FILED
                                                                   United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                              Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    February 23, 2018

                                                                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          Clerk of Court
                       _________________________________

JIMMY JOSEPH VASQUEZ,

      Plaintiff - Appellant/Cross-
      Appellee,

v.                                                 Nos. 17-1026 & 17-1044

JEANNE DAVIS, in her individual
capacity; BRIAN WEBSTER, in his
individual capacity; KATHLEEN
MELLOH, in her individual capacity;
MAURICE FAUVEL, in his individual and
official capacities; RICK RAEMISCH, in
his official capacity,

      Defendants - Appellees/Cross-
      Appellants,

and

KATHLEEN MARTORANO, in her
individual capacity,

      Defendant/Cross-Appellant,

and

GATBEL CHAMJOCK, in his individual
capacity,

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Colorado
                      (D.C. No. 1:14-CV-01433-WJM-CBS)
                       _________________________________

Elisabeth L. Owen, Prisoners’ Justice League of Colorado LLC, Denver, Colorado, for
Plaintiff Vasquez.

Chris W. Alber, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Defendants
Davis, Martorano, Webster, Melloh, Fauvel, and Raemisch.

Joseph P. Sanchez, Goodspeed & Merrill, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant Chamjock.
                      _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, EBEL, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

EBEL, Circuit Judge.
                       _________________________________

      In this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action, Plaintiff Jimmy Vasquez, an inmate in the

Colorado Department of Corrections (“CDOC”), contends that CDOC medical

providers were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs in violation of the

Eighth Amendment. Vasquez specifically alleges that Defendants delayed treating

him for the hepatitis C virus (“HCV”), resulting in his suffering life-threatening

permanent liver damage. In appeal No. 17-1026, we AFFIRM the district court’s

decision to grant Defendants summary judgment, concluding Vasquez’s claims

against Defendants Davis, Webster, Melloh, and Chamjock are time-barred, and

Vasquez failed to present sufficient evidence that Defendant Fauvel acted with

deliberate indifference. In appeal No. 17-1044, we VACATE an injunction requiring

the CDOC to test Vasquez’s liver function every three months.




                                           2
                                  I. BACKGROUND

      Vasquez began serving a life sentence in the CDOC in 2004. At that time, he

was diagnosed with HCV. HCV is transmitted primarily through blood-to-blood

transfers by, for instance, sharing needles used for intravenous drug use or tattoos.

While 75% to 80% of people with chronic HCV suffer no serious problems, the

remainder, like Vasquez, suffer progressive liver damage from liver diseases such as

cancer or cirrhosis. Cirrhosis, which is particularly relevant here, “is a progressive

disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, eventually

preventing the liver from functioning effectively.” (Aplt. App. 609 ¶ 34.) Liver

damage from HCV can progress slowly, taking up to two or three decades.

      During the course of Vasquez’s prison sentence, the treatment of HCV has

evolved and improved. When he first entered prison in 2004, HCV was treated, with

limited success, using the antiviral medications interferon and ribavirin. These

medications could produce severe side effects—“many guys get very sick on”

interferon and ribavirin, (id. 445)—and could not be used if the patient had

“decompensated” liver cirrhosis. (Id. 270-71 ¶¶ 19, 21; 1157 ¶¶ 19, 21.) In 2011,

medical providers began using other antiviral medications to supplement interferon

and ribavirin, improving cure rates. In 2013, a new antiviral medication sovaldi was

used with interferon and/or ribavirin. In 2014, harvoni became available to treat

specific genotypes of HCV. Although these antiviral medications can cure HCV with

increasing effectiveness, they do not reverse any resulting permanent liver damage.



                                           3
       These antiviral treatments for HCV are expensive, ranging from $40,000 to

$160,000 per patient, depending on the length of treatment, and they do not

immunize the patient from becoming re-infected through, for example, further

sharing of needles for intravenous drug use. In light of this, the CDOC requires that

an inmate take six months of drug and alcohol avoidance classes (“D&A classes”)

before becoming eligible for HCV treatment. Further, CDOC policy places the onus

on the inmate both to request HCV treatment and to complete the requisite D&A

classes.

       When Vasquez was diagnosed with HCV in late 2004, CDOC officials gave

him a two-page handout explaining HCV and the general treatment available at that

time. Vasquez asked his case manager in March 2005 for assistance enrolling in

D&A classes so that he could eventually be treated for HCV. At that time, however,

there were no D&A classes available in the high security section of the CDOC’s

prison in Sterling, where Vasquez was housed. Even though CDOC policy was to

transfer an inmate who needed D&A classes to a facility where those classes were

offered, such transfers were subject to CDOC security determinations. In Vasquez’s

case, his case manager noted that she would check on the possibility of transferring

Vasquez to another prison where he could attend D&A classes, but the record does

not indicate whether the case manager ever checked.1


1
  Vasquez’s case manager at this time was Defendant Kathleen Martorano. On
appeal, Vasquez does not challenge the district court’s decision to grant her summary
judgment.

                                          4
      In May 2005, six months after Vasquez entered the CDOC, Defendant Jeanne

Davis, a prison nurse, confirmed that Vasquez’s HCV was chronic, and notified him

that he was medically eligible for HCV treatment after he completed six months of

D&A classes. Although Davis further informed Vasquez that he should “send a kite

to medical” (id. 277 ¶ 57)—that is, send a written request to the prison medical clinic

if he was interested in receiving treatment—Vasquez did not make such a request.

      Vasquez did not seek to enroll in D&A classes again for another seven years.

During that time, D&A classes became available to him. In 2008, because many

inmates were having trouble enrolling in these classes, the CDOC relaxed the

requirements for what qualified as D&A classes. In 2012 or 2013, CDOC reinstated

its stricter requirements for D&A classes, but made those classes available to all

inmates, including those housed in Sterling’s high security wing. Vasquez indicates

that he knew in 2010 that there were D&A classes available to him.

      Beginning in August 2006, a series of CDOC physician’s assistants, including

Defendants Brian Webster, Gatbel Chamjock, and Kathleen Melloh, treated Vasquez

for a variety of medical conditions. These Defendants were aware both that Vasquez

had HCV and that he was beginning to show signs of liver damage. These signs

included consistently high liver enzyme and ammonia levels in his blood. Based on

his high ammonia levels, Defendant Webster diagnosed Vasquez with liver cirrhosis

in June 2008, and spoke to Vasquez about his “worsening” liver condition resulting

from his HCV (id. 222, 342). Webster prescribed Vasquez with medication to

decrease the amount of ammonia in his blood. But Webster did not refer Vasquez for

                                           5
D&A classes, mistakenly believing both that the prevailing antiviral treatment could

not be used on patients who had already developed any degree of liver cirrhosis and

that Vasquez’s high security classification precluded him from participating in D&A

classes. After 2008, Defendants Webster, Chamjock and Melloh continued to

monitor Vasquez’s condition and to treat his symptoms, including lowering his

ammonia levels.

      On January 14, 2012, Vasquez sought medical attention, reporting he had

vomited blood. A day or two later, Vasquez requested assistance in enrolling in

D&A classes. By this time, Vasquez knew that he had HCV, that progressive liver

damage could result from untreated HCV, that his liver condition had been

“worsening” for a number of years, and that to obtain treatment, he first had to

complete six months of D&A classes. On February 6, 2012, Defendant Dr. Maurice

Fauvel saw Vasquez for the first time, noted Vasquez’s interest in receiving HCV

treatment, discussed the treatment protocol with him “at length,” and referred

Vasquez to his case manager to enroll in available D&A classes. (Id. 261.) After

several months of bureaucratic run-around, Vasquez began attending D&A classes in

July 2012, and completed those classes in January 2013.2

      A week after Vasquez began these classes, in July 2012, Dr. Fauvel discussed

with Vasquez the possibility of HCV treatment, consulted with CDOC medical


2
 The CDOC later determined that, through no fault of Vasquez, these classes did not
qualify as the required D&A classes, but eventually the CDOC waived any concern
about his having completed the appropriate classes.

                                           6
administrators about Vasquez, and then ordered a liver biopsy, which was the next

step in determining whether Vasquez qualified medically for the prevailing antiviral

HCV treatment. The liver biopsy had to be approved by CDOC’s third-party medical

care payor, which appears to have delayed indefinitely Dr. Fauvel’s request.

      In May 2013, Vazquez began vomiting large amounts of blood and was rushed

to Denver for surgery to repair hemorrhaging varices in his esophagus. Such varices

can be caused by liver cirrhosis. According to Vasquez, at this time the doctors in

Denver told him that, because of the extent of damage to his liver, he did not qualify

medically for then-available antiviral HCV treatments. When he returned to the

Sterling prison in June 2013, Vasquez again asked Dr. Fauvel for HCV treatment and

filed several grievances complaining of the lack of HCV treatment.

      In May 2014, having exhausted his administrative remedies,3 Vasquez, acting

pro se, filed this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 lawsuit. The district court appointed Vasquez

counsel. While this case was pending, the CDOC, in 2016, approved Vasquez to be

treated with a new antiviral regimen of sovaldi and ribavirin.

      In this litigation, Vasquez seeks damages from several CDOC medical

providers, alleging they were deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs.

The district court granted each of these Defendants summary judgment. In appeal

3
  Over Defendants’ objection, the district court ruled that Vasquez adequately
exhausted his administrative remedies as required under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).
Defendants do not challenge that ruling on appeal and the exhaustion of
administrative remedies is not, in any event, a jurisdictional prerequisite, see Jones v.
Bock, 

, 211-12, 216 (2007) (holding exhaustion of administrative
remedies under § 1997e(a) is affirmative defense).

                                            7
No. 17-1026, Vasquez challenges those rulings, but only as to Defendants Davis,

Webster, Chamjock, Melloh and Fauvel. In appeal No. 17-1044, the State

Defendants (all but Defendant Chamjock) challenge the district court’s decision to

enter, sua sponte, a permanent injunction requiring CDOC officials to test Vasquez’s

liver function every three months. We have jurisdiction to consider these appeals

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                              II. APPEAL NO. 17-1026

      This court reviews de novo the district court’s decision to award Defendants

Chamjock, Davis, Webster, Melloh and Fauvel summary judgment, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to Vasquez. See Sylvia v. Glanz, 

,

1328 (10th Cir. 2017). The district court “shall grant summary judgment if the

movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

      To recover damages from each of these Defendants under § 1983, Vasquez had

to show that such Defendant personally participated in the alleged constitutional

violation. See Robertson v. Las Animas Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 

, 1193

(10th Cir. 2007). Here, Vasquez alleged that Defendants violated the Eighth

Amendment by acting with deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs. See

Estelle v. Gamble, 

, 104 (1976). To recover as to a particular Defendant,

Vasquez had to prove as to that Defendant both an objective and a subjective element

of his claim. See Al-Turki v. Robinson, 

, 1192 (10th Cir. 2014).



                                           8
      To prove the objective element of his deliberate-indifference claim, Vasquez

had to show that his “medical condition was sufficiently serious to be cognizable

under the [Eighth Amendment’s] Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Where, as here, the claim involves a delay in

treatment, Vasquez had to show “that the delay resulted in substantial harm,” a

requirement that “may be satisfied by” a showing of “lifelong handicap, permanent

loss, or considerable pain.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). To prove

the subjective element of his claim, Vasquez had to show for each liable Defendant

that such Defendant “kn[e]w of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to [Vasquez’s]

health or safety.” 

(quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 

, 837

(1994)).

A. Vasquez’s claims against Defendants Davis, Webster, Chamjock, and Melloh
are time-barred

      1. Vasquez’s claims against these Defendants accrued by February 2012

      Vasquez filed this case on May 21, 2014. The parties agree that, to be timely,

Vasquez had to have filed suit within two years from the date his § 1983 Eighth

Amendment claims accrued. See Myers v. Koopman, 

, 1194 n.2 (10th

Cir. 2013) (applying Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-80-102(1)(a)). See generally Wallace v.

Cato, 

, 387 (2007) (looking to relevant state’s law for § 1983 limitations

period).

      Federal law, which governs when a § 1983 claim accrues, provides that

Vasquez’s claims accrued when he had “a complete and present cause of action”; that


                                          9
is, when he could have filed suit and obtained relief. 

(internal quotation

marks omitted). In light of the objective and subjective elements of Vasquez’s

Eighth Amendment claims, those claims accrued when he “knew or had reason to

know[,]” Mata v. Anderson, 

, 1253 (10th Cir. 2011), separately for

each of these Defendants—Davis, Webster, Chamjock and Melloh—to be liable, that

they had acted with deliberate indifference to a known risk to Vasquez’s medical

needs, and that his or her deliberate indifference resulted in a delay in treatment that

caused Vasquez substantial harm. See Bauer v. City & Cty. of Denver, 642 F. App’x

920, 924 (10th Cir. 2016) (unpublished) (holding Eighth Amendment claim accrued

when inmate knew he had been denied medical treatment and that he would lose his

foot as a result).4 The claim accrued once Vasquez knew Defendants’ deliberate

indifference caused him substantial harm, “even though the full extent of the injury is

not then known or predictable.” 

(internal quotation marks

omitted).

        Here, the deliberate indifference (if any) of these Defendants—Davis,

Webster, Chamjock and Melloh—would have occurred more than two years before

Vasquez filed this action. Defendant Davis’s only contact with Vasquez was in 2004

and 2005. Defendant Webster last treated Vasquez in March 2009. Defendant

Chamjock refilled Vasquez’s prescriptions and saw him just a few times between

May 2008 and May 2010. Melloh refilled Vasquez’s prescriptions and ordered

periodic lab tests in 2010, and saw Vasquez once, in January 2012.

4
    Though unpublished, we find Bauer’s reasoning persuasive.
                                           10
      Vasquez’s claims against these Defendants, therefore, cannot be timely unless

he did not know, or have reason to know, that their deliberate indifference

substantially harmed him until at least May 2012, two years before he filed this suit.

The district court, however, correctly concluded instead that Vasquez knew he had

been substantially harmed by no later than February 2012. By that time certainly

(and likely at an even earlier time), Vasquez knew he had chronic HCV and that

HCV could “eventually kill you” (Aplt. App. 530). Vasquez further knew that

progressive liver damage was possible from HCV, and that since June 2008 his liver

was “worsening . . . from HCV” (id. 222, 342). Vasquez also knew that, from June

2008 forward, he had to take prescription medication each day for his worsening

liver. In addition, Vasquez knew that, in order to obtain HCV treatment, he needed

to complete six months of D&A classes, but that when he tried to enroll in those

classes in March 2005, he was unable to do so. A few days after seeking medical

attention for vomiting blood in January 2012, Vasquez again began requesting to

enroll in D&A classes in order to get HCV treatment.

      Vasquez asserts that there is no evidence “that he understood the import of

these things” because he is not a medical professional and “is severely intellectually

limited.” (Vasquez Br. 29.) But Vasquez’s subsequent conduct belies that assertion.

After requesting to enroll in D&A classes in January 2012, Vasquez met with Dr.

Fauvel in February 2012; Fauvel noted Vasquez’s interest in the D&A classes,

discussed HCV treatment with Vasquez “at length,” indicated Vasquez “understood,”

and referred Vasquez to his case manager to enroll in D&A classes. (Aplt. App.

                                          11
261.) When he ran into several bureaucratic snags to enrolling, Vasquez filed several

grievances, asserting that he needed to enroll in the D&A classes in order to get “the

treatment I need for hepatitis C. . . . because its [sic] been long enough” and

apologizing “for the inconvenience but I need this treatment.” (Id. 835.) In light of

this evidence, the district court correctly held that Vasquez knew, certainly no later

than February 2012, that any failure of Defendants Davis, Webster, Chamjock and

Melloh to treat Vasquez’s HCV had substantially harmed him, thereby triggering the

two-year limitations period.5

        2. Continuing violation

        Vasquez argues that, even if his Eighth Amendment claims against Defendants

Davis, Webster, Chamjock and Melloh accrued in February 2012, the “continuing

violation” doctrine saves those claims from being time-barred. Vasquez’s theory is

that, even if his § 1983 claims against these four Defendants accrued in February

2012, the Eighth Amendment violation underlying his claims—the delay in treating

his HCV—continued until he received he was finally treated for HCV in February

2016.

        The continuing violation doctrine was developed in the Title VII employment

law context, see Hunt v. Bennett, 

, 1266 (10th Cir. 1994), and this court

has not yet decided whether it should apply to § 1983 claims, see Colby v. Herrick,

, 1280 (10th Cir. 2017) (assuming “[f]or the sake of argument” that


5
 Vasquez has never asserted that the limitations period should be tolled because of
mental or other disability or obstacle.
                                           12
continuing violation doctrine applies to § 1983 claims, but concluding doctrine would

not save time-barred claim in that case). We need not decide the question here,

either, because even if we were to apply that doctrine, it would not save Vasquez’s

claims against Defendants Davis, Webster, Chamjock, or Melloh. That is because, as

this Court has recognized it, the continuing violation “doctrine is triggered by

continuing unlawful acts but not by continuing damages from the initial violation.”

; see also 

(citing other Tenth Circuit

cases). Said another way, the continuing violation doctrine, as we have defined it,

would apply here only when a particular defendant allegedly committed wrongful

acts within, as well as outside, the limitations period. See also Shomo v. City of New

York, 

, 183-84 (2d Cir. 2009). Here, none of these Defendants—Davis,

Webster, Chamjock or Melloh—had any interactions with Vasquez within the two-

year period preceding his filing this action. Even if we applied the continuing

violation doctrine, then, it would not save Vasquez’s claims against these

Defendants.

B. Vasquez failed to submit sufficient evidence that Defendant Fauvel acted
with deliberate indifference

      Vazquez’s claim against Defendant Fauvel is different. Because almost all of

Fauvel’s interactions with Vasquez occurred within the two-year period immediately

preceding his filing this suit, any substantial harm resulting from Fauvel’s deliberate

indifference as part of these interactions would support a timely claim against him.

The district court, nevertheless, granted Fauvel summary judgment, concluding


                                          13
Vasquez failed to present sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that Dr.

Fauvel had subjectively acted with deliberate indifference. The record supports the

district court’s determination.

      The subjective component of an Eighth Amendment claim “presents a high

evidentiary hurdle to . . . [§ 1983] plaintiffs.” Self v. Crum, 

, 1232

(10th Cir. 2006). To establish that Dr. Fauvel acted with deliberate indifference,

Vasquez had to show that Fauvel both knew of a “substantial risk of serious harm” to

Vasquez and acted in disregard of that risk. 

. Deliberate

indifference to such a risk requires more than a showing of negligence, see 

or even malpractice, see 

. Further, this “subjective

component” of Vasquez’s claim “is not satisfied, absent an extraordinary degree of

neglect, where a doctor merely exercises his considered medical judgment.” 

Here, there is no evidence that Dr. Fauvel acted with the required culpability

to establish Eighth Amendment liability in treating Vasquez.

      When Fauvel first saw Vasquez in February 2012, Vasquez had already been

diagnosed with both chronic HCV and resulting liver cirrhosis. At their first

meeting, Fauvel noted Vasquez wanted to enroll in D&A classes in order to receive

HCV treatment, discussed that treatment with Vasquez “at length,” and then referred

Vasquez to his case manager to enroll in D&A classes. (Aplt. App. 434.) Once

Vasquez was enrolled, Fauvel sought to facilitate Vasquez getting treatment for his

HCV. But Fauvel had at least two related problems in facilitating treatment: First,

there is no indication that Fauvel himself could authorize treatment; instead, HCV

                                          14
treatment had to be authorized by a CDOC infectious disease committee. In light of

that, Fauvel sought to complete the workup and other necessary steps before the

committee could consider Vasquez for treatment. Second, Fauvel was not sure if

Vasquez could qualify medically for HCV treatment in light of his cirrhosis. Fauvel,

therefore, consulted with higher level CDOC administrators regarding Vasquez.

Those administrators encouraged Fauvel to order a liver biopsy, which was needed

for treatment approval and would indicate whether Vasquez’s liver was already too

damaged for treatment. Fauvel requested a liver biopsy August 15, 2012. However,

Fauvel did not have authority to have the biopsy done, either; it had to be approved

by the CDOC’s third-party medical payor. And apparently Fauvel’s request

languished for a long time without any action.

      Dr. Fauvel did not see Vasquez for almost a year after he requested the liver

biopsy; Vasquez was seen during this time by other medical providers. In the

meantime, Vasquez had to be rushed to Denver in May 2013, for surgery to repair his

bleeding esophageal varices. For a time, recovery from this surgery took precedence

over possibly treating Vasquez's HCV. Moreover, according to Vasquez, Denver

doctors told him that he could no longer receive HCV treatment because his liver was

so damaged. Several months later, another doctor apparently outside the CDOC saw

Vasquez, but did not advocate treating his HCV.

      At about this same time period, Vasquez was also diagnosed with multiple

myeloma. For a while, evaluation and treatment of this condition took precedence.

Nonetheless, when Fauvel saw Vasquez in June 2013, after Vasquez returned from

                                          15
Denver, Fauvel emailed the CDOC “Hep C committee” to see if Vasquez was on the

committee’s schedule and to determine if “everything [is] completed for the Hep C

treatment.” (Id. 427.) On several later occasions, Fauvel attempted to correspond

with upper level CDOC medical administrators about possible HCV treatment for

Vasquez. In addition, Fauvel continued to see Vasquez every few weeks, monitored

his liver condition and treated his ammonia levels, among other symptoms, through

the time Vasquez initiated this litigation.

       A jury could not find from this record that Dr. Fauvel acted with deliberate

indifference to a serious risk to Vasquez’s health. Instead, the record establishes that

that Fauvel exercised his medical judgment to provide Vasquez with medical care

within the limitations imposed by Vasquez’s health and CDOC treatment

restrictions.6

                              III. APPEAL NO. 17-1044

       While this litigation was pending, the CDOC approved treating Vasquez with

the antiviral medication sovaldi. At that same time, Vasquez sought a preliminary

injunction ordering the CDOC to treat him, instead, with another drug, harvoni.

During a hearing on the motion for the preliminary injunction, evidence from both

sides indicated that sovaldi, and not harvoni, was the appropriate antiviral medication

6
  Importantly, Vasquez did not challenge the CDOC policies pertaining to HCV, nor
did he sue the CDOC officials responsible for creating or enforcing such policies, so
that is not before us. See Hilton v. Wright, 

, 124 (2d Cir. 2012)
(addressing inmates’ claim challenging department of corrections’ policy
conditioning HCV treatment on inmates’ participation in substance abuse programs);
Roe v. Elyea, 

, 847 (7th Cir. 2011) (upholding jury’s verdict that prison
policy regarding treatment of HCV was deliberately indifferent).
                                              16
to treat Vasquez’s HCV. On that basis, the district court denied Vasquez’s motion

for a preliminary injunction. The court, nevertheless, sua sponte entered an

injunction requiring Defendant Rick Raemisch, in his official capacity as executive

director of the CDOC, to ensure that his subordinates tested Vasquez’s liver

functioning at least every three months. When the district court entered summary

judgment for Defendants on Vasquez’s damages claim, otherwise ending this

litigation, the court made that injunction permanent.

      In their cross-appeal, the State Defendants—CDOC Executive Director

Raemisch, sued in his official capacity, and Defendants Davis, Webster, Melloh and

Fauvel (but not Chamjock) sued in their individual capacity—challenge that

permanent injunction, arguing that the district court abused its discretion 1) to the

extent it entered the injunction against any Defendant sued in his individual capacity,

and 2) in entering an injunction without finding the existence of any constitutional

violation. We agree with the first point, the injunction can (and did) apply only to

Defendant Raemisch in his official capacity. See Brown v. Montoya, 

,

1161 n.5 (10th Cir. 2011). We need not address the second argument because

Vasquez, in any event, does not contest that the injunction should be vacated.

Accordingly, we remand this action with instructions for the district court to vacate

this injunction and dismiss that action.




                                           17
                               IV. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM summary judgment for Defendants in

appeal No. 17-1026 and REMAND appeal No. 17-1044 to the district court to

VACATE its permanent injunction and to dismiss that action as well.




                                        18