FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                               July 9, 2018
                        _________________________________
                                                                           Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                               Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                 No. 16-2219
                                        (D.C. Nos. 1:16-CV-00513-JB-WPL,
 MATTHEW CLAYTON LLOYD,                       1:07-CR-02238-JB-1 &
                                               1:08-CR-03048-JB-1)
    Defendant - Appellant.                            (D.N.M.)
                   _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before LUCERO, HARTZ, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Matthew Lloyd appeals the dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. Exercising

jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                            I

      Lloyd pled guilty in federal court to two counts of armed bank robbery in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d); one count of carjacking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2119; and

one count of using and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence



      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
(armed bank robbery) in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The district court

imposed the 27-year sentence specified by the parties’ Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement.

In doing so, the court apportioned seven years to the § 924(c) count consecutive to a total

of twenty years for the robbery and carjacking counts. It did not identify which clause of

§ 924(c) applied.1

       In 2016, Lloyd filed a § 2255 motion to vacate his § 924(c) sentence. He argued

that his sentence could not be predicated on armed bank robbery after Samuel Johnson v.

United States, 

, 2557 (2015). The district court rejected Lloyd’s

argument, concluding that even if Samuel Johnson invalidated § 924(c)’s residual clause,

armed bank robbery nevertheless qualifies as a crime of violence under § 924(c)’s

elements clause. We granted Lloyd a certificate of appealability.

                                              II

       “We review the district court’s legal rulings on a § 2255 motion de novo and its

findings of fact for clear error.” United States v. Harris, 

, 1263 (10th Cir.

2017), cert. denied, 

(2018) (quotation and alteration omitted). Whether




       1
         The term “crime of violence” is defined in two clauses of § 924(c)(3). The first
clause, known as the elements clause, includes a felony that “has as an element the use,
attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of
another.” § 924(c)(3)(A). The second clause, known as the residual clause, includes a
felony “that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person
or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense.”
§ 924(c)(3)(B).

                                              2
an offense constitutes a crime of violence for purposes of § 924(c) is a legal question we

review de novo. United States v. Serafin, 

, 1107 (10th Cir. 2009).2

       To determine whether a predicate crime constitutes a crime of violence, we

employ the categorical approach, looking “only to the fact of conviction and the statutory

definition of the prior offense” without regard to “the particular facts disclosed by the

record of conviction.” 

. In doing so, “we must presume that

the conviction rested upon nothing more than the least of the acts criminalized, and then

determine whether even those acts are encompassed by the [statute].” Moncrieffe v.

Holder, 

, 190-91 (2013) (quotation and alteration omitted).

       The federal bank robbery statute provides in part:

                Whoever, by force and violence, or by intimidation, takes, or
       attempts to take, from the person or presence of another, or obtains or
       attempts to obtain by extortion any property or money or any other thing of
       value belonging to, or in the care, custody, control, management, or
       possession of, any bank, credit union, or any savings and loan association
       . . . [s]hall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty
       years, or both.

§ 2113(a). Subsection (d) elevates simple bank robbery to armed bank robbery by

proscribing “the use of a dangerous weapon or device” to “assault[ ]” or “put[ ] in




       2
         Like the district court, we need not decide the extent to which Lloyd’s sentence
arises from his Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement, rather than § 924(c), given that he is not
eligible for resentencing in any event. We also note that after the district court denied
Lloyd’s § 2255 motion and the parties completed their appellate briefing, this court held
that § 924(c)’s residual clause, like the Armed Career Criminal Act’s residual clause,
violates due process. United States v. Salas, 

, 686 (10th Cir. 2018) (citing
Sessions v. Dimaya, 

, 1223 (2018), which invalidated § 924(c)(3)(B)’s
counterpart in 18 U.S.C. § 16).
                                              3
jeopardy the life of any person.” § 2113(d); see also United States v. Davis, 

, 993 (10th Cir. 2006).

       Lloyd argues that bank robbery “by intimidation” is not a crime of violence

because it can be accomplished without an intentional use of force. The term “crime of

violence” does not “encompass accidental or negligent conduct.” Leocal v. Ashcroft, 

, 11 (2004) (discussing 18 U.S.C. § 16). But “§ 2113(a) requires more than mere

recklessness or negligence; it requires proof of general intent—that is, that the defendant

possessed knowledge with respect to the actus reus of the crime (here, the taking of

property of another by force and violence or intimidation).” United States v. Deiter, 

, 1213 (10th Cir. 2018) (quotation, alteration, citation, and emphasis omitted).

And because “intimidation requires a purposeful act that instills objectively reasonable

fear (or expectation) of force or bodily injury, . . . federal bank robbery convictions

categorically qualify as crimes of violence.” United States v. McCranie, 

,

680-81 (10th Cir. 2018) (interpreting the similarly worded elements clause of U.S.S.G.

§ 4B1.2(a)(1)); accord In re Sams, 

, 1239 (11th Cir. 2016) (per curiam)

(applying § 924(c)(3)’s elements clause and collecting cases holding that bank robbery by

force and violence or by intimidation qualifies as a crime of violence). Given that “bank

robbery is a lesser-included offense of § 2113(d) armed bank robbery, armed bank

robbery is also a crime of violence” within the meaning of § 924(c)(3)’s elements clause.

United States v. McNeal, 

, 157 (4th Cir. 2016); accord United States v.

Watson, 

, 786 (9th Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (“Because bank robbery ‘by



                                              4
force and violence, or by intimidation’ is a crime of violence, so too is armed bank

robbery.”).

       Lloyd further argues that because bank robbery can be committed “by extortion,”

the crime does not necessarily involve the use of physical force. See Curtis Johnson v.

United States, 

, 140 (2010) (stating that “in the context of a statutory

definition of ‘violent felony,’ the phrase ‘physical force’ means violent force—that is,

force capable of causing physical pain or injury to another person”);3 United States v.

Valdez, 

, 1143 n.4 (10th Cir. 1998) (stating that “an individual may be able

to commit a bank robbery under the language of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) ‘by extortion’

without the threat of violence”). But Lloyd was convicted of armed bank robbery, which

involves the use of a dangerous weapon or device to either assault a person or jeopardize

his life. § 2113(d). Employing such a weapon or device “necessarily threatens the use

of” violent force. United States v. Maldonado-Palma, 

, 1250 (10th Cir.

2016), cert. denied, 

(2017).

                                            III

       AFFIRMED.
                                               Entered for the Court


                                               Carlos F. Lucero
                                               Circuit Judge




       3
        In United States v. Melgar-Cabrera, No. 16-2018, 

, at *8
(10th Cir. June 8, 2018), this court held that Curtis Johnson’s definition of “physical
force” as “violent force” applies to § 924(c)(3)(A).
                                               5