis argues the law clerk's husband's representation of AIG created a conflict of interest under Canon 3(F) of the Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees or an appearance of partiality under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a), and that the district judge's failure to screen her law clerk adequately from the case requires vacating the judgment and remanding for a new trial. We conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Mathis's motion for a new trial because there was no actual conflict under Canon 3(F) or appearance of impropriety based on the record under § 455(a) and relevant case law to justify reversal.
The Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees sets forth specific rules governing law clerk conflicts of interest. See Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees § 320, Canon 3.
First, the law clerk's husband did not have a "financial interest in the subject matter in controversy or in a party to the proceeding." Canon 3(F)(2)(a)(iii). Mr. Mathis raises this issue for the first time on appeal and does not argue plain error, which alone is a ground for rejecting his argument. See Mendoza, 468 F.3d at 1262. It fails in any event. Although not well developed, Mr. Mathis's argument appears
Second, the law clerk's husband was not "acting as a lawyer in the proceeding." Canon 3(F)(2)(a)(iv)(B). Although AIG retained him and his firm for legal services, they were not retained to represent a party in the Mathis case. Neither the clerk's husband nor anyone from his law firm entered an appearance in the case. His firm only monitored the trial for AIG, which was not a defendant and had no presence in the trial. Mr. Mathis's attempt to stretch "acting as a lawyer in the proceeding" to include monitoring a trial on behalf of a client who is not a party to the case lacks any authority or reasonable basis.
Third, Mr. Mathis did not argue in either the district court or on appeal that the law clerk's husband had "an interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding." Canon 3(F)(2)(a)(iv)(C). We need not address this provision due to Mr. Mathis's failure to alert the district court or this court to its possible application. In any event, it is far too speculative to discern any interest the clerk's husband may have had in the proceeding.
We conclude the law clerk did not have a conflict under the Code.
Even if there was no conflict under the Code of Conduct for Judicial Employees, Mr. Mathis contends the law clerk's presence created an appearance of partiality under 28 U.S.C. § 455(a).
Section 455(a) states a judge "shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned." 28 U.S.C. § 455(a). The purpose of § 455(a) is "to promote confidence in the judiciary by avoiding even the appearance of impropriety whenever possible." Liljeberg v. Health Servs. Acquisition Corp., 486 U.S. 847, 866, 108 S.Ct. 2194, 100 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988).
"Section 455 contains an objective standard: disqualification is appropriate only where the reasonable person, were he to know all the circumstances, would harbor doubts about the judge's impartiality." In re McCarthey, 368 F.3d 1266, 1269 (10th Cir.2004); see also Liljeberg, 486 U.S. at 859-60, 108 S.Ct. 2194. "In conducting this review, we must ask how these facts would appear to a well-informed, thoughtful and objective observer, rather than the hypersensitive, cynical, and suspicious person." Sensley v. Albritton, 385 F.3d 591, 599 (5th Cir.2004) (quotations omitted); see also In re Sherwin-Williams Co., 607 F.3d 474, 478 (7th Cir. 2010). The reasonable observer is not the judge or even someone familiar with the judicial system, but rather an average member of the public. See United States v. DeTemple, 162 F.3d 279, 287 (4th Cir. 1998).
"Even if the judge has no reason to recuse herself based upon her own circumstances, a law clerk's relationships might cause the impartiality of decisions
Although determining whether there is an appearance problem under § 455(a) is a fact specific inquiry, cases addressing motions to recuse judges under § 455(a) based on their law clerks' relationships are instructive. In Hall, a magistrate judge's law clerk accepted a position with the plaintiff class's firm while she was working on the case for the judge, including drafting the opinion. 695 F.2d at 177-78. The judge stated he had already made his decision before the law clerk had drafted the order, and in his words, the law clerk was "little more than an amanuensis in the case." Id. The Fifth Circuit reversed and vacated the judgment because "[w]hether or not the law clerk actually affected the magistrate's decision, her continuing participation with the magistrate in a case in which her future employers were counsel gave rise to an appearance of partiality." Id. at 179.
Similarly, in Parker v. Connors Steel Co., 855 F.2d 1510, 1523-25 (11th Cir. 1988), the Eleventh Circuit found a district judge had an appearance of partiality because his law clerk's father was a senior partner at a law firm representing the defendants in a civil case and the law clerk assisted in preparing the court's order granting summary judgment to the defendants. Id. The relationship between the law clerk and defense counsel was compounded by the facts that the judge credited the law clerk's work in a footnote appearing in the summary judgment order, the law clerk had held a hearing on the summary judgment motion outside the judge's presence, and the law clerk's father was a former law clerk to the judge. Id. Even so, the Eleventh Circuit held the judge's failure to recuse himself was harmless error because the court reviewed the district court's grant of summary judgment de novo and determined summary judgment was proper, and because denying relief would not result in injustice in other cases or undermine the public's confidence in the judicial process. Id. at 1526-27.
In Hamid, the Ninth Circuit concluded a district court did not abuse its discretion in denying a motion for recusal. 51 F.3d at 1416. Plaintiff's counsel moved to recuse the district judge in a civil case after learning one of the judge's law clerks previously had worked for a law firm that had represented two of the defendants in a related criminal case. Id. The law firm also had accepted service on behalf of the defendants in the civil action. Id. Although the law clerk had performed extensive work on the case for the district judge, the Ninth Circuit concluded the clerk was not required to be screened from
In United States v. Martinez, 446 F.3d 878 (8th Cir.2006), the Eighth Circuit concluded a district judge's recusal was not required from a criminal case in which her law clerk had previously assisted in the defendant's prosecution while working at the U.S. Attorneys' Office. Id. at 883. The law clerk had been screened from the judge's criminal docket, but due to short staffing served as a courtroom deputy during a hearing on the defendant's motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Id. at 881. The court denied the motion, and the defendant filed a motion to recuse the judge from sentencing. Id. The Eighth Circuit decision explained that an average observer who knew all of the facts would not question the judge's impartiality given that the law clerk was screened from the case and performed only ministerial duties at the hearing. Id. at 883.
Although none of these cases is on all fours with the facts before us, they provide useful guideposts. On a spectrum, Hall and Parker would fall on the more serious end of possible appearance issues based on law clerks, and Martinez and Hamid would land on the other. The facts before us are closer to Martinez and Hamid, both of which did not find judicial recusal was warranted under § 455(a).
Unlike the law clerk in Hall, the law clerk in this case, according to the judge, did not have continuing substantive participation in the case after the potential appearance issue was brought to the law clerk's and judge's attention. Unlike the law clerk in Parker, the clerk in this case, according to the judge, did not assist the court in preparing the dispositive order in the case. Unlike in both Hall and Parker, neither the clerk's husband nor his law firm represented a party in the case.
Like the law firm in Hamid, the law clerk's husband's law firm did not appear on behalf of anyone in the case and was even further removed than the law firm in Hamid. And like the law clerk in Martinez, the clerk in this case, according to the judge, performed only ministerial acts at the trial.
With these cases in mind, we consider more specifically whether the circumstances of the law clerk and her husband warrant reversing the district court's denial of Mr. Mathis's motion for a new trial. Before we do, we emphasize that our review of this issue is constrained not only by the abuse-of-discretion standard of review but especially by the record on appeal. Nothing in the record controverts the district court's statements that (1) the law clerk performed only ministerial functions after her husband started monitoring the trial, and (2) she did not participate in drafting the post-trial findings and conclusions. Under these facts, we cannot say the district court abused its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial.
First, the law clerk's husband did not represent a party in the case or have a
Second, the law clerk informed the judge of her husband's monitoring role as soon as she became aware of it, and from that point the record before us shows she had no further substantive involvement with the case. See Martinez, 446 F.3d at 883. In her order denying Mr. Mathis's request for a new trial, the judge stated her law clerk "was not involved in the case after this point beyond a ministerial and observational role." App. at 153. The judge said she drafted the findings of fact and conclusions of law herself based on the record and her personal notes, and the clerk took no part in drafting or researching the opinion. Mr. Mathis did not ask for a hearing in district court to explore the facts further or contest them on this issue. As noted above, we may review only the record presented to us.
Although it would have been better for everyone involved if the judge had promptly disclosed the law clerk and her husband's relationship to the parties and if the clerk had stopped attending the trial, a reasonable observer who was fully informed of the facts based on the record before this court would not question the judge's impartiality. See Liljeberg, 486 U.S. at 859-60, 108 S.Ct. 2194. Those facts indicate that, as soon as the law clerk became aware of her husband's situation, she informed the judge, who screened her from substantive work on the case. See DeTemple, 162 F.3d at 286 n. 2 (holding that a judge did not abuse his discretion in declining to recuse himself from a criminal case in which his law clerk was married to the prosecutor because the clerk was screened from the case).
Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a new trial.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the district court's judgment.
