FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           August 3, 2016
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
JOSEPH R. TOMELLERI,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                          No. 15-3230
                                                (D.C. No. 2:14-CV-02113-JAR-GEB)
MEDL MOBILE, INC.,                                            (D. Kan.)

      Defendant - Appellee,

and

JASON SINISCALCHI,

      Defendant.
                         _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BACHARACH and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      Joseph R. Tomelleri appeals the district court’s order dismissing his claims

against MEDL Mobile, Inc. for lack of personal jurisdiction. We affirm.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                    I. Background

      MEDL is a California company that develops software applications (“apps”)

for mobile devices. With the help of Jason Siniscalchi, MEDL developed and

marketed an app called FishID, which provides detailed profiles of U.S. fish species,

as well as fishing information specific to each state.

      Tomelleri—a fish illustrator who lives in Kansas—sued MEDL and Siniscalchi

in the District of Kansas for copyright infringement. Tomelleri alleged that MEDL

and Siniscalchi incorporated a number of Tomelleri’s copyrighted fish illustrations in

the FishID app without his permission. After giving the parties time to conduct

jurisdictional discovery, the district court granted MEDL’s renewed motion to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. The district court found it did not have

general personal jurisdiction over MEDL because the company did not have an office

or agent in Kansas, had never sent an agent to Kansas for business purposes, did not

advertise or have bank accounts in Kansas, and conducted only a small fraction of its

business in Kansas. See Trierweiler v. Croxton & Trench Holding Corp., 

, 1533 (10th Cir. 1996) (listing factors courts have considered in evaluating

general jurisdiction).

      The district court also concluded it lacked specific personal

jurisdiction. Applying the applicable two-part test, see Dudnikov v. Chalk &

Vermilion Fine Arts, Inc., 

, 1071 (10th Cir. 2008), the court found

(1) MEDL purposefully directed activities at residents of Kansas by including

Kansas-specific features in the app (namely, maps of Kansas lakes and rivers and

                                            2
links to Kansas fishing regulations); but (2) Tomelleri failed to show his injuries

arose from those activities. Finally, the district court denied the parties’ alternative

request to transfer the action to the Central District of California.

                                   II. Legal Standard

       Where, as here, a district court dismisses for lack of personal jurisdiction

based only on the complaint and affidavits, we review its decision de novo. Shrader

v. Biddinger, 

, 1239 (10th Cir. 2011). We assume all well-pled facts

alleged in the complaint are true and resolve all factual disputes in the plaintiff’s

favor. 

the plaintiff’s burden to establish personal jurisdiction. 

stage,

he satisfies this burden by making a prima facie showing that jurisdiction is proper.

summons establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant when

authorized by federal statute or when the defendant is subject to the jurisdiction of

courts in the state where the district court is located. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(k)(1)(A),

(C). Tomelleri sued MEDL under the Copyright Act, which does not provide for

nationwide service of process. See 17 U.S.C. §§ 101-1332. The Kansas long-arm

statute supports personal jurisdiction to the extent constitutionally permitted, Kan.

Stat. Ann. § 60-308(b), so we must determine whether the exercise of personal

jurisdiction comports with due process, 

.

       To exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, due process requires the

defendant to “have ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum state, such that having to

                                             3
defend a lawsuit there would not ‘offend traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice.’” 

(quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v.

Washington, 

, 316 (1945)). The “minimum contacts” requirement can

be met in one of two ways. First, a court can exercise general jurisdiction over an

out-of-state company to hear any claim against it if the company’s “affiliations with

the State are so continuous and systematic as to render [it] essentially at home in the

forum State.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 

, 919

(2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, a court can assert specific

jurisdiction if the plaintiff shows (1) the out-of-state company has “purposefully

directed its activities at residents of the forum state,” and (2) the plaintiff’s injuries

arose out of the company’s forum-related activities (known as the “nexus”

requirement). 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                       III. Analysis

       Tomelleri does not dispute the district court’s determination that it lacked

general jurisdiction, but he challenges the court’s finding that he failed to establish

specific jurisdiction. In particular, Tomelleri argues the district court erred by

reaching the nexus issue and concluding he failed to satisfy the nexus requirement.

Tomelleri also claims the district court erred by denying his alternative request to

transfer. We disagree.

               A. The district court did not err by reaching the nexus issue.

       Tomelleri claims the district court should not have considered whether his

injuries arose out of MEDL’s Kansas-related activities because MEDL failed to argue

                                             4
the issue in its renewed motion to dismiss. We agree with Tomelleri that courts, as

neutral arbiters, rely on the parties to frame the issues. Greenlaw v. United States,

, 243 (2008). But “[w]hen an issue or claim is properly before the court,

the court is not limited to the particular legal theories advanced by the parties.”

Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 

, 99 (1991). Rather, the court “retains

the independent power to identify and apply the proper construction of governing

law.” 

the court to “consider an issue antecedent to and ultimately

dispositive of the dispute before it, even an issue the parties fail to identify and

brief.” U.S. Nat’l Bank of Or. v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc., 

, 447

(1993) (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted).

       MEDL argued in its renewed motion to dismiss that Tomelleri failed to

establish specific jurisdiction. It also cited the controlling legal standard, which

required Tomelleri to show that (1) MEDL purposefully directed activities at Kansas

residents and (2) Tomelleri’s injuries arose out of those activities. MEDL focused its

argument on the first requirement, but it did not concede the second (indeed, doing so

would have been inconsistent with its argument that it did not direct activities at

Kansas residents to begin with). Whether Tomelleri satisfied the requirements of

specific jurisdiction was therefore properly before the court, and it was his burden to

show that both requirements were satisfied, see 

. The

district court did not err by holding Tomelleri to that burden.




                                            5
        B. The district court did not err by finding that Tomelleri failed to show
            his injuries arose out of MEDL’s Kansas-related activities.

      Tomelleri argues that he satisfied his burden of showing that his injuries arose

out of MEDL’s Kansas-related activities. Although we have not selected a test to

determine when this requirement is met, we have considered two approaches used by

other courts: but-for causation and proximate cause. 

A plaintiff satisfies

the but-for standard if he shows the defendant’s forum-related activities were an

“event in the causal chain leading to the plaintiff’s injury.” 

cause

standard, “by contrast, is considerably more restrictive and calls for courts to

examine[] whether any of the defendant’s contacts with the forum are relevant to the

merits of the plaintiff’s claim.” 

marks omitted). The district

court held that Tomelleri failed under either standard, and we agree.

      Tomelleri failed to show that MEDL’s Kansas-related activities—including

maps of Kansas waters and links to Kansas fishing regulations in the app—led to his

injury. The primary injury Tomelleri identifies in his complaint is lost licensing

revenue. But Tomelleri does not explain how the app’s Kansas-specific features

caused him to lose revenue. He does not claim his illustrations were used only in

conjunction with the app’s Kansas-specific features, which are separate from the

app’s profiles of fish species. Nor does Tomelleri allege that any Kansas residents

bought or used the app. In short, it appears Tomelleri would be in no different

position if MEDL eliminated the app’s Kansas-specific features entirely. Because




                                            6
Tomelleri fails to satisfy the but-for standard, he necessarily fails the more restrictive

proximate cause standard.

        C. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Tomelleri’s
                          alternative request to transfer.

      Finally, Tomelleri argues the district court erred by denying his alternative

request to transfer the case to the Central District of California, where MEDL’s

offices are located. Courts have discretion under 28 U.S.C. § 1631 to cure

jurisdictional defects by transferring a case to a district where it could have been

brought. Trujillo v. Williams, 

, 1222-23 (10th Cir. 2006). We review a

transfer decision for abuse of discretion. 

      The district court denied Tomelleri’s transfer request because it found that

while the Central District of California may have personal jurisdiction over MEDL,

there was no assurance it had jurisdiction over Siniscalchi, who lived in Connecticut.

As the district court noted, there is “a patent impediment” to transfer when there is

“no single court to which the action could be transferred with any assurance that

jurisdiction would [be] proper.” 

. When this is true,

transfer may not even be permitted, much less required. See 

      Tomelleri argues the district court should have resolved this impediment by

granting Siniscalchi’s then-pending motion to dismiss and transferring Tomelleri’s

remaining claims against MEDL. But Tomelleri did not ask the court to do this, and

effectively prevented it from doing so by obtaining leave to respond to Siniscalchi’s

motion to dismiss after the court ruled on MEDL’s motion.


                                            7
      Because there was no assurance the Central District of California would have

personal jurisdiction over both defendants, the district court did not abuse its

discretion by denying Tomelleri’s transfer request.

                                    IV. Conclusion

      We affirm the district court’s order.


                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                              Chief Judge




                                              8