FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         November 9, 2016
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
REYNALDO Y. VILLA,

             Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 16-1308
                                                  (D.C. No. 1:16-CV-00729-LTB)
D.O.C. DEPARTMENT OF                                         (D. Colo.)
CORRECTIONS,

             Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before GORSUCH, BALDOCK, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.**
                  _________________________________

      Reynaldo Y. Villa, a Colorado prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis

(IFP), filed a complaint regarding the conditions of his confinement. A magistrate judge

reviewed his complaint and discerned that Plaintiff was attempting to allege cruel and

unusual punishment with respect to his medical needs and that he had been discriminated

against because of his disabilities, and thus was attempting to bring claims under the

Eighth Amendment pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and disability discrimination under the

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). But the magistrate judge found that Plaintiff’s

complaint failed to comply with the pleading requirements of Rule 8 of the Federal Rules

of Civil Procedure and ordered Plaintiff to file an amended complaint. The magistrate

judge explained that “to state a cognizable claim in federal court Mr. Villa must identify

the specific claims he is asserting, the specific factual allegations that support each claim,

and what each Defendant did that allegedly violated his rights.” R. at 20. The magistrate

judge also provided the legal standards for claims alleging Eighth Amendment violations

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and disability discrimination under the ADA.

       Plaintiff filed an amended complaint.        The district court acknowledged that

Plaintiff asserted “seven claims that his constitutional rights have been violated because

he has been denied adequate medical treatment and accommodations for his disabilities at

various prisons since 2006.” R. at 59. But the district court concluded that, despite the

magistrate judge’s “specific instructions,” Plaintiff’s amended complaint did not “provide

a short and plain statement of any claims showing he is entitled to relief.” R. at 59. The

district court dismissed Plaintiff’s action without prejudice, certified pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3) that any appeal from the order would not be taken in good faith, and

thus denied IFP status for the purpose of the appeal. Plaintiff filed a letter which the

district judge construed as a motion to alter or amend the judgment. The district court

denied the motion and Plaintiff appealed.

       Under Rule 8(a)(2), a complaint “must contain . . . a short and plain statement

of the claim showing that the [plaintiff] is entitled to relief.” We review a dismissal

under Rule 8 for abuse of discretion, “[b]ut what we consider compliant with this

                                              2
standard depends” on “whether dismissal was ordered with or without prejudice to

subsequent attempts at amendment.” Nasious v. Two Unknown B.I.C.E. Agents, 

, 1161–62 (10th Cir. 2007). Where, as here, a complaint is dismissed

without prejudice “a district court may, without abusing its discretion, enter such an

order without attention to any particular procedures.” 

Because Plaintiff is

proceeding pro se, we construe his pleadings liberally, but we do not serve as his

advocate. James v. Wadas, 

, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).

       Reviewing the claims that Plaintiff raised both on appeal and below,1 we conclude

the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Plaintiff’s Amended

Complaint without prejudice, specifically his claims under the ADA and 8th Amendment

for deliberate indifference to his medical needs. Because the district court dismissed

without prejudice, Plaintiff may attempt to bring his claims in a new action. We remind

him, as the magistrate judge and district court did, that to state a claim in federal court, “a

complaint must explain what each defendant did to him or her; when the defendant did it;

how the defendant’s action harmed him or her; and, what specific legal right the plaintiff

believes the defendant violated.” 

. As it stands, Plaintiff’s

Amended Complaint rarely identifies what a particular Defendant did or did not do,




       1
         Plaintiff for the first time on appeal asserts that elderly inmates are treated
worse than other inmates and he complains about certain conditions of supervised
release. “[A]bsent extraordinary circumstances, we do not consider arguments raised
for the first time on appeal.” Hill v. Kan. Gas Serv. Co., 

, 866 (10th Cir.
2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff has not alleged any extraordinary
circumstances that would allow us to consider these arguments.
                                              3
describes Plaintiff’s injuries, or connects the facts to the legal claim with more than a

conclusory statement.

       Plaintiff alleges, for example, that he has carpal tunnel in his wrists and arthritis in

his knees; that unknown agents took away his custom-made wrist and knee braces; that

he has been given cheap braces that were either too small or one-size-fits-all instead; that

medical refuses to give him anything for his arthritis; and that his arthritis has gotten “so

bad” that he is basically a cripple.       But other than simply repeating the phrases

“deliberate indifference” and “cruel and unusual punishment,” Plaintiff has not stated

anything to suggest the unknown agents or medical staff knew he faced a substantial risk

of harm and disregarded it. See Farmer v. Brennan, 

, 837 (1994) (stating

that a prison official acts with deliberate indifference when that official “knows of

and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be

aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of

serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference”). “An official’s failure to

alleviate a significant risk of [serious harm] of which he was unaware, no matter how

obvious the risk or how gross his negligence in failing to perceive it, is not an

infliction of punishment and therefore not a constitutional violation.” Tafoya v.

Salazar, 

, 916 (10th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff’s other claims that he was

denied adequate medical care likewise fail, again primarily because he makes

conclusory legal assertions without providing facts showing he is entitled to relief.

       As for Plaintiff’s ADA claims, he explains in his Amended Complaint that he has

macular degeneration and is legally blind. He asserts he needs certain accommodations

                                              4
pursuant to the ADA to use the law library and complete his GED classes, including

bright lights and a computer dictation program. Although he has informed some of the

prisons of his need for accommodation, he has only received strong eye glasses and

apparently no accommodations from Limon Correctional Facility (LCF) where he is

currently housed.

         Title II of the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a disability shall,

by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of

the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination

by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Prisons are “public entities” covered by Title II

of the ADA. See Robertson v. Las Animas Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 

, 1193

(10th Cir. 2007); Pa. Dep’t of Corr. v. Yeskey, 

, 209 (1998). To state a

claim, Plaintiff must allege (1) that he is a qualified individual with a disability; (2) that

he was “either excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of some entity’s

services, programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the public

entity,” and (3) “that such exclusion, denial of benefits, or discrimination was by reason”

of his disability. J.V. v. Albuquerque Pub. Sch., 

, 1295 (10th Cir.

2016).     “Courts have recognized three ways to establish a discrimination claim:

(1) intentional discrimination (disparate treatment); (2) disparate impact; and

(3) failure to make a reasonable accommodation.” 

requires more than

physical access to public entities: it requires public entities to provide ‘meaningful

access’ to their programs and services.” 

. To effectuate this

mandate, “the regulations require public entities to ‘make reasonable modifications in

                                              5
policies, practices, or procedures when the modifications are necessary to avoid

discrimination on the basis of disability.’” 

C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7)).2

       Plaintiff has not alleged facts sufficient to support a claim under the ADA. The

closest Plaintiff gets to alleging intentional discrimination is that there was

“discrimination against me because of my disabilities,” but he does not elaborate on this

conclusory statement.           Plaintiff’s claims come closer to alleging a failure to

accommodate but still fall short. It is not clear from Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint

whether he already has meaningful access to the law library but simply wants more

accommodations than eye glasses, nor does it appear that he requested accommodations

at LCF or that his need for an accommodation was obvious. See 

(noting that the plaintiffs failed to request an accommodation or show that the need for an

accommodation was obvious).

       We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s case without prejudice for

failing to comply with Rule 8. We grant Plaintiff’s motion to proceed IFP on appeal and

remind him that he must continue making partial payments until the entire balance of the

appellate filing fee is paid.


                                               Entered for the Court


                                               Bobby R. Baldock
                                               Circuit Judge


       2
        Title II of the ADA refers to “reasonable modifications,” which is essentially
equivalent to Title I’s use of the term “reasonable accommodation.” 

n.8.
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