FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                        March 16, 2017
                         _________________________________
                                                                        Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                            Clerk of Court
DELMART E.J.M. VREELAND, II,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 16-1131
                                              (D.C. No. 1:13-CV-02422-PAB-KMT)
THOMAS C. FISHER, M.D.; KAREN A.                            (D. Colo.)
JOHNSON; DEA ARAGON; JOAN M.
SHOEMAKER; HEART OF THE
ROCKIES REGIONAL MEDICAL
CENTER; THE DOUGLAS COUNTY
SHERIFF, Mr. Weaver; KARI BARONI;
MICHAEL FRENCH; RICK RAEMISCH,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before KELLY, BALDOCK, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Delmart E.J.M. Vreeland, II, appeals from the district court’s final judgment in

his pro se action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law. Vreeland’s claims relate to

his medical care while incarcerated in the Douglas County Jail and a Colorado


      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Department of Corrections (“CDOC”) prison facility. The district court dismissed

most of Vreeland’s claims and then granted summary judgment against him on the

remaining claims. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

I.     Background

       Vreeland filed his complaint on September 5, 2013, alleging that he was

denied medical treatment while incarcerated at the Douglas County Jail from October

2004 to October 2008. He claimed that the defendants there (“Douglas Defendants”)

drafted and circulated a letter (“Letter”) falsely stating that he had a history of

malingering, and that this Letter caused him to be denied medical treatment. In

October 2008, Vreeland was transferred to a CDOC prison. He claimed that he

learned in March 2010 that a doctor there, Dr. Fisher, had received a copy of the

Letter and also denied him medical treatment because of it.

       On February 27, 2012, Vreeland became ill. The next day he had his appendix

removed by Dr. Johnson at the Heart of the Rockies Regional Medical Center

(“HRRMC”). According to Vreeland, once he was released back to the CDOC, no

medical staff there would see him. Vreeland alleged that once Dr. Fisher finally did

see him that Fisher told him that any surgery complications should be treated by Dr.

Johnson and HRRMC, not by the CDOC. The next year, a different doctor ordered

blood work that indicated Vreeland had an infection. According to Vreeland, he had

suffered from the infection since the surgery. Vreeland then sued, bringing Eighth

Amendment and state-law medical malpractice claims against Dr. Fisher, and Eighth



                                            2
Amendment claims against the Douglas Defendants, Dr. Johnson, and HRRMC.1

II.   Discussion

      On appeal, Vreeland argues that the district court erred in dismissing all of his

claims against the Douglas Defendants, Dr. Johnson, and HRRMC, and some of his

claims against Dr. Fisher. He also contends the district court erred in denying certain

non-dispositive motions, in denying his motion to amend, and in granting summary

judgment against him on the remaining Eighth Amendment claims. We construe

Vreeland’s complaint liberally given his pro se status.

      We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of claims under Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(b)(6) and its grant of summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Alexander

v. Oklahoma, 

, 1213, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004). We also review de novo a

court’s denial of leave to amend on the basis that amendment would be futile. Cohen

v. Longshore, 

, 1314-15 (10th Cir. 2010). Finally, we review for an

abuse of discretion most of Vreeland’s other contentions challenging the court’s

denial of his non-dispositive motions. See Gutierrez v. Cobos, 

, 908

(10th Cir. 2016) (Rule 56(d) motion); Creative Consumer Concepts, Inc. v. Kreisler,

, 1080 (10th Cir. 2009) (stay motion); Duffield v. Jackson, 

, 1240 (10th Cir. 2008) (motion for extension of time); Bolden v. City of Topeka,

, 1149 (10th Cir. 2006) (motion to extend discovery).


      1
         Vreeland also brought claims against other CDOC employees, but he does
not challenge the dismissal of these claims. Nor does he attempt to show error in the
district court’s disposition of his conspiracy claims.

                                           3
      A.     Failure to Object to Magistrate Judge’s Report and
             Recommendation

      We apply a firm waiver rule when a party fails to timely and specifically

object to the findings and recommendations of a magistrate judge. Casanova v.

Ulibarri, 

, 1123 (10th Cir. 2010). This rule applies both to factual and

legal questions. United States v. One Parcel of Real Prop., 

, 1060 (10th

Cir. 1996). Here, the magistrate judge recommended that some of Vreeland’s claims

should be dismissed. Vreeland did not object to many of these recommendations,

and to those he did, his objections are inconsistent with the arguments he now raises

on appeal. Although there are two exceptions to the firm-waiver rule—when a

litigant is not informed of it and when the interests of justice require review—neither

applies here. See 

. Accordingly, Vreeland has waived the

following arguments:

      First, that his claim against the Douglas Defendants should not be time-barred

because he did not discover some of their conduct and resulting injury until

December 2011. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 20. Vreeland did not raise this issue in his

objection to the magistrate judge’s Recommendation regarding the Douglas

Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See R., Vol. 2 at 246-48.

      Second, that certain claims against Dr. Fisher concerning Vreeland’s

epididymal cyst, asthma, and chronic pain should not be time-barred because they

occurred within the limitations period. When responding to the magistrate judge’s

Recommendation, Vreeland did not point to any allegations in his complaint


                                           4
regarding Dr. Fisher’s denial of medical care for these conditions after September 5,

2011. See R., Vol. 2 at 223-27, 256-59, 299-301.

      Third, that amendment of his complaint to add a state-law malpractice claim

against Dr. Johnson would not be futile. See R., Vol. 7 at 314-15. Although

Vreeland complained about the timing of the defendants’ responses to his motion, his

inability to file a reply, and the magistrate judge’s “accept[ance of] the responses as

true,” 

at 19, these objections were not specific enough to focus the district

court’s attention on his argument regarding the denial of his motion to amend. See

One Parcel of Real 

.

      Fourth, that HRRMC should be subject to respondeat superior liability under

§ 1983. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 23. Vreeland failed to raise this objection to the

magistrate judge’s Recommendation. See R., Vol. 2 at 219.

      And fifth, that an independent expert should be appointed to assist him.

Vreeland argued that his inability to be examined by a private doctor impeded his

ability to retain an expert witness, but the magistrate judge expressly rejected that

contention and Vreeland did not object. See R., Vol. 3 at 282.

      B.     Dismissal of Claims as Time-barred

      The district court dismissed some of Vreeland’s claims as time-barred.

Vreeland does not dispute that his § 1983 claims are subject to Colorado’s two-year

limitations period. See Workman v. Jordan, 

, 482 (10th Cir. 1994).

“Section 1983 claims accrue when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the

injury that is the basis of the action.” 

can dismiss a claim as time-barred

                                            5
if that determination “is apparent on the face of the complaint.” Dummar v. Lummis,

, 619 (10th Cir. 2008).

             1.     Time-Barred Claims Against the Douglas Defendants

      The district court held that all of Vreeland’s claims against the Douglas

Defendants were time-barred. It determined that Vreeland knew by October 2008

both of the existence of the Letter and that he was suffering from untreated physical

injuries. Accordingly, Vreeland was required to bring his claims no later than

October 2010. Yet Vreeland did not file his complaint until September 2013.

      As he did before the district court, Vreeland invokes the so-called “continuing

violation” doctrine, contending that his claims against the Douglas Defendants were

not time-barred because the Letter continued to cause him injury during the two-year

period before he filed suit. But as the district court correctly noted, even if the

doctrine applied to § 1983 claims, the doctrine only is “triggered by continual

unlawful acts, not continual ill effects from the original violation.” Mata v.

Anderson, 

, 1253 (10th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

             2.     Time-Barred Claims Against Dr. Fisher

      The district court also dismissed some of Vreeland’s claims against Dr. Fisher

as time-barred, holding once again that the continuing violation doctrine, even if

applicable, did not save Vreeland’s claims against Dr. Fisher that were based on

injuries that occurred more than two years before he filed suit.

      Vreeland does not challenge this holding. Instead, he appears to argue that the

court failed to recognize that each denial of medical care started a new limitations

                                            6
period as to the resulting injury. This contention misconstrues the district court’s

ruling, which held that Vreeland’s claims survived to the extent they related to events

that took place within two years of the date he filed his complaint. See R., Vol. 2 at

299. As for Vreeland’s contentions regarding that holding and its relation to medical

care for his epididymal cyst, asthma, and chronic pain, as we have noted above,

Vreeland failed to properly object to the magistrate judge’s Recommendation.

      C.     Dismissal of Claim Against Dr. Johnson

      The district court dismissed for failure to state a claim Vreeland’s Eighth

Amendment claim of deliberate indifference against Dr. Johnson because Vreeland

pled no facts that suggested that Dr. Johnson could require the CDOC to refer

Vreeland back to HRRMC. On appeal, Vreeland does not address this holding,

instead arguing that Dr. Johnson was a state actor. The dismissal must be affirmed.

      D.     Rulings on Non-Dispositive Motions

      The only claims that survived the district court’s dismissal order were

Vreeland’s Eighth Amendment claims against Dr. Fisher for failure to adequately

treat his complications following surgery. Vreeland argues that the court erred in

denying several of his subsequent non-dispositive motions.

             1.     Denial of Motion to Appoint Independent Expert

      Vreeland maintains that he asked the district court to appoint an independent

expert because the CDOC was impeding his ability to retain a private doctor to

examine him and act as his expert witness. The district court denied Vreeland’s

motion, in part, because he did not identify a doctor willing to act as an expert and he

                                           7
did not demonstrate why the court should seek an independent expert. Vreeland does

not argue, nor can we conclude, that the district court abused its discretion in denying

his motion on these grounds. See Rachel v. Troutt, 

, 397 (10th Cir.

2016).

               2.     Denial of Motion to Compel

         Vreeland next contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to

compel, in its rulings on his request for additional time to depose Dr. Fisher and Dr.

Fisher’s expert witness and regarding the expert witness’s failure to fully comply

with a subpoena, and by failing to hold a hearing on his motion to compel. We have

reviewed the record and find no abuse of discretion, let alone prejudice to Vreeland.

               3.     Denial of Motions to Extend Time to Respond to Dr. Fisher’s
                      Summary Judgment Motion, for Relief Pursuant to
                      Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d), to Reopen Discovery, and to Stay
                      Proceedings

         Dr. Fisher filed his summary judgment motion on August 5, 2015, after which

the district court granted Vreeland two extensions of time to file a response. See R.,

Vol. 6 at 1367 n.3. In denying his motion to compel on January 29, 2016, the

magistrate judge ordered Vreeland to respond to Dr. Fisher’s summary judgment

motion no later than February 16, 2016. Vreeland then moved for a 13-day

extension, citing the press of other litigation, his need to file objections to the

magistrate judge’s order denying his motion to compel, and his limited access to the

prison law library. The district court denied the motion.

         Instead of submitting a substantive response to Dr. Fisher’s summary judgment


                                             8
motion, Vreeland filed several new motions seeking relief under Rule 56(d), to

reopen discovery based on new evidence, and to stay the proceedings. In his

Rule 56(d) motion, Vreeland argued that he needed additional discovery to respond

to Dr. Fisher’s summary judgment motion. In support of his request for additional

discovery based on new evidence, Vreeland referenced a declaration he filed for in

camera review, but he did not explain what the new evidence was.

      The district court denied Vreeland’s Rule 56(d) motion, holding that it was

procedurally improper and substantively deficient because it failed to set forth

specific reasons why Vreeland could not present the facts necessary to oppose Dr.

Fisher’s summary judgment motion. The court also denied Vreeland’s motion to

reopen discovery and his motion to stay the proceedings.

      Rather than addressing the district court’s bases for denying a particular

motion, Vreeland argues on appeal that the court’s refusal to grant his various

motions and requests “doomed his case.” We have either already addressed these

contentions or are not persuaded that the district court abused its discretion.

      E.     Grant of Summary Judgment on Claims Against Dr. Fisher Related
             to Post-Operative Care

      Vreeland contends that the district court erred in granting Dr. Fisher summary

judgment on his Eighth Amendment claims related to his medical treatment after his

surgery. Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).


                                            9
      Vreeland argues that the undisputed facts came from Dr. Fisher’s summary

judgment motion.2 But Vreeland has failed to point to any specific deficiency in the

recitation of facts. He also argues that he was unable to show a genuine issue of

material fact due to Dr. Fisher’s conduct and the district court’s denial of an

extension of time to respond, contentions we have rejected.

      On the merits, the district court held that Vreeland failed to show a genuine

dispute of material fact with respect to his claims that Dr. Fisher was deliberately

indifferent to his medical needs. We examine each claim in turn.

             1.     Post-Surgical Infection

      The district court held there was no evidence that Vreeland had an infection

for 17 months following his surgery in February 2012. The court reviewed the

evidence, including lab tests indicating that Vreeland had normal white blood cell

counts in March 2012, shortly after the surgery, and again in July 2013, as well as

expert testimony that those test results indicated lack of an infection. Therefore,

based on the undisputed evidence, the court held that Vreeland failed to satisfy the

objective component of the deliberate-indifference test by demonstrating he had a

      2
         Vreeland contends that the court should have adopted his factual summary,
but he filed only a two-page response to the summary judgment motion, which did
not set forth any response to Fisher’s factual summary. As we have observed, “a pro
se plaintiff requires no special legal training to recount the facts surrounding his
alleged injury,” Hall v. Bellmon, 

, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991), so not
responding to the facts in a summary judgment motion should not be excused lightly.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). Despite his failure to file a substantive response to
Fisher’s motion, the district court treated his sworn complaint and his proposed
amended complaint as affidavits in opposition to summary judgment. We express no
opinion on this procedure.

                                           10
medical need that was sufficiently serious. See Sealock v. Colorado, 

,

1209 (10th Cir. 2000). Vreeland argues that the court erred in relying on the opinion

of Dr. Fisher’s expert when he was unable to retain his own expert, but as we have

already concluded, Vreeland has not shown error in the denial of his motion for

appointment of an independent expert.

             2.     Weight Loss

      The district court held there was no evidence that Vreeland lost a significant

amount of weight as a result of Dr. Fisher’s failure to provide post-surgical care, and

pointed to evidence in Vreeland’s medical record that his weight barely fluctuated

between the surgery and the end of 2012. Vreeland contends that he lost at least 20

pounds, as indicated by exhibits he attached to his objections to the magistrate

judge’s Recommendation. The district court declined to consider the late-filed

evidence, see Marshall v. Chater, 

, 1426 (10th Cir. 1996), and explained

that the evidence—which indicated Vreeland’s weight three years before and three

years after the surgery—was irrelevant in any event. Vreeland fails to show error.

             3.     Denial of Bandages

      Vreeland alleged that Dr. Fisher refused to give him bandages for his

incisions, yet he admits that he obtained a sufficient number of bandages from a

nurse thereafter. He has not shown substantial harm from Dr. Fisher’s alleged denial.

See 

.

             4.     Denial of Pain Medication

      Dr. Fisher presented evidence from Vreeland’s CDOC medical records

                                          11
indicating that he saw Vreeland on March 13, 2012, two weeks after the surgery, at

which time Vreeland reported he had no severe pain, cramps, fever, or other

symptoms. The examination notes indicate that Dr. Fisher found no abdominal

tenderness or distension and stated that Vreeland was taking aspirin and ibuprofen for

pain. Looking to allegations in the proposed amended complaint, the district court

held that a factual dispute existed regarding the symptoms that Vreeland reported to

Dr. Fisher.

      Even so, the district court held that Vreeland’s version of events nonetheless

failed to demonstrate a genuine dispute of material fact. The court reasoned that,

even if Vreeland was experiencing more pain than was reflected in Dr. Fisher’s notes,

Vreeland’s evidence failed to satisfy the objective component because Vreeland’s

pain was not caused by a sufficiently serious medical condition. Vreeland challenges

this holding, and we choose to affirm on an alternate basis fully supported by the

record.

      It is uncontroverted that Vreeland received pain medication. As Vreeland

concedes in his opening brief, he was not denied all pain medication; instead, he

acknowledges that he was given ibuprofen for his post-surgical pain. Aplt. Opening

Br. at 48. The choice of pain medication by the medical staff in these circumstances

simply does not demonstrate subjective deliberate indifference. See Self v. Crum,

, 1232 (10th Cir. 2006).




                                          12
AFFIRMED. Vreeland’s motion for leave to file three reply briefs is denied.


                                   Entered for the Court


                                   Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                   Circuit Judge




                                  13