FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          February 7, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                           Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                               Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellee,

v.                                                           No. 15-5105
                                                  (D.C. No. 4:14-CR-00153-GKF-1)
JAMES DOUGLAS PIELSTICKER,                                   (N.D. Okla.)

      Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BALDOCK and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.**
                  _________________________________

      James Douglas Pielsticker was the president and chief executive officer

(“CEO”) of Arrow Trucking Company (“Arrow”), a freight-hauling service. In

response to a Superseding Information, Pielsticker pleaded guilty to both its counts.

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. But it may be cited for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         The Honorable Neil Gorsuch heard oral argument but did not participate in the
order and judgment. The practice of this court permits the remaining two panel judges, if
in agreement, to act as a quorum in resolving the appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(d); see also
United States v. Wiles, 

, n* (10th Cir. 1997) (noting this court allows
remaining panel judges to act as a quorum to resolve an appeal); Murray v. National
Broadcasting Co., 

, 48 (2d Cir. 1994), cert. denied, 

(1995)
(remaining two judges of original three judge panel may decide petition for rehearing
without third judge).
Count 1 charged that Pielsticker (i) conspired to impede the IRS in collecting federal

taxes, and (ii) conspired to commit bank fraud by submitting inflated invoices to

Arrow’s lending bank. Count 2 charged that he evaded federal taxes. The district

court sentenced him to 90 months in prison to be followed by three years of

supervised release, and it further ordered him to pay restitution. On appeal,

Pielsticker challenges the procedural reasonableness of his sentence and the amount

of restitution. We affirm.1

                                    BACKGROUND

I.    Charged Crimes

      On February 4, 2015, Pielsticker pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy and

one count of tax evasion. The conspiracy charge set forth two independent crimes:

(1) conspiracy to defraud the United States by not providing the IRS payroll taxes

collected from Arrow’s employees; and (2) conspiracy to commit bank fraud by

obtaining bank funds with fraudulently inflated invoices for Arrow’s accounts

receivable. Though it did not name coconspirators in the Superseding Information,

the government established that from January 2009 to December 2009, Pielsticker

had conspired with Joseph Mowry, Arrow’s legal counsel, and Jonathan Moore,

Arrow’s chief financial officer, among others.

      Beginning in 2008, Arrow struggled to pay its expenses. It bounced checks to

its lenders, employees, and vendors. Despite this, Pielsticker received an annual


      1
          We grant Pielsticker’s motion to seal portions of the appendix.

                                            2
$1,200,000 salary and drew personal expenses from Arrow totaling $3,563,436.58,

for such things as payments for his Porsche, Bentley, and Maserati automobiles.

From 2009 to 2011, Pielsticker underreported his wages and failed to pay his federal

income taxes, creating a personal tax debt of $1,050,956.

      In January 2009, after Arrow missed a payment, Arrow’s payroll-service

provider dropped Arrow as a client. Rather than hire another provider, Pielsticker and

Moore decided to self-report. For the rest of the year, Arrow withheld payroll taxes2

from its employees’ salaries but never sent these collections to the IRS or filed the

corresponding tax returns. In total, Arrow withheld and failed to remit to the IRS

$9,562,121.95 in payroll taxes.

      In November 2008, Transportation Alliance Bank (the “Bank”) entered into an

agreement with Arrow in which Arrow sold its accounts receivable to the Bank to

obtain advanced funds. Before the Bank purchased Arrow’s accounts receivable, it

required that Arrow submit its customer invoices, listing—among other

information—the total amount owed, the account debtor’s name, and the payment’s

due date. After receiving the invoices, the Bank would pay Arrow a percentage of the

total amount owed in exchange for the exclusive right to collect on the accounts. If an

account debtor failed to pay its account within ninety days of the payment due date,


      2
         Payroll taxes are federal income taxes that an employer must deduct and
withhold from its employees’ wages. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 3102(a), 3402. An employer is
liable for paying these taxes and for reporting the amounts withheld on its payroll tax
returns. 

Returns for and payments of payroll taxes are due each calendar
quarter. 26 C.F.R. § 31.6011(a)-1.

                                           3
the Bank could force Arrow to repurchase the account (we refer to the repurchased

accounts as “Recourse Accounts”).

      In March 2009, an Arrow billing clerk sent the Bank an invoice accidentally

overstating an account receivable by about $100,000. The Bank advanced this sum to

Arrow. When Moore learned of the overstated invoice, he told Mowry. Mowry

advised against notifying the Bank. In May 2009, during a meeting about Arrow’s

finances, Pielsticker told Moore, “[w]e just need to create another invoice like we did

the first time,” referencing the mistakenly overstated invoice. Appellant App. vol. 3

at 459. In previous meetings, Moore suggested that Pielsticker decrease his personal

expenses, but Pielsticker adamantly refused. So based on Pielsticker’s request and the

need to cover cash-flow shortages, Moore directed an Arrow billing clerk to overbill

an invoice before sending it to the Bank.

      Arrow then began intentionally overbilling invoices. Moore would determine

the amounts needed to cover expenses and ask either Mowry or Pielsticker for

authorization to submit inflated invoices.3 Then, Mowry or Moore would direct the

billing clerks to overstate the invoices sent to the Bank. The invoices varied in

amounts, but Arrow kept track of all the overstated amounts. Initially, the clerks

would inflate just one or two invoices by large amounts. But as the conspiracy

continued, Moore told the billing clerks to inflate more invoices but at a lesser

amount. In this way, the conspirators tried to evade the Bank’s detection during

      3
        During the sentencing hearing, Moore testified that he inflated the invoices
about six to twelve times without consulting Pielsticker or Mowry.

                                            4
audits. Meanwhile, Pielsticker’s personal spending increased and he continued

siphoning money from Arrow for himself.

      By September 2009, the Bank was suspicious and demanded to verify the

accuracy of Arrow’s invoices by calling Arrow’s account debtors directly. Initially,

Pielsticker refused to allow this, but when the Bank insisted, Pielsticker, Mowry, and

Moore devised a scheme to have Arrow employees answer the Bank’s calls. To get

away with this, they provided the Bank with a list of account debtor’s fictitious

phone numbers. In fact, all of the phone numbers belonged to out-of-state cell phones

that Pielsticker, Mowry, and Moore had obtained to deceive the Bank. Then, they

staged four to five Arrow employees who would answer the Bank’s calls, identify

themselves as account debtors, and confirm the overbilled invoices. In December

2009, Pielsticker, Mowry, and Moore executed the scheme a second time after the

Bank wanted to verify more invoices. That same month, the bank-fraud conspiracy

ended when Mowry told the Bank about the fraudulent invoices. In total, Arrow

submitted false invoices to the Bank totaling at least $20,900,000.

      By January 2010, Moore had begun cooperating with law enforcement. In

December 2014, he pleaded guilty to conspiracy to defraud the United States and to

commit bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Hopeful that the government

would recommend a more lenient sentence, Moore testified as a government witness

at Pielsticker’s sentencing hearing. Though Mowry also assisted law enforcement, he

died before facing charges.



                                           5
II.   Sentencing

      In February 2015, Pielsticker pleaded guilty. Soon after, the probation office

prepared a Presentence Investigation Report (PSR).4 The PSR calculated a total

offense level of 28 and a criminal-history category of I, rendering an advisory

guideline range of 78 to 97 months of imprisonment. On the bank-fraud conspiracy,

under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2B1.1 (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2014),

he received a base offense level of 6. The Bank submitted a victim impact statement,

claiming losses of $11,464,560.08. Finding that Pielsticker entered the bank-fraud

conspiracy in late 2009, the PSR reduced the Bank’s claimed loss of $11,464,560.08

down to $7,537,948.25. Based on this amount, it assigned a 20-level increase. See

USSG § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K) (providing for a 20-level increase when loss is more than $7

million but not more than $20 million). For his role as manager or supervisor of the

bank-fraud conspiracy, Pielsticker received a three-level increase under USSG

§ 3B1.1(b). The total adjusted-offense level for the bank-fraud conspiracy was 29.

      For the tax-fraud conspiracy, the PSR adopted the government’s loss amount

of $9,562,121.95. Based on this amount, it assigned a base offense level of 26. See

USSG § 2T1.1(a)(1); USSG § 2T4.1(K) (providing an offense level of 26 for tax

losses of more $7 million but not more than $20 million). Because Pielsticker failed




      4
       The PSR applied the 2014 edition to the United States Sentencing
Commission Guidelines Manual. Here, all references to the guidelines refer to the
2014 edition unless otherwise indicated.

                                          6
to report his taxes, he received a two-level increase under USSG § 2T1.1(b)(1). Thus,

the total adjusted-offense level for the tax-fraud conspiracy amounted to 28.

      The PSR then applied additional adjustments to the greater of the two

adjusted-offense levels, which was 29. First, because the conspiracy and tax-evasion

counts were within four levels of each other, Pielsticker received a two-level increase

under USSG § 3D1.4(a). Second, for his acceptance of responsibility, he received a

three-level reduction under USSG § 3E1.1(a) and (b). Pielsticker’s criminal-history

score of zero placed him in Category I, resulting in a guidelines range of 78 to 97

months.

      Both parties objected to the PSR and submitted depositions, records, and other

information to the probation office. In addition, Pielsticker filed two motions for

variance, a motion for departure, and a sentencing memorandum. The government

also filed a sentencing memorandum and responded to each of Pielsticker’s motions.

      During the sentencing hearing, the government called Moore to testify and

introduced several exhibits. When the evidentiary portion of the hearing concluded,

the district court made findings on the parties’ objections to the PSR and denied each

of Pielsticker’s objections. The district court then heard arguments from both parties

on Pielsticker’s motions and denied all three motions. Applying the offense level of

28, the district court imposed a 90-month sentence, to be followed by three years of

supervised release, and ordered Pielsticker to make restitution for $21,026,682.03 on

Count 1 and $1,050,956 on Count 2. Pielsticker appealed.



                                           7
                                     DISCUSSION

      We review Pielsticker’s sentence for reasonableness under a “deferential

abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Mollner, 

, 714 (10th Cir.

2011) (quoting United States v. Alapizco-Valenzuela, 

, 1214 (10th Cir.

2008)). “Reasonableness review is a two-step process comprising a procedural and a

substantive component.” 

(quoting United States v. Verdin-

Garcia, 

, 895 (10th Cir. 2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). A

challenge to the district court’s application of the sentencing guidelines tests the

sentence’s procedural reasonableness. 

four grounds to challenge

the procedural reasonableness of his sentence. For the first two grounds, he disputes

the district court’s loss calculation under USSG §§ 2B1.1 and 2T1.1 and the amount

of restitution. Third, he challenges the district court’s denial of his variance motions.

Fourth, he contests the district court’s imposing an aggravating-role adjustment for

his acting as a manager or supervisor of at least five participants in the bank-fraud

conspiracy. Below, we consider each of Pielsticker’s arguments and affirm.

I.    Loss Calculation for Guidelines Purposes

      For Count 1’s bank-fraud conspiracy, the district court found that the Bank

suffered a loss of $11,464,560.08; and for Count 2’s individual tax-fraud (grouped

with Count 1’s tax-fraud conspiracy), it found that the IRS suffered a loss of

$10,613,077.95. Based on its finding that Pielsticker entered these offenses from the

outset, the district court attributed the total bank-fraud and tax-fraud losses to him.



                                            8
      Pielsticker raises different challenges to the district court’s bank- and tax-fraud

loss calculations. For the bank-fraud losses, Pielsticker challenges (1) the district

court’s calculation methodology; (2) its finding that the total loss was

$11,464,560.08; and (3) its finding that Pielsticker entered the bank-fraud conspiracy

from its outset. For the tax-fraud calculation, Pielsticker challenges the district

court’s finding that he entered the tax-fraud conspiracy from its outset.

       When a defendant objects to the district court’s loss calculation, we review

the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its calculation methodology de

novo. United States v. Howard, 

, 748 (10th Cir. 2015). “[W]e will not

disturb the district court’s factual findings unless they have no basis in the record,

and we view the evidence and inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the

district court’s determination.” United States v. Hoyle, 

, 1174 (10th

Cir. 2014).

      A.      The Bank-Fraud Conspiracy

      Under the sentencing guideline for fraud, the amount of loss heavily influences

the offense level. See USSG § 2B1.1(b)(1). Here, the district court found that

Pielsticker’s relevant conduct included $11,464,560.08 in bank-fraud losses. Under

USSG § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K), Pielsticker received a 20-level increase for losses exceeding

$7 million but not more than $20 million. Pielsticker challenges (1) the district

court’s calculation methodology; (2) its finding that the total loss was

$11,464,560.08; and (3) its finding that Pielsticker entered the bank-fraud conspiracy



                                            9
from its outset. We hold that the district court did not err in calculating the amount of

loss and that the record supports its factual findings.

              1.     Calculation Methodology

       Pielsticker challenges the district court’s loss-calculation methodology

associated with the bank-fraud conspiracy, arguing that the district court failed to

“articulate any methodology whatsoever.” Appellant Opening Br. at 50. “Loss” under

the guidelines is the greater of intended or actual loss. USSG § 2B1.1, cmt. n.3(A).

Actual loss is “the reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm that resulted from the

offense.” 

And pecuniary harm is harm that is monetary or readily

measureable in money. 

In calculating loss, the district court

“need only make a reasonable estimate of the loss . . . . [and its] loss determination is

entitled to appropriate deference.” 

       Pielsticker argues that the district court erred by failing to state its

methodology. But the district court first found that Arrow’s inflated invoices totaled

$20,922,058.25, and then subtracted Recourse Accounts and credits to arrive at the

Bank’s total loss of $11,464,560.08. From this, we have no problem identifying the

district court’s methodology in calculating actual loss. And this methodology met

§ 2B1.1’s direction to reduce loss by “the money returned.” USSG § 2B1.1, cmt.

n.3(E)(i).

       Thus, we find that Pielsticker has failed to demonstrate that the district court

employed an improper loss-calculation methodology.



                                             10
             2.     Amount of the Bank-Fraud Loss

      Pielsticker challenges the district court’s finding that the Bank suffered

$11,464,560.08 in bank-fraud loss, arguing that this amount lacks evidentiary

support. Based on the Bank’s May 1, 2015 victim-impact statement, the PSR

calculated $11,464,560.08 in loss. In response, Pielsticker objected to the Bank’s

“bare conclusion of its loss, without any supporting back-up.” Appellant App. vol. 4

at 672. He also objected to the PSR, mentioning that the Bank had asserted different

loss amounts over time and questioning whether the Bank had reduced its claim by

legitimate invoice amounts and collections after the fraud. In its revised PSR, the

probation office rejected Pielsticker’s objection, explaining in an addendum that the

Bank’s loss calculations had decreased after “accounting for recourses and payment

of legitimate invoices.” Appellant App. vol. 5 at 919. The probation office

acknowledged that the Bank’s loss calculation had fluctuated, but noted that the

calculated losses averaged $12,284,523.

      Had the record ended here, we might sympathize more with Pielsticker’s

position. But instead the record shows that four days before Pielsticker’s October 8,

2015 sentencing, Pielsticker’s counsel entered into a “Stipulation Regarding

Testimony of [the Bank] Representatives” to enable the court to accept the

stipulation’s contents as the Bank’s testimony in lieu of having a representative




                                          11
testify.5 Appellant App. vol. 3 at 621. Included within this testimony was the

following:

      During the course of the scheme, Arrow submitted false invoices to [the
      Bank] totaling at least $20,900,000. As a result, [the Bank] suffered a
      loss of at least $11,400,000. This is a conservative calculation of [the
      Bank’s] losses resulting directly from the Accounts Receivable . . . .
      This loss takes into account all collection activity, including collateral
      obtained after Arrow closed.

Appellant App. vol. 3 at 622.

       This testimony supports the district court’s bank-fraud loss finding by

bolstering the Bank’s victim-impact statement with testimony. Using a “conservative

calculation,” the Bank’s written testimony estimates the Bank’s losses near the

Bank’s slightly higher6 figure in its victim-impact statement from four months

earlier. Appellant App. vol. 3 at 623. And, because Pielsticker stipulated to the

written statement as the Bank’s testimony, the district court was entitled to rely on it

as evidence. United States v. Spann, 

, 580-83 (10th Cir. 1975) (stating



      5
         At oral argument, Pielsticker’s counsel cryptically justified the decision to
stipulate but later maintain his present position as being for tactical reasons. Oral
Argument at 4:30-4:32. Whatever tactical reason Pielsticker had for stipulating—to
require a remand for a more precise calculation?—his stipulation certainly means that
he chose not to cross-examine the Bank’s witnesses about the bases for their loss
figure. His stipulating led to his present complaint—and hurt the district court’s
ability to hear more precise information on loss.
      6
         For some reason, the Bank, in the written testimony stipulated for admission
to the district court, rounded its losses to $11.4 million, rather than use the more
precise $11,464,560.08 given in its victim-impact statement and used in the PSR. The
Bank’s written testimony described its rounded number as a “conservative estimate.”
Appellant App. vol. 3 at 623.

                                           12
that a jury may rely on testimony admitted into evidence by the parties’ stipulation in

reaching its decision).

      Now Pielsticker attacks the Bank’s written testimony as unreliable for stating

an unsupported conclusion. He argues that to calculate the bank-fraud losses

properly, the district court would need to analyze each of the “hundreds, if not

thousands, of inflated invoices” for fraud, for recourse payments, and for any other

collections. Appellant Opening Br. at 46. In other words, Pielsticker challenges the

worth of the very evidence he stipulated be admitted at sentencing. By stipulating and

forfeiting any cross-examination of live testimony from Bank witnesses, Pielsticker

deprived the district court, and us, of the Bank’s proof in response. In this

circumstance, with the Bank’s written testimony properly before it, the district court

had a sufficient basis to establish guideline loss. See United States v. Abbo, 515 F.

App’x 764, 770 (10th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (stating that a stipulation to admit

into evidence a witness’s testimony in lieu of live testimony “waive[s] any right to

challenge the admissibility of the evidence on foundational grounds”) (citing United

States v. Aptt, 

, 1281 (10th Cir. 2004)).

      Because the district court properly received the Bank’s written testimony, the

district court could rely on it in making its bank-fraud loss calculation.

             3.     Date of Entry into the Bank-Fraud Conspiracy

      Pielsticker raises an additional challenge to the district court’s bank-fraud loss

calculation by disputing its finding that he entered the bank-fraud conspiracy from its

outset. He asserts that he entered the bank-fraud conspiracy late, and thus was

                                           13
responsible for a portion of the total bank-fraud loss, specifically $7,537,948.25 (as

the PSR found), or less. To find that Pielsticker entered the bank-fraud conspiracy

from the outset, the district court relied on Moore’s testimony from the sentencing

hearing. Moore testified that by May 2009, when the bank-fraud conspiracy began,

Pielsticker had decided “[Arrow] just need[ed] to create another invoice like . . . the

first time.” Appellant App. vol. 3 at 459. And from that point on, either Mowry or

Pielsticker authorized the inflated amounts that Arrow billing clerks sent the Bank.

      Pielsticker doesn’t dispute that Moore’s testimony supported the district

court’s finding. Rather, he argues that the district court erred in finding Moore

credible. When the district court bases its findings on determinations regarding the

witnesses’ credibility, “Rule 52(a) demands even greater deference to the trial court’s

findings; for only the trial judge can be aware of the variations in demeanor and tone

of voice that bear so heavily on the listener’s understanding of and belief in what is

said.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 

, 575 (1985). Unless the

witness’s story is internally inconsistent or contradicted by objective evidence or

documents, we will “virtually never” reverse for clear error. 

grounds, Pielsticker argues that Moore’s testimony was not credible.

First, Pielsticker asserts that Moore gave conflicting testimony about the number of

times that Pielsticker authorized the inflated amounts. The record shows that on

direct examination, Moore testified that either Mowry or Pielsticker authorized the

inflated invoices. On cross-examination, Moore clarified that Pielsticker, as opposed

to Mowry, authorized the inflated invoices about 25-30 percent of the time. Despite

                                           14
Pielsticker’s contention, Moore’s apportionment between Mowry and Pielsticker is

consistent with his statement that either Mowry or Pielsticker authorized the inflated

amounts.

       Second, Pielsticker contends that an e-mail Moore sent on August 15, 2009

contradicts his testimony. In his August 15 e-mail, referring to the inflated invoices,

Moore stated, “I have no guilt about the fluff.” Appellant App. vol. 3 at 509. On

direct, he testified that Pielsticker was a “tyrant.” Appellant App. vol. 3 at 433. These

statements aren’t inconsistent.

       Third, Pielsticker contends that statements from other Arrow employees

contradicted Moore’s testimony. The district court’s decision to credit one

individual’s testimony over another’s is “virtually never . . . clear error.” 

. And our review of the record shows that at least one of these Arrow

employees lacked personal knowledge of Pielsticker’s involvement in the bank-fraud

conspiracy.7

       Because Pielsticker has failed to show that Moore’s testimony was “so

internally inconsistent or implausible on its face,” 

court could find

Moore credible. Thus, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Pielsticker

entered the bank-fraud conspiracy from the outset based on Moore’s testimony.



       7
        For example, Arrow’s billing clerk, Michelle Bullard, stated in her Bank
interview that she never communicated with Pielsticker about the practice of inflating
invoices.


                                            15
Therefore, we affirm the district court’s finding that the Bank suffered

$11,464,560.08 in bank-fraud loss.

      B.     Date of Entry into Tax-Fraud Conspiracy

      Pielsticker disputes the district court’s finding that the IRS suffered

$9,562,121.95 in loss for Count 1’s tax-fraud conspiracy.8 He argues that this amount

lacks evidentiary support. Similar to his bank-fraud loss argument, Pielsticker

specifically challenges the district court’s finding that he entered the tax-fraud

conspiracy from its outset. Here, too, Pielsticker asserts that he entered the tax-fraud

conspiracy late, and thus is responsible for only a portion of the total tax-fraud loss.

To find that Pielsticker entered the tax-fraud conspiracy from the outset, the district

court relied on Moore’s testimony from the sentencing hearing. Pielsticker argues

that Moore’s testimony was insufficient to establish that Pielsticker knowingly

participated in the tax-fraud conspiracy from the outset.

      “A defendant convicted of conspiracy is accountable for reasonably

foreseeable conduct in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal activity.”

United States v. Dazey, 

, 1176 (10th Cir. 2005). The district court must

make “particularized findings about, the scope of the specific agreement the

individual defendant joined in relation to the conspiracy as a whole.” 

States v. Melton, 

, 1404 (10th Cir. 1997)). A defendant is not

accountable for the conduct of coconspirators “prior to the defendant joining the

      8
        Pielsticker does not challenge the tax-loss amount for Count 2’s individual
tax-fraud, which was $1,050,956.

                                           16
conspiracy, even if the defendant knows of that conduct.” 

§ 1B1.3, cmt. n.2). For sentencing purposes, the government’s burden of proof is by a

preponderance of the evidence. United States v. Cook, 

, 1294-95 (10th

Cir. 2008).

      The evidence was sufficient to establish that Pielsticker participated in the tax-

fraud conspiracy from the outset. At Pielsticker’s sentencing, Moore testified that he

conversed daily with Pielsticker about Arrow’s cash-flow problems and that

Pielsticker decided the order in which to pay Arrow’s creditors. Moore also testified

that Pielsticker knew from the outset (January 2009) that Arrow was withholding

payroll taxes from its employees’ wages without remitting these withholdings to the

IRS, yet Pielsticker still directed Arrow to pay his personal expenses ahead of the

IRS. As mentioned above, the district court did not err in finding Moore credible.

Thus, the record supports the district court’s finding that Pielsticker entered the tax-

fraud conspiracy from its outset.

II.   Restitution

      Under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act (MVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A,

the district court ordered Pielsticker to pay $21,026,682.03 in restitution, jointly and

severally with Moore on Count 1, and $1,050,956 on Count 2. Pielsticker challenges

the $21,026,682.03.9 This amount represented the $11,464,560.08 owed to the Bank

and the $9,562,121.95 owed to the IRS for Count 1’s tax-fraud conspiracy. The


      9
          Pielsticker doesn’t challenge the Count 2 restitution for $1,050,956.

                                            17
district court determined this amount based on its bank-fraud and tax-fraud loss

calculations. Pielsticker argues that the government insufficiently proved its loss and

restitution. We conclude that the record supports the district court’s restitution order.

      “We review the district court’s application of the MVRA de novo and its

factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Ferdman, 

, 1131

(10th Cir. 2015). We ultimately assess a district court’s restitution amount for an

abuse of discretion. 

to ensure that victims, if possible, “are made whole for their

losses.” United States v. Parker, 

, 1323 (10th Cir. 2009) (quoting

United States v. Arutunoff, 

, 1121 (10th Cir. 1993)). Restitution restores

actual loss but does not “unjustly enrich crime victims or provide them a windfall.”

. “[T]he determination of an appropriate restitution

amount is by nature an inexact science.” United States v. James, 

, 1247

(10th Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Williams, 

, 688 (10th Cir.

2002)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The district court may “draw inferences

from the totality of the circumstances through . . . ‘logical and probabilistic

reasoning.’” United States v. Ahidley, 

, 1189 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting

United States v. Atencio, 

, 1232 (10th Cir. 2006)). Because the MVRA

requires “information sufficient for the court to exercise its discretion in fashioning a

restitution order,” 18 U.S.C. § 3664(a), “[s]peculation and rough justice are not

permitted.” 

(quoting United States v. Anderson, 

, 954 (9th Cir. 2013)). In arriving at a restitution amount, district courts decide

                                           18
disputes using a preponderance-of-evidence standard, and assign the government the

burden of proof. See 18 U.S.C. § 3664(e); Parker, 553 at 1323.

      Contesting the restitution amount, Pielsticker complains that the district court

(1) “rubber stamped” the PSR’s conclusory statement of the bank-fraud loss; (2)

based the bank-fraud and tax-fraud losses on its erroneous finding that Pielsticker

entered the conspiracies at the outset; and (3) failed to articulate any calculation

methodology. Appellant Opening Br. at 27.

      For his first ground—that the district court simply “rubber stamped” the PSR’s

bank-fraud loss without sufficient evidence—Pielsticker relies on Ferdman. In

Ferdman, the defendant was convicted of fraudulently procuring Sprint 

. Before sentencing, Sprint representatives submitted an unsworn and

unverified letter to the probation office, listing Sprint’s losses. 

Although

it claimed lost sales, Sprint never provided affidavits or receipts verifying these lost

sales. 

Despite this, in making its restitution recommendation, the PSR

adopted Sprint’s lost-sales claim. 

the defendant in Ferdman

challenged the sufficiency of proof of the loss amount. 

the defendant’s

objection, the government simply relied on the PSR and didn’t introduce supporting

evidence. 

After the district court adopted the PSR’s restitution figure, we

reversed, concluding that “[t]he record contains no actual proof, not even an

affidavit, of what those expenses were.” 

      Pielsticker’s restitution order is stronger in at least two ways. First, unlike in

Ferdman, here the district court had testimony to support its loss finding. After

                                           19
Pielsticker first challenged the Bank’s figures for its bank-fraud losses, he stipulated

to the Bank’s written testimony, bolstering the PSR’s and victim-impact statement’s

figure. Because the district court may “draw inferences from the totality of the

circumstances” in exercising its discretion, 

, it could infer

that the Bank rounded its loss estimate to $11,400,000 in its written testimony and

gave the precise amount of $11,464,560.08 in its victim-impact statement. We also

note that Pielsticker himself credited the precise figure in his objections to the PSR

estimating the loss attributable to him as “38.36 percent of $11,464,560.” Appellant

App. vol. 5 at 918. Thus, we cannot say that the district court abused its discretion in

relying on the testimony and ordering the sum it did as restitution. Second, unlike in

Ferdman, the district court had no need to value property such as phones or to

determine a valuation method for lost 

. Here, the district

court’s task was much simpler—to determine the total overbillings and then subtract

recourses or credits. The district court did just that. And, in doing so, it could rely on

the calculation set out in the Bank’s testimony that Pielsticker stipulated be admitted

into evidence. Once the district court had this sufficient basis behind its restitution

amount, it acted in its discretion to adopt that amount.10



       10
         To show an abuse of discretion on appeal, Pielsticker needs to show that he
did more at sentencing than generally object. Pielsticker chose not to cross-examine a
Bank witness offering live testimony about the restitution calculation. In addition, he
chose to present nothing undermining the Bank’s evidence that he stipulated be
admitted as a government exhibit at the sentencing hearing. In this regard, we
observe that Pielsticker knew which invoices Arrow had inflated and which debtors

                                            20
       Pielsticker’s second ground—that the district court erred in finding that

Pielsticker entered the conspiracies at the outset—is a factual finding that we review

for clear error. United States v. Masek, 

, 1287 (10th Cir. 2009). In

finding as it did, the district court found Moore credible and relied on his testimony.

“We give the district court’s determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses

great deference.” 

(quoting Wessel v. City of Albuquerque, 

,

1145 (10th Cir. 2006)). Under our deferential review, we find no error in the district

court’s finding that Pielsticker entered the conspiracies at the outset.

       For his third ground, Pielsticker asserts that the district court failed to

articulate a calculation methodology. Under the MVRA, the district “court must use

actual loss as its metric.” 

stated above, where the district court first found

that Arrow’s inflated invoices totaled $20,922,058.25, and then subtracted Recourse

Accounts and credits to arrive at the Bank’s total loss of $11,464,560.08, we see the

district court’s methodology clearly. Thus, the district court did not abuse its

discretion in ordering Pielsticker to pay $21,026,682.03 in restitution on Count 1.

III.   Motions for Variance

       Pielsticker filed two pre-sentence motions for variance.11 After hearing

arguments from both parties at sentencing, the district court denied the motions. We


associated with those invoices could testify about credits and recourses. After all,
Moore and the billing clerks kept track of the overbilled amounts on a spreadsheet.
       11
        Pielsticker also filed a motion for downward departure, which the district
court denied. He failed to challenge this on appeal.

                                            21
review the district court’s decision to grant or deny a request for variance for an

abuse of discretion. United States v. Haley, 

, 1311 (10th Cir. 2008)

(reviewing the district court’s denial of a variance motion for an abuse of discretion).

A district court abuses its discretion when it renders a judgment that is arbitrary,

capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable. 

Variance

      Pielsticker based his first motion for variance on his heart condition. He argues

that the district court unreasonably denied the motion for variance by failing to

consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. In his motion and during sentencing,

Pielsticker presented evidence that he relies on an implant to shock his heart when it

fails or becomes arrhythmic; and that he needs to replace the implant. His treating

cardiologist stressed that Pielsticker was at a “GREAT risk of death” and worried

how prison might affect his medical condition. Appellant App. vol. 1 at 73-74.

      As a matter of procedural reasonableness, because Pielsticker’s sentence falls

within the advisory Guidelines’ range, § 3553(c) requires that the district court state

“the reasons for its imposition of the particular sentence.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c);

United States v. McComb, 

, 1054 (10th Cir. 2007). The district court

meets this threshold when it provides a “general discussion”12 of the § 3553(a)

factors. 

. Despite Pielsticker’s contention that the district


      12
          Though we also noted that this “is not necessarily the best practice.” United
States v. Geiner, 

, 1113 (10th Cir. 2007).


                                           22
court failed to consider the § 3553(a) factors, the record shows that the district court

provided more than a general discussion.

      Without explicitly listing the § 3553(a) factors, the district court considered

the need “to provide the defendant with . . . medical care.” 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a)(2)(D). Based on a Bureau of Prisons’ (the “Bureau”) representation, the

district court found that Pielsticker could have his implant replaced in a federal

medical facility. It also found that Pielsticker’s “heart condition is not so

extraordinary or unusual as to distinguish [his] case from typical cases covered by the

guidelines.” Appellant App. vol. 3 at 585. Evidence from the record supported this

finding, including (1) Pielsticker’s failure to have surgery within the eight months

leading up to sentencing; (2) the Bureau’s representation that it had a federal medical

facility capable of performing the replacement;13 and (3) Pielsticker’s ability to

engage in normal life activities. Thus, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Pielsticker’s first motion for variance.




      13
         Pielsticker argues that the Bureau’s representation is “a double hearsay ex
parte communication about a mission-critical fact.” Appellant Opening Br. at 43. But
at sentencing, the district court can credit “relevant information without regard to its
admissibility . . . provided that the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to
support its probable accuracy.” USSG § 6A1.3(a); see United States v. Friedman, 499
F. App’x 807, 810-11 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (finding that the record
suggested no prejudice from an assumed ex parte communication with the United
States Marshals).


                                            23
       B.     Anticipated-Amended Loss Table

       Pielsticker based his second motion for variance on a pending amendment to

the 2015 sentencing guidelines. As mentioned above, the district court applied the

2014 sentencing guidelines, which imposed a 20-level enhancement for losses of

more than $7 million and not more than $20 million. USSG § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K).

Beginning November 1, 2015, an amendment to the fraud-loss table in USSG § 2B1.1

increased the threshold for a 20-level enhancement from $7 million to $9.5 million.

USSG § 2B1.1(b)(K) (U.S. Sentencing Comm’n 2015). Based on Pielsticker’s

assuming that the district court erred by finding that he entered the bank-fraud

conspiracy at its outset, he argues that the district court ignored the “parsimony

principle” of § 3553(a) by not applying the 2015 guidelines. Appellant Opening Br.

at 38. This argument fails because the district court did not abuse its discretion in

finding that Pielsticker joined the conspiracy at its outset, 

Discussion

Sections I(A)(2), and (3).

IV.    Manager or Supervisor Enhancement

       For his role as a “manager or supervisor” of a conspiracy consisting of five or

more participants, Pielsticker received a three-level increase under USSG

§ 3B1.1(b).14 Pielsticker argues that the district court clearly erred in finding that he

was a manager or supervisor of the bank-fraud conspiracy under USSG § 3B1.1(b)

       14
         USSG § 3B1.1(b) states in part as follows: “If the defendant was a manager
or supervisor (but not an organizer or leader) and the criminal activity involved five
or more participants or was otherwise extensive, increase by 3 levels.” (emphasis
added).

                                            24
because the evidence was insufficient to support the enhancement. He contends that

(1) the conspiracy consisted of fewer than five participants, and (2) that Moore

supervised or managed the conspiracy.

      We review the district court’s fact findings for clear error. United States v.

Zar, 

, 1056 (10th Cir. 2015). In doing so, we view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the district court’s finding. United States v. Mozee, 

, 1088 (10th Cir. 2005). Only if “on the entire evidence, we are left with a

definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed” will we reverse. 

(quoting United States v. James, 

, 1113 (10th Cir.

2010)).

      First, in determining the number of participants, the guidelines define

“participant” as “a person who is criminally responsible for the commission of the

offense, but need not have been convicted.” USSG § 3B1.1(b), cmt. n.1. Because the

defendant counts as a participant, the district court properly counted Pielsticker as

one of the five participants. United States v. Hardwell, 

, 1496 (10th Cir.

1996) (“In determining whether there were five or more participants, the defendant is

included.”). And Pielsticker acknowledges that Moore and Mowry also counted; but

he contests whether other Arrow employees qualified. Over Pielsticker’s contention,

we find that the record supports the district court’s finding that Elaine Cox, Michelle

Bullard, and Tom Webster also acted as participants.

      As for criminal responsibility, in their interviews with the Bank, Cox and

Bullard admitted that they inflated invoices for Arrow. Specifically, Cox testified

                                           25
that, “each day either Michelle or myself was given a dollar amount we were

supposed to bill for that day.” Appellee App. at 38. And Bullard testified that, “we

would just inflate like two invoices, maybe just one invoice, for a very large dollar

amount.” Appellee App. at 12. Similarly, in his FBI interview, Webster said that he

had answered calls for the Bank audit, posing as an Arrow customer to reassure the

Bank that the inflated invoices were legitimate. Thus, the record supports the district

court’s finding that the bank-fraud conspiracy involved at least five participants.

      Second, Pielsticker disputes whether he was a manager or supervisor of the

bank-fraud conspiracy. If Pielsticker “exercised any degree of direction or control

over someone subordinate to him,” then he qualifies as a manager or supervisor.

United States v. Backas, 

, 1530 (10th Cir. 1990). His supervision of

just one other participant satisfies the definition. United States v. Cruz Camacho, 

, 1224 (10th Cir. 1998).

      The record supports the district court’s finding that Pielsticker was a

supervisor or manager of at least one other participant. In his FBI interview, Webster

recounted answering the Bank’s audit calls to validate the inflated invoices. After

answering calls the first time, he told Pielsticker that Moore had asked him to answer

calls a second time. To this, Pielsticker responded, “do it.” Appellant App. vol. 2 at

230. This command shows that Pielsticker exercised some degree of direction or

control over Webster. Thus, the district court properly found that Pielsticker was a

manager or supervisor.



                                           26
                                      CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM Pielsticker’s sentence and the

district court’s restitution order.


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Gregory A. Phillips
                                           Circuit Judge




                                          27