FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         May 12, 2016
                         _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
MELEAHA R. GLAPION,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 15-1443
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:14-CV-01699-MEH)
JULIAN CASTRO, Secretary, U.S.                              (D. Colo.)
Department of Housing and Urban
Development,

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before KELLY, O’BRIEN, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

      Meleaha R. Glapion, proceeding pro se, appeals from the district court’s grant

of summary judgment to her former employer, the Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD), in her discrimination lawsuit. Exercising jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                     Background

      Glapion is an African-American female who worked for HUD from April 2008

to April 2010 as a Federal Career Intern (FCI), then from May 2010 to March 2012

as a Management Analyst, GS-12. She worked at HUD’s Region VIII Field Policy

and Management (FPM) office in Denver, Colorado. She was the only

African-American female employee in Region VIII FPM.

      Glapion had difficulties at work. Among the issues she raises is her

performance reviews as a Management Analyst were not as favorable as they had

been as an FCI; her application for student loan reimbursement was delayed (though

ultimately approved and paid); her requests to telework were denied; and her

supervisors raised concerns about her attendance and leave requests. For about seven

months in 2011, she was assigned to work under the Public Affairs Officer, rather

than performing regular Management Analyst duties. And on four occasions between

October 2010 and October 2011 she was disciplined for offenses such as failing to

follow proper orders and rude conduct. The disciplinary measures progressed from

counseling, through official reprimands, to a four-day suspension. Attributing the

problems to discrimination (and then retaliation), Glapion pursued EEO remedies.

      In early 2012, Glapion refused her supervisor’s directive to perform a

temporary assignment in HUD’s office for multifamily housing. She communicated

her refusal in what her supervisor considered to be a rude manner. Further, during

this period, her supervisor had authorized her to spend a certain amount of her

official work time on her EEO matter, but he informed her he would not authorize her

                                          2
to be in the office or to use government equipment outside of her approved work

schedule. Nevertheless, a few days later, Glapion checked out a government laptop

and aircard over a weekend, representing she had work to do. Based on these events,

the supervisor proposed Glapion’s removal for refusing to comply with an order,

failing to follow directives, and rude conduct. Ultimately the Regional Administrator

agreed with the recommendation and terminated her employment.

      Glapion challenged her removal in an action before the Merit Systems

Protection Board (MSPB), which upheld the removal on two of the three grounds

(refusing to comply with an order and failing to follow directives). She then brought

suit in district court. Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, she alleged

discrimination on the basis of race, color, and sex; retaliation for engaging in

protected activity; and a hostile work environment. She also brought claims under

the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

The district court, a magistrate judge presiding by consent of the parties, granted

summary judgment to HUD. Glapion now appeals from the summary judgment.1

                                      Discussion

      Our review is de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

Glapion. See Cypert v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. I-050, 

, 480 (10th Cir.

2011). “Summary judgment is appropriate when ‘there is no genuine dispute as to



      1
        Glapion’s third amended complaint also included claims for whistleblowing,
harmful procedural error, and constitutional violations. But Glapion does not appeal
from the district court’s dismissal of these claims under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b).
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any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” 

R. Civ. P. 56(a)).

      “Although a pro se litigant’s pleadings are to be construed liberally and held to

a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers, this court has

repeatedly insisted that pro se parties follow the same rules of procedure that govern

other litigants.” Garrett v. Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 

, 840

(10th Cir. 2005) (brackets, citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he

court cannot take on the responsibility of serving as the litigant’s attorney in

constructing arguments and searching the record.” 

not consider new arguments raised in the reply brief. “Issues not raised

in the opening brief are deemed abandoned or waived.” Coleman v. B-G Maint.

Mgmt. of Colo., Inc., 

, 1205 (10th Cir. 1997).

I.    Procedure

      Relying on Olenhouse v. Commodity Credit Corp., 

, 1579-80

(10th Cir. 1994), which precludes summary judgment motions in certain appeals of

agency action, Glapion suggests the district court erred in entertaining HUD’s

summary judgment motion. She is mistaken.

      When a federal employee brings discrimination claims before the MSPB and

then seeks review in district court, the court reviews the discrimination claims

de novo. See Chandler v. Roudebush, 

, 863-64 (1976); Coffman v.

Glickman, 

, 622 (10th Cir. 2003). De novo review differs from the

review procedure described in Olenhouse. In light of the de novo standard of review

                                            4
applicable to this case, there was nothing inappropriate in allowing a summary

judgment motion. See, e.g., Daugherty v. Thompson, 

, 1254, 1256

(10th Cir. 2003) (affirming grant of summary judgment to agency on discrimination

claims MSPB also had rejected).

II.   Discrimination and Retaliation

      For the discrimination and retaliation claims, the district court determined the

only sufficiently adverse actions were the four instances of discipline and the

removal. For the discrimination claims, it held Glapion failed to establish a prima

facie case because she did not show these adverse actions occurred under

circumstances giving rise to an inference of discrimination. See Kendrick v. Penske

Transp. Servs., Inc., 

, 1226-27 (10th Cir. 2000) (discussing the

McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting scheme and the elements of a prima facie case).

For both the discrimination and retaliation claims, the court determined she had

failed to identify any evidence showing the agency’s legitimate, nondiscriminatory

reasons for the adverse actions were pretext for prohibited conduct. See 

1230 (discrimination); Jencks v. Modern Woodmen of Am., 

, 1264,

1267 (10th Cir. 2007) (retaliation).

      Mentioning numerous items in the record, Glapion argues she presented

sufficient evidence for a jury to find in her favor. We disagree. We recognize

Glapion was unhappy with the conditions of her employment. But as the district

court concluded, there is insufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to conclude the

events about which she complains were caused by discrimination on account of race,

                                           5
color, or sex, or by retaliation. Notwithstanding Glapion’s assertions, the district

court did not improperly fail to view the facts in the light most favorable to Glapion

or fail to draw inferences in her favor. To the contrary, the court did an admirable

job of marshaling the parties’ voluminous filings.

       Glapion also points the court to Pardo-Kronemann v. Donovan, 

,

604-06 (D.C. Cir. 2010), in which the D.C. Circuit reversed a grant of summary

judgment to HUD on a retaliation claim. However, the circumstances leading the

Pardo-Kronemann court to conclude a reasonable jury could find an employee’s

transfer to a different position was retaliatory are significantly different than the

circumstances in this case. See 

Work Environment

       A prima facie case of hostile work environment in violation of Title VII

requires a plaintiff to show membership in a protected group, unwelcome harassment

based on the protected characteristic, and “due to the harassment’s severity or

pervasiveness, the harassment altered a term, condition, or privilege of the plaintiff’s

employment and created an abusive working environment.” Harsco Corp. v. Renner,

, 1186 (10th Cir. 2007) (brackets and internal quotation marks

omitted). The district court held Glapion failed to establish any harassment was

based on a protected ground or was sufficiently severe and pervasive.

       On appeal, Glapion conclusorily asserts the “atmosphere surrounding Plaintiff

after she filed her EEO complaint against supervisors and recommending officials

was sufficient to state a claim for . . . hostile work environment,” Aplt. Br. at 38, and

                                            6
she provides a list of opinions without tying them to the facts of her case. “The court

will not consider . . . issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by

some effort at developed argumentation.” United States v. Wooten, 

,

1145 (10th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Adler v. Wal–Mart

Stores, Inc., 

, 679 (10th Cir. 1998) (“Arguments inadequately briefed in

the opening brief are waived, and bald assertions in briefs that there are genuine

issues of material fact are insufficient to merit reversal of summary judgment.”

(citations omitted)). To the extent Glapion intended her factual discussion to show

the district court erred in assessing whether the discrimination was based on a

protected ground and pervasiveness, we agree with the district court that the evidence

is insufficient for a reasonable jury to find the elements of a hostile work

environment claim.

      Glapion does specifically challenge the district court’s evaluation of other

employees as potential comparators (an exercise the court undertook to determine

whether a reasonable jury could conclude any harassment was based on her race,

color, or sex, see 

). Asserting the district court was too

strict in its analysis, in her opening brief Glapion identifies two employees she

believes would be fair comparators. We disagree. One, an African-American male,

worked in a different HUD region, and as such cannot be considered similarly

situated, see 

(stating employees are similarly situated if

they “deal[] with the same supervisor”). The other, a Hispanic female, worked at the

Denver FPM office. Glapion argues this employee was afforded training

                                            7
opportunities and was not involuntarily ordered to perform temporary assignments.

But the Hispanic employee did not have Glapion’s discipline history, and the record

establishes Glapion’s supervisor understood the Hispanic employee already had

experience in HUD’s housing-related offices. The district court did not err in

concluding the two employees were not similarly situated to Glapion.

IV.   FLSA

      The district court determined Glapion’s FLSA claim was time-barred because

she filed her complaint outside the two-year limitations period and failed to show any

FLSA violation was willful, so as to invoke the three-year limitations period.

See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). Glapion briefly asserts she timely raised FLSA concerns in

her administrative proceedings. But she does not develop this argument or cite any

authority that allegations in discrimination-related administrative proceedings

preserve an FLSA claim. This argument therefore is waived. See 

; 

.

 V.   FOIA

      Glapion asserts the district court abused its discretion in granting HUD’s first

and second requests for an extension to file its motion for summary judgment on her

FOIA claim. Her argument is unclear, although it apparently involves HUD’s

production in 2015 of documents responsive to a 2012 FOIA request. Given the wide

latitude the district court enjoys in managing its docket, see Clark v. State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co., 

, 1140 (10th Cir. 2009), we perceive no abuse of

discretion in granting the extensions.

                                           8
      Glapion also “re-alleges authorities/arguments made in her denied-in part

Motion for Sur-Reply.” Aplt. Br. at 38. Because incorporation by reference is not

acceptable argument, whatever arguments she intended to make are waived for

inadequate briefing. See Gaines-Tabb v. ICI Explosives, USA, Inc., 

,

623-24 (10th Cir. 1998).

                                     Conclusion

      The district court’s judgment is affirmed.


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Terrence L. O’Brien
                                           Circuit Judge




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