FILED
                                                                          United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                              Tenth Circuit

                                    TENTH CIRCUIT                             November 20, 2017

                                                                              Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                                  Clerk of Court
JEAN B. NDA SEKA, a/k/a JEAN BEDEL
NDA SEKA,

                      Petitioner,
v.                                                              No. 17-9521
                                                            (Petition for Review)
JEFFERSON B. SESSONS, III, United
States Attorney General,

                      Respondent.




                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*



Before LUCERO, O’BRIEN, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.


       Jean Bedel Nda Seka (Seka), a native and citizen of the Ivory Coast, fled to the

United States because his father-in-law wanted Seka to renounce his marriage to his wife

(the father-in-law’s daughter) so she could marry a wealthier man. The Department of


       *
        Oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). We have decided this case on the briefs.
       This order and judgment is an unpublished decision, not binding precedent. 10th
Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to unpublished decisions is not encouraged, but not prohibited.
Fed. R. App. 32.1. Citation is appropriate as it relates to law of the case, issue preclusion
and claim preclusion. Unpublished decisions may also be cited for their persuasive
value. 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A). Citation to an order and judgment must be accompanied by
an appropriate parenthetical notation B (unpublished). 

(DHS) initiated removal proceedings against him. He applied for

asylum and withholding of removal.1 At issue was whether he had established a well-

founded fear of future persecution because of his membership in a particular social group

(his in-laws, in particular his father-in-law). An Immigration Judge (IJ) denied the

application and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) dismissed his appeal from that

denial (asylum is not a remedy for individuals’ personal—particularly intra-family—

disputes). Seka seeks review of the denial of his application. He also argues the IJ

should have continued his merits hearing to allow him to obtain counsel. We deny the

petition for review.

                                       I. Background

       A. Seka’s flight to the United States

       Seka was born on April 3, 1978, in the Ivory Coast. He became a hairdresser and

owned his own salon. In 2011, he met Yapi Apo Florence (Florence). A year later, they

decided to get married. In their culture, marriage is a two-step process. The first (called

Koko) requires the groom to prove to the bride’s family that he wants to marry her. Seka


       1
         Seka also sought withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture
(CAT), which “prohibits the return of an alien to a country where it is more likely than
not that he will be subject to torture by a public official, or at the instigation or with the
acquiescence of such an official.” Karki v. Holder, 

, 806 (10th Cir. 2013)
(quotation marks omitted). The IJ denied CAT relief and the BIA declined to consider
the issue because Seka had not meaningfully raised the issue in his appeal to the BIA.
Because he has also abandoned the issue in his petition for review, we do not consider it.
See Tran v. Trs. of State Colls. in Colo., 

, 1266 (10th Cir. 2004) (“Issues
not raised in the opening brief are deemed abandoned or waived.” (quotation marks
omitted)).

                                                 -2-
completed this step in January 2014. The second requires the groom to buy sheep and

liquor for the bride’s family. Seka completed this step in January 2015.

       About seven or eight months later, a man, Papa Ali, unknown to Seka at that time,

approached Seka in his salon. Ali wanted to marry Florence. He told Seka he must

“renounce and forsake [his] wife” or “it will cost [him his] life.” (R. at 186.) When Seka

told his father-in-law what had happened, his father-in-law informed Seka he wanted his

daughter to marry Ali because Seka was not wealthy enough. He also said that once the

marriage ended he would return the money Seka spent in the marriage process.

       Florence confirmed to Seka that Ali had proposed to her. She said they needed to

flee the country because her father had decided she should be married to Ali and, in their

culture, her father had the last word on that issue. They sold their belongings and left the

country separately—Florence to Brazil because she had obtained a visa and Seka to

Ecuador because he did not have sufficient funds to also secure a visa to Brazil. They

eventually reunited and arrived at the San Ysidro, California port of entry on or about

February 20, 2016. Because they did not have valid entry documents, they were

detained.2

       While in detention, Seka contacted two individuals in the Ivory Coast, Francis and

Guy Papa, who were aware of his dispute with his father-in-law. They informed him


       2
        Seka and Florence were detained in separate facilities. At the time of the final
hearing on his asylum application (November 22, 2016), Seka was not aware of
Florence’s whereabouts but was trying to locate her. He apparently did so because he
provided her affidavit to the BIA in his appeal from the IJ’s decision.

                                               -3-
Florence’s family had been harassing his father and his parents were killed after he fled

the country. Seka claims to know no details.

       B. Immigration Proceedings

       Seka told the interviewing immigration officer he feared death if he was returned

to the Ivory Coast because of the marriage dispute. The officer concluded “there [was] a

significant possibility” that Seka could establish fear of persecution on account of his

“[m]embership in a particular social group.” (R. at 298.) The officer defined the social

group as Florence’s immediate family.

       On March 22, 2016, DHS served Seka with a notice to appear before an IJ, which

he did on April 13, 2016. The IJ informed him of his “right to be represented by an

attorney or qualified representative of [his] choosing and at no expense to the United

States Government.” (R. at 123.) She also provided him a list of organizations that

might be willing to provide him legal services at little or no cost if he could not afford to

retain an attorney. Seka waived his right to representation. He conceded removability

but applied for asylum and withholding of removal.

       On April 27, 2016, he again appeared before the IJ. He had yet to complete his

asylum application because the detention center’s library had been closed for over a

week. The judge provided him an additional two weeks, until May 11, 2016, to complete

his application. On May 11, the judge accepted the application and set a final hearing for

August 8, 2016. On August 8, Seka informed the judge there were errors in his

application. She again continued the hearing—until August 29, 2016—to allow Seka


                                                -4-
time to correct the errors. On August 29 she accepted the amended application and set a

final hearing for September 30.

       Due to her schedule, the IJ continued the September 30 hearing to November 22.

At the September 30 hearing, Seka told the judge he was attempting to find a lawyer.

The judge told Seka he could continue to try to retain counsel but, if he did not, the

hearing on November 22 would nevertheless go forward.

       At the November 22 hearing, Seka asked for a continuance to obtain an attorney.

The judge denied his request:

              The Court will not grant any more continuances. [Seka] was first before
       the Court on April 13th of this year. He was advised of his rights in these
       proceedings and he indicated that he understood those rights. He waived his right
       to counsel on the 13th in order to plead to the charges against him. The Court
       does recognize that that’s not a permanent waiver, just a waiver for purposes of
       pleading. [Seka] was given an asylum application on that day and instructed to
       complete it. He was told to file it on April 27th, but when he returned to court on
       April 27th, he did not have it ready to file and so another continuance was given.
       And on May 11th, [Seka] did file the asylum application. Three individual
       hearings have been set, August 8th, August 29th and September 30th . . . .

             This is the fourth and last attempt to go forward with your merits hearing. I
       am not willing to give you any more continuances . . . .

(R. at 179-80.)

       At the hearing, Seka testified about his marriage, his confrontation with Ali, and

his decision to flee the Ivory Coast with his wife. When asked whether he sought

protection from the police in the Ivory Coast, he said no, claiming the police would

accede to his father-in-law’s wishes concerning his daughter, Florence. He also said the

police would not be able to protect him if he returned to the Ivory Coast, especially if he


                                               -5-
returned without Florence, because “the police would not be able to protect me every

single day” and “my life will be in danger.” (R. at 192.) In particular, he claimed his

father-in-law would likely poison him or use voodoo against him.

       In a written order, the IJ denied his application for asylum and withholding of

removal. She found Seka to be credible. However, she concluded he had not established

a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of his membership in a particular

social group. Like the asylum officer, she defined the social group as Florence’s

immediate family. Even assuming Florence’s immediate family was a cognizable social

group, Seka had failed to show he would be persecuted on account of that membership if

he were to return to the Ivory Coast:

              [E]ven if the Court were able to define a cognizable group in which [Seka]
       is a member, [he] is unable to establish that his membership in any group of
       people would be one central reason for the persecution he fears. As nobody else
       with a familial relationship to [his] wife is being targeted (in fact it is members of
       his wife’s family who are the ones [he] fears), it is apparent that [Seka] does not
       fear harm on account of his familial relationship to his wife, but rather that his
       fears are based on a personal dispute between him and his wife’s father.

               [Seka] wrote in his [application for asylum and withholding of removal]
       that if he were to return to his home country he would be sought out because he
       took his wife away from her father. Additionally, [Seka] told the Asylum Officer
       that he left the Ivory Coast because his wife’s dad wanted her to marry a friend of
       his. [He] also stated in his [application] that his father-in-law wants [Florence] to
       marry another man who is very rich and powerful because the family needs
       money. Such statements by [Seka] are further indication to the Court that [his]
       fear of future harm is not related to a protected ground, but instead a personal or
       financial dispute.

(R. at 89 (citations and quotation marks omitted).) Because Seka had not met his burden

of establishing eligibility for asylum, the IJ concluded he also failed to meet the higher


                                                -6-
standard for withholding of removal.

       Seka appealed to the BIA which agreed with the IJ on all counts. Even if

immediate family members constitute a valid particular social group, Seka had not shown

a well-founded fear of future persecution because of his membership in that group (as

opposed to a personal dispute with his father-in-law):

              [T]he immediate family members of [his] wife have not been targeted as a
       group for harm; rather, [Seka] alone fears harm from his wife’s father because of a
       personal dispute relating to his refusal to renounce his marriage to his wife.
       [Seka] is the only person who has had problems and we agree with the [IJ] that a
       particular social group must contain more than one person.

              Additionally, no clear error exists in the [IJ]’s finding that the harm [Seka]
       fears would be motivated by a personal dispute. A persecutor’s actual motive is a
       matter of fact to be determined by the [IJ] and reviewed by us for clear error.
       [Seka’s] statements in his testimony, on his asylum application, and during his
       credible fear interview confirm this motive and demonstrate the personal nature of
       the dispute between [Seka] and his father-in-law. Thus, [Seka] did not
       demonstrate that his membership in the immediate family of his wife is one central
       reason for the harm he fears. Instead, the evidence establishes that [Seka]’s fear of
       future harm is based on a personal dispute between [him] and his father-in-law,
       which is not a basis for asylum.

(R. at 4 (citations omitted).)

       The BIA also concluded the IJ’s denial of Seka’s last-minute request for a

continuance was proper given that Seka had been instructed regarding his right to counsel

at the April 13 hearing and reminded of his right to seek counsel at the September 30

hearing. Moreover, the merits hearing had been continued multiple times over a seven

month period to allow him the opportunity to secure counsel.

                                     II. Standard of Review

       “[T]he scope of our review is governed by the form of the BIA decision.” Htun v.

                                               -7-
Lynch, 

, 1118 (10th Cir. 2016) (quotation marks omitted). “Where, as

here, a single BIA member issues a brief order affirming the IJ’s decision, we review the

order as the final agency determination and limit our review to the grounds relied upon

by the BIA.” 

seeking to understand the grounds provided by the BIA, we

are not precluded from consulting the IJ’s more complete explanation of those same

grounds.” 

omitted).

       We review legal questions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence.

Rodas-Orellana v. Holder, 

, 990 (10th Cir. 2015). Under the substantial

evidence standard, “the BIA’s findings of fact are conclusive unless the record

demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary.” 

omitted).

       “We review the decision to deny a continuance for an abuse of discretion.”

Luevano v. Holder, 

, 1213 (10th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted).

Only if the denial was “without a rational explanation, inexplicably departed from

established policies, or rested on an impermissible basis, will we grant the petition for

review.”3 

omitted).

                                      III. Discussion


       3
         Despite the discretionary nature of asylum and the IJ’s decision to deny a
continuance, we nevertheless have jurisdiction to review both decisions. See 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(B)(ii) (giving courts jurisdiction to review asylum decisions under 8 U.S.C. §
1158(a)); see also 

(“Because an IJ’s discretion to deny a
request for a continuance arises from a regulation, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.29, we possess
jurisdiction to consider the denial of a motion for continuance . . . .”).

                                                -8-
       A. Asylum

       “The Attorney General has discretion to grant asylum to a person who qualifies as

a ‘refugee.’” Xui v. Lynch, 

, 1106 (10th Cir. 2017) (quoting 8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)). A “refugee” is a person “who is unable or unwilling to return to [his country of

nationality] because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). We refer to these five categories as “protected grounds.”

.

       A petitioner can establish refugee status by establishing, among other things, “a

well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a protected ground.”4 

petitioner can also establish refugee status “through a showing of past
persecution on account of a protected ground, which gives rise to a rebuttable
presumption of having a well-founded fear of persecution on account of a protected
ground.” 

(quotation marks omitted). The IJ decided
Seka had not shown past persecution because threats from his father-in-law were
insufficient. See Vatulev v. Ashcroft, 

, 1210 (10th Cir. 2003) (“Threats
alone generally do not constitute actual persecution . . . .”); see also Ritonga v. Holder,

, 975 (10th Cir. 2011) (persecution requires more than “threats to life and
liberty”) (quotations marks omitted). Because Seka did not meaningfully challenge this
aspect of the IJ’s decision, the BIA deemed the issue waived. However, even if the issue
was properly before it, the BIA concluded the IJ did not err. Seka does not raise this
issue in his petition for review and we do not consider it. See 

.
        Whether future or past, “[t]he persecution must be imposed by the government or
by groups which the government is unwilling or unable to control.” Vatulev v. Ashcroft,

, 1209 (10th Cir.2003) (quotation marks omitted). The persecution in this
case was imposed by Seka’s father-in-law, not the government of the Ivory Coast. And
his claim the government (the police) will not or cannot control his father-in-law because
fathers have the last word concerning whom their daughters will marry is mere
speculation; Seka admitted he never sought police intervention. Moreover, a
“generalized claim of inaction, without more, does not persuasively establish the [Ivory
                                                                       (Continued . . .)
                                                -9-
(quotation marks omitted).” “For persecution to be on account of a statutorily protected

ground, the victim’s protected characteristic must be central to the persecutor’s decision

to act against the victim.” Rivera–Barrientos v. Holder, 

, 646 (10th Cir.

2012) (quotation marks omitted). Seka bears the burden to establish he is a refugee. 8

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i).

       Seka claims to have established the harm he fears is on account of a protected

ground, i.e., his membership in a particular social group. According to him, the BIA

improperly defined the “particular social group” as Florence’s immediate family rather

than her nuclear family.5 He claims his membership in her nuclear family is the central

reason for his fear of future persecution—his life is in danger due to his marriage to

Florence. Moreover, all members of Florence’s nuclear family (2) have been targeted—

he with his life and Florence with a forced marriage, which, he says, is a form of

persecution.

       The BIA did not address the nuclear family issue even though Seka raised it in his


Coast] government’s inability or unwillingness to protect [Seka] from [his father-in-
law].” Pasaribu v. Mukasey, 301 F. App’x 795, 799 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished)
(quotation marks omitted). Nevertheless, because the BIA did not deny asylum on this
ground, we will not affirm on this basis. Salazar v. Lynch, 614 F. App’x 362, 364 (10th
Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 

, 196 (1947) (stating
federal courts will not affirm agency decisions based on reasoning not considered by the
agency)).
       5
         “Immediate family” is “a person’s parents, brothers and sisters, husband or wife,
and children.” See https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/immediate%20family.
“Nuclear family” is “a family group that consists only of parents and children.” See
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nuclear%20family. In this case, Florence’s
nuclear family consists of Seka and Florence.

                                               - 10 -
appeal to the BIA. Assuming, arguendo, Florence’s nuclear family is the “particular

social group” and a nuclear family is a valid “particular social group” for asylum

purposes,6 substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that Seka’s fears of future

persecution stem from a personal dispute between him and his father-in-law rather than

his membership in Florence’s nuclear family.

       Defining the “particular social group” as Florence’s nuclear family (rather than her

immediate family) is certainly convenient for Seka. Doing so eliminates the BIA’s

concern that other members of Florence’s immediate family had not been targeted. And,

at first glance, it appears to satisfy his burden—but for his marriage to Florence, he

would not be subject to persecution by his father-in-law. However, as we will explain,

the purpose of asylum is not to protect individuals from personal disputes between family

members.

       The Fourth Circuit’s recent discussion in Velasquez v. Sessions is instructive. 

, 194 (4th Cir. 2017). Velasquez fled from Honduras to the United States with

her child after her mother-in-law threatened to kill her if she did not relinquish custody of

the child to her (the mother-in-law). 

Velasquez sought asylum, claiming

       6
         We have not definitively decided the issue. However, a panel of this court did
suggest in an unpublished decision that groups sharing kinship ties constitute a
“particular social group.” Rahman v. INS, 

, No. 97-9527, 

, at
*4 (10th Cir. Jan. 7, 1998) (unpublished). And other circuits have recognized that the
nuclear family satisfies the requirements for a “particular social group.” See, e.g.,
Gebremichael v. INS, 

, 36 (1st Cir. 1993) (“There can, in fact, be no plainer
example of a social group based on common, identifiable and immutable characteristics
than that of the nuclear family.”); Bernal-Rendon v. Gonzales, 

, 881 (8th
Cir. 2005) (“[A] nuclear family can constitute a social group.”).

                                               - 11 -
she feared persecution from her mother-in-law on account of her membership in her

nuclear family. 

The BIA concluded the alleged persecution was not on

account of that membership; rather, she was being targeted due to an intra-family custody

dispute. 

The Fourth Circuit agreed with the BIA.

       Substantial evidence supported the BIA’s finding that the mother-in-law’s threats

“were motivated not by Velasquez’ family status but by a personal desire to obtain

custody [of her grandchild].” 

In so concluding, the court distinguished its

prior cases where it had found the alleged persecution was on account of a petitioner’s

membership in her nuclear family. 

In those cases, a non-familial third

party was the persecutor and the persecutor was motivated by non-personal reasons,

either to have the petitioner persuade her son to join a gang or to prevent the petitioner

from going to the authorities after her husband was killed for uncovering his boss’s illicit

business. 

the Fourth Circuit said, “this case concerns solely a custody

dispute between two relatives of the same child and necessarily invokes the type of

personal dispute falling outside the scope of asylum protection.” 

       So too here. Seka testified he fears his father-in-law will kill him if he returns to

the Ivory Coast. With him out of the picture, Florence is free to marry Ali, who the

father-in-law believes is better for her because he has more money. Seka also testified to

concern that the police cannot, or will not, protect him because they will abide by the

father-in-law’s wishes. Like in Velasquez, this case involves neither a third-party

persecutor nor a persecutor motived by non-personal reasons. Rather, it concerns a


                                               - 12 -
familial persecutor whose motives are personal and financial in nature—a desire for his

daughter to marry a wealthier man. Such disputes are insufficient to establish eligibility

for asylum. See Vatulev v. Ashcroft, 

, 1209 (10th Cir. 2003) (“[P]ersonal

hostility [does] not implicate asylum eligibility.”); see also 

(“Aliens with a well-founded fear of persecution supported by concrete facts are not

eligible for asylum if those facts indicate only that the alien fears retribution over purely

personal matters.”) (quotation marks omitted)); Zoarab v. Mukasey, 

, 781

(6th Cir. 2008) (“Asylum is not available to an alien who fears retribution solely over

personal matters.”); Jun Ying Wang v. Gonzales, 

, 998–99 (7th Cir. 2006)

(“[A] personal dispute cannot give rise to a claim for asylum.”).

       The BIA decision is supported by substantial evidence. Because Seka has not met

the standard for asylum, he has also not met the more stringent standard for withholding

of removal. See Estrada-Escobar v. Ashcroft, 

, 1048 (10th Cir. 2004).

       B. Denial of Continuance

       According to Seka, he had the statutory and regulatory privilege to be represented

by counsel of his choice at no expense to the government and denying him a continuance

to obtain counsel was an abuse of discretion. Convenient, but not convincing. The judge

cited the number of continuances already granted, but Seka says those continuances were

outside of his control. He also says that as a detained alien with no contacts in the United

States and unable to speak English, a short continuance to allow him to obtain counsel

would have been reasonable and appropriate. His lack of counsel, he says, resulted in the

                                                - 13 -
IJ ascribing to him a social group (Florence’s immediate family) rather than the one he

prefers (Florence’s nuclear family).

       The IJ’s decision to deny a continuance was eminently reasonable. The judge told

Seka at the April 13 hearing that he had a right to retain counsel. She also provided him a

list of pro bono organizations that might represent him for little or no cost. The merits

hearing was continued several times after that, during which time Seka could have

retained counsel or sought pro bono legal services. While he claims the continuances

were out of his control that is beside the point. Regardless of the reasons for the

continuances they afforded him over seven months to secure counsel, which he failed to

do.

       Seka also claims the IJ did not adequately inform him of his right to counsel. He

concedes the judge initially informed of his right to counsel at the April 13 hearing, see 8

C.F.R. § 1240.10(a) (requiring IJ to advise alien in a removal proceeding of his right to

retain counsel and the availability of pro bono legal services). But, he tells us, 8 C.F.R. §

1240.11(c)(1)(iii) required her to re-advise him at the May 11 hearing when she accepted

his asylum application. Not so.

       If an alien expresses fear of persecution upon return to his home country, §

1240.11(c)(1)(iii) requires the IJ to advise him that he may apply for asylum or

withholding of removal and of his privilege to retain counsel at his own expense. The

judge must also provide the alien a list of pro bono counsel. The judge in this case did

just that at the April 13 hearing. She noted that an asylum officer had found Seka had a


                                               - 14 -
credible fear of returning to the Ivory Coast. As a result, she advised him of his right to

seek asylum and withholding of removal. At that same hearing, she informed him of his

right to an attorney and provided him a list of pro bono attorneys. This fulfilled her

obligations under the regulation. There was no need to re-advise at the May 11 hearing.

       We DENY the petition for review.

       Seka’s request to proceed on appeal in forma pauperis or ifp is DENIED AS

MOOT. Since we have reached the merits of his petition for review, prepayment of fees

is no longer an issue. The relevant statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a), does not permit litigants

to avoid payment of fees; only prepayment of fees is excused. Accordingly, Seka is

required to pay all fees ($500.00). Payment must be made to the Clerk of this Court. See

Fed. R. App. P. 15(e).




                                           Entered by the Court:



                                           Terrence L. O’Brien
                                           United States Circuit Judge




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