FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            May 22, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
DANIEL RACETTE,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                          No. 17-2130
                                                (D.C. No. 1:16-CV-00277-GJF-WPL)
NANCY A. BERRYHILL, Acting                                    (D.N.M.)
Commissioner of Social Security,

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before LUCERO, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Daniel Racette appeals the district court’s judgment upholding the denial of his

application for disability benefits and supplemental security income. Exercising

jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse the denial of

benefits and remand.




      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                           I

      Racette applied for benefits in January 2012, asserting that he became disabled

on February 15, 2010 as a result of an immune deficiency disorder called Common

Variable Immune Deficiency (“CVID”). He was diagnosed with CVID in 2008 after

experiencing recurrent pneumonia that required surgery to remove part of one lung

and stitch the remainder to his chest wall. Beginning in 2008, Racette’s CVID was

treated by infusions of immunoglobulin. He takes medication to address side effects

of this treatment, including fatigue, migraine headaches, nausea, and vomiting, along

with medication for chronic chest-wall pain and cramping.

      After Racette’s applications were denied initially and on reconsideration, he

requested a hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). Both Racette and a

vocational expert testified at the hearing. An ALJ found that Racette was not

disabled after applying the five-step sequential evaluation process used to assess

social security disability claims. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4).1 The ALJ

concluded that Racette had severe impairments of immunoglobulin deficiency and

recurrent pneumonia, but determined that these impairments did not meet the severity

of any of the impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1

(“Listing of Impairments”). She found Racette had the residual functional capacity


      1
         Unless otherwise noted, all C.F.R. citations in this decision are to the 2015
edition of 20 C.F.R. Part 404, which contains the relevant regulations for disability
insurance benefits as they existed when the ALJ issued her decision. We have not
included citations to the parallel provisions published in 20 C.F.R. Part 416, which
apply to claims for supplemental security income.

                                           2
(“RFC”) to perform sedentary work, except that he could never climb ladders, ropes,

or scaffolds and should avoid frequent exposure to pulmonary irritants. She

discounted opinion evidence provided by Dr. Richard Roche, Racette’s treating

physician, and Dr. Eligio Padilla, a consulting psychologist, as well as Racette’s

statements regarding his symptoms and limitations. Although Racette was not able to

perform his past relevant work, the ALJ concluded he was able to perform other

occupations with jobs existing in significant numbers in the national economy and

therefore was not disabled.

       The Appeals Council denied Racette’s request for review, rendering the ALJ’s

decision the final decision of the Commissioner for purposes of judicial review. See

20 C.F.R. § 422.210(a). After the district court upheld the Commissioner’s denial,

Racette timely appealed.

                                              II

       We review the Commissioner’s decision to determine whether the ALJ applied

the correct legal standards and whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s

factual findings. Chapo v. Astrue, 

, 1287 (10th Cir. 2012).

“Substantial evidence” means “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept

as adequate to support a conclusion.” Howard v. Barnhart, 

, 947 (10th Cir.

2004) (quotation omitted). “In the course of our review, we may neither reweigh the

evidence nor substitute our judgment for that of the agency.” Frantz v. Astrue, 

, 1300 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). However, the agency’s “failure to apply

the correct legal standard or to provide this court with a sufficient basis to determine that

                                              3
appropriate legal principles have been followed is grounds for reversal.” Jensen v.

Barnhart, 

, 1165 (10th Cir. 2005) (brackets and quotation omitted).

                                            A

      A claimant is disabled if the Commissioner determines at step three that his

impairment meets or equals one of the presumptively disabling impairments included

in the Listing of Impairments. See § 404.1520(d); Sullivan v. Zebley, 

,

532 (1990). In making this determination, the ALJ “was required to discuss the

evidence and explain why he found that [Racette] was not disabled at step three.”

Clifton v. Chater, 

, 1009 (10th Cir. 1996). Racette argues that the ALJ

failed to comply with this requirement. We agree.

      Racette asserts that his immune deficiency disorder meets the severity of

paragraphs A and C of Listing 14.07, Immune Deficiency Disorders, Excluding HIV

Infection.2 See Listing of Impairments ¶ 14.07. Although the ALJ considered

Listing 14.07, she merely recited the listing’s criteria (with a notable omission,

discussed below), and summarily concluded that the evidence failed to satisfy them.

The ALJ did not discuss relevant evidence or tie her step-three conclusion to that

evidence as required. See 

.

      The Commissioner argues that the ALJ’s findings elsewhere in her decision

supply the missing analysis. “[A]n ALJ’s findings at other steps of the sequential

process may provide a proper basis for upholding a step three conclusion that a

      2
         The parties agree that the side effects of treating an immune deficiency
disorder are included in this listing. See Listing of Impairments ¶ 14.07G.

                                            4
claimant’s impairments do not meet or equal any listed impairment” if, based on the

evidence the ALJ considered, “we could confidently say that no reasonable

administrative factfinder, following the correct analysis, could have resolved the

factual matter in any other way.” Fischer-Ross v. Barnhart, 

, 733-34

(10th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). We cannot say that the ALJ’s step-three legal error

was harmless under this standard.

                                            1

      Listing 14.07A provides that a claimant is presumptively disabled if: (1) the

claimant has an immune deficiency disorder (other than HIV) with (2) one or more of

six listed infections, including pneumonia and sinusitis, that (3) “must either be

resistant to treatment or require hospitalization or intravenous treatment three or

more times in a 12-month period.” Listing of Impairments ¶ 14.07A. The

Commissioner argues Racette does not experience infections of sufficient severity to

qualify under this listing. However, the ALJ found at step two that one of Racette’s

severe impairments was recurrent pneumonia, and noted later in her decision that

Racette also had repeated episodes of sinusitis and other upper respiratory

infections.3 The ALJ apparently concluded at step three that these infections were

not sufficiently severe to satisfy Listing 14.07A’s additional criteria, but omitted

from her statement the criterion that if a covered infection “require[s] hospitalization

      3
         After finding that Racette suffered from recurrent pneumonia, the ALJ also
considered at step three whether this impairment met or equaled the severity of
Listing 3.02, Chronic Pulmonary Insufficiency. Racette does not challenge the ALJ’s
finding that his condition did not qualify under this listing.

                                            5
or intravenous treatment three or more times in a 12-month period,” it would qualify.

Listing of Impairments ¶ 14.07A. There is no dispute that Racette received monthly

or weekly immunoglobulin infusions. There is no indication in the ALJ’s decision

that she considered whether Racette’s infusions meet this criterion. Nor can we say

that any reasonable administrative factfinder, following the correct analysis, would

have made this finding.

      The Commissioner also argues that the ALJ’s failure to consider this criterion

was harmless because Racette received his weekly immunoglobulin infusions

subcutaneously rather than intravenously starting in September 2010, and

subcutaneous infusions do not match intravenous infusions in severity. These post

hoc rationales cannot, however, protect a defective ALJ decision from reversal.

Carpenter v. Astrue, 

, 1267 (10th Cir. 2008).4 Accordingly, we reverse

and remand for specific findings at step three regarding Listing 14.07A.

                                            2

      Under Listing 14.07C, a claimant is presumptively disabled if he has:

(1) “[r]epeated manifestations of an immune deficiency disorder,” with (2) “at least

two of the constitutional symptoms or signs (severe fatigue, fever, malaise, or


      4
         The district court also relied on a post hoc rationale in upholding the ALJ’s
rejection of Listing 14.07A, reporting that it found no indication in the record that
Racette’s immunoglobulin infusions were prescribed to treat pneumonia. This
rationale assumes that this criterion is not met unless the infusions are prescribed
solely to treat an existing infection. This was a decision for the Commissioner, not a
reviewing court, to make. See 

; Allen v. Barnhart, 

, 1142 (10th Cir. 2004).

                                            6
involuntary weight loss),” and (3) a “marked” limitation in “activities of daily

living,” “maintaining social function,” or “completing tasks in a timely manner due

to deficiencies in concentration, persistence, or pace.”5 Listing of Impairments

¶ 14.07C. Racette contends that his impairment meets these criteria based on severe

fatigue and malaise, and marked limitation in his activities of daily living.

      The Commissioner again argues that the ALJ’s failure to discuss this evidence

and explain her determination regarding Listing 14.07C was harmless because the

ALJ found in her RFC assessment that Racette did not suffer from severe fatigue or

marked limitation in his activities of daily living. But these findings relied on an

adverse credibility finding, a determination that Racette challenges. Accordingly, we

must consider whether the ALJ properly assessed Racette’s credibility to determine

whether the ALJ’s step-three error regarding Listing 14.07C was harmless.

      The ALJ found that although Racette’s medically determinable impairments

could reasonably be expected to cause the symptoms he alleged, his allegations

regarding the severity of these symptoms were “not fully credible.” To support this

finding, an ALJ must give “specific reasons.” SSR 96-7p, 

, at *4

(July 2, 1996).6 Further, “an ALJ’s findings with respect to a claimant’s credibility


      5
         The Social Security regulations define “marked” limitation in this context to
mean a degree of limitation in one or more activities that is “more than moderate but
less than extreme” and “seriously interferes with your ability to function
independently, appropriately, and effectively.” Listing of Impairments ¶ 14.00I5.
      6
        SSR 96-7p was in effect at the time of the ALJ’s decision but has since been
superseded by SSR 16-3p. See SSR 16-3p, 

(Mar. 16, 2016).

                                            7
should be closely and affirmatively linked to substantial evidence and not just a

conclusion in the guise of findings.” Hardman v. Barnhart, 

, 678-79

(10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted). We conclude the ALJ failed to do so. As

relevant to Listing 14.07C, the ALJ found that “the available evidence fails to

support [Racette’s] allegation of severe fatigue.” However, she did not link this

finding to particular evidence, instead relying on the reasons she did not find all of

Racette’s statements credible. These reasons are inadequate because they are either

conclusory or based on misstatements and incomplete accounts of the record.

      For example, the ALJ reported that she discredited Racette’s account of his

fatigue and other symptoms because Racette testified “that he stopped working as a

dispatcher because the position was moved out of state and not because of his

condition.” But the record shows that this position ended approximately

eighteen months before Racette’s alleged disability onset date.7 Racette further

testified that he attempted to continue working in another position (as a check-in

clerk) after his dispatcher job ended but that he had to leave that position early in

2010 because his condition prevented him from attending it consistently.

      The ALJ also relied on an incomplete account of Racette’s testimony and other

statements regarding his ability to perform certain activities of daily living. She

reported without qualification that Racette testified that “he could prepare meals,

shop for groceries and monitor his children’s homeschooling during the day,” and

      7
        The Commissioner also misstated the facts in her brief when she asserted
that Racette continued to work as a dispatcher until 2010.

                                            8
“was able to keep his area of the home clean and drive.” In fact, Racette’s testimony

and his other statements in the record indicate that his ability to complete these tasks

is severely limited by his disability. The ALJ erred in failing to include this evidence

in her discussion, relying instead on an incomplete account of his statements. See

-10.

      In addition, the ALJ found Racette “reported that he was exercising on a

regular basis.” But Racette made this report to Dr. Roche in December 2009, before

his alleged disability onset date. Racette stated in a 2012 Disability Report that he

was no longer physically active as a result of his conditions. The ALJ did not

address this additional evidence, point to any evidence after the alleged onset date, or

otherwise explain how a report of regular exercise more than four years before his

hearing testimony rendered Racette’s testimony not fully credible.

      The ALJ also summarily stated that Racette’s statements were not fully

credible because “treatment notes in the record do not sustain [his] allegations of a

disabling condition,” without linking this finding to substantial evidence.8 As

relevant to Listing 14.07C, Dr. Roche, Racette’s treating physician, noted that

Racette had been experiencing fatigue and other side effects of his treatments in

August 2010, October 2011, January, March and October of 2012, and May 2014.

The ALJ erred in failing to discuss the extent to which this evidence supported

      8
         Similarly, the ALJ did not refer to substantial evidence or otherwise explain
her conclusion that “the objective medical evidence does not reasonably substantiate
[Racette’s] allegations about [the] intensity, persistence and functionally limiting
effects of the symptoms.”

                                           9
Racette’s account of his symptoms and limitations. See 

-10.

Specifically, although the ALJ did refer to some of Dr. Roche’s treatment notes in

deciding to reject his opinion regarding Racette’s ability to perform physical work-

related activities, her account of them was incomplete. She did not, for example,

report that Dr. Roche’s assessment of Racette’s conditions in March 2012 included

“fatigue,” or that the doctor reported later that year that Racette was “having severe

fatigue when he gets [his immunoglobulin injections] still,” indicating that “severe

fatigue” was both a past and present concern. In addition, the ALJ incorrectly

suggested that all of the relevant treatment notes report that Racette suffered at most

“some fatigue.” This too was error. See 

.9

      The ALJ’s findings in her RFC assessment do not cure her failure at step three

to discuss the relevant evidence and explain why Racette’s impairment did not meet

Listing 14.07C’s criteria of “severe fatigue.” And in light of the errors in the ALJ’s

assessment of Racette’s daily activities, we cannot confidently say that a reasonable

administrative factfinder, following the correct analysis, would necessarily find that

Racette does not have Listing 14.07C’s criteria of marked limitation of activities of

daily living. The ALJ’s error regarding Listing 14.07C therefore was not harmless.

Accordingly, this case must be remanded for the ALJ to set out specific findings at step



      9
          In another post hoc argument, the Commissioner suggests Dr. Roche’s
failure to note fatigue or severe fatigue as one of Racette’s symptoms in some
treatment notes is substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s finding. The ALJ did
not state this failure as a reason for her decision.

                                           10
three regarding Listing 14.07C, as well as Listing 14.07A, and the reasons for accepting

or rejecting evidence relevant to these findings.

                                             B

       Our reversal and remand relates to step three. Nonetheless, we address Racette’s

arguments regarding the ALJ’s RFC and step-five determinations in the event that the

ALJ’s analysis on remand proceeds beyond step three.

       The ALJ was required to assess Racette’s RFC based on all relevant evidence in

the record. § 404.1545(a)(1). Racette argues that the ALJ failed to do so because she

did not credit Racette’s statements regarding his symptoms and limitations and

improperly rejected medical opinion evidence from Dr. Roche and Dr. Padilla. We

agree with the former argument: as discussed above, the ALJ’s credibility finding

did not comply with the relevant legal standards.10 Because “the ALJ’s credibility

and RFC determinations are inherently intertwined,” Poppa v. Astrue, 

,

1171 (10th Cir. 2009), on remand the ALJ should reconsider and explain her

credibility finding under the proper standards and factor this finding into her RFC

assessment as appropriate.



       10
          We do not decide Racette’s additional argument that the ALJ erred in
finding as part of her credibility assessment that Racette’s chest pain and respiratory
infections “were fairly well controlled with medication” and that there was “no
evidence” of the severe nausea and vomiting he alleged. The ALJ did not discuss
how the evidence supported these findings, and it is not clear to us whether or to
what extent these findings were based on the ALJ’s incomplete or erroneous accounts
of Racette’s daily activities, ability to exercise, and work history. We leave these
additional arguments to be addressed, if necessary, by the ALJ on remand.

                                             11
      As to Racette’s second argument, we find error with respect to the ALJ’s

treatment of Dr. Roche’s treating physician opinion. We do not, however, find error

in her treatment of Dr. Padilla’s opinion. The ALJ effectively rejected Dr. Roche’s

opinion regarding Racette’s physical limitations primarily based on her finding that

the doctor’s opinion was inconsistent with his treatment notes regarding Racette’s

fatigue.11 As discussed above, the ALJ erred in relying on this finding.

      In addition, consistency with the record as a whole is only one of the six

regulatory factors the ALJ was required to consider in deciding the weight to give Dr.

Roche’s treating physician opinion. See § 404.1527(c). Although the ALJ was not

required to apply every regulatory factor “expressly,” Oldham v. Astrue,

, 1258 (10th Cir. 2007), the ALJ’s reliance solely on the alleged

inconsistency between Dr. Roche’s treatment notes and his opinion at least raises a

question about whether she considered the other regulatory factors. See

§ 404.1527(c)(2).12 On remand the ALJ should provide “specific, legitimate reasons

for rejecting” Dr. Roche’s opinion in light of these factors, if she does so once again.

See 

.



      11
         The only other reason cited by the ALJ was that Dr. Roche’s 2014 opinion
that Racette could lift ten pounds occasionally was inconsistent with Racette’s report
in January 2012 that he was able to lift up to fifty pounds. Without more, it is not
clear why this inconsistency justifies rejecting Dr. Roche’s opinion as a whole, rather
than simply giving less weight to his opinion regarding Racette’s lifting limitations.
      12
          Racette does not argue that Dr. Roche’s opinion should have been given
controlling weight pursuant to § 404.1527(c)(2).

                                           12
       Racette also asserts that the ALJ erred in rejecting Dr. Padilla’s opinion that he

was moderately limited in his ability to work without supervision and markedly

limited in his ability to adapt to changes in the workplace, to be aware of normal

hazards and react appropriately, and to use public transportation to travel to

unfamiliar places.13 The ALJ explained that she rejected these opinions because they

were not consistent with the results of Dr. Padilla’s mental status exam and with

Racette’s report that he had been able to start a new position as a dispatcher and did

not stop working in that position due to his condition. Although the dispatcher

evidence was taken out of context, the ALJ’s finding that Dr. Padilla’s exam results

were inconsistent with his opinion is supported by the record. This internal

inconsistency was a specific, legitimate reason, supported by substantial evidence,

for the ALJ to reject Dr. Padilla’s opinions. See 

.

       Because the ALJ erred with respect to its assessment of Dr. Roche’s opinions

and Racette’s credibility, her subsequent inquiry was defective. See 

As a

result, we do not address the rest of her analysis.

                                             III

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the ALJ failed to comply with

relevant legal standards in determining whether Racette’s impairments met the criteria of

Listing 14.07A and 14.07C and in her consideration of Racette’s statements and his


       13
          Dr. Padilla also opined that Racette was mildly limited in several mental
functions, but Racette does not argue that the ALJ erred with respect to these
opinions.

                                             13
treating physician’s opinions in the RFC assessment. We REVERSE the denial of

benefits and REMAND this action to the district court with directions to REMAND it to

the Commissioner for further proceedings consistent with this decision.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Carlos F. Lucero
                                            Circuit Judge




                                           14