FILED
                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                       Tenth Circuit

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                     May 31, 2018

                                TENTH CIRCUIT                      Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                       Clerk of Court


 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                      No. 17-3157
                                              (D.C. No. 6:14-CR-10018-EFM-1)
 JAMES D. RUSSIAN,                                        (D. Kan.)

              Defendant - Appellant.


                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *


Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, HOLMES, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.


      This appeal arises from James Russian’s resentencing. Before the

resentencing hearing, Mr. Russian requested the court replace his appointed

counsel. In his view, his counsel had repeatedly lied to him, thus creating a

debilitating breakdown in communication.

      The district court denied the motion. It then sentenced Mr. Russian to 101

months’ imprisonment, and imposed, as relevant here, two conditions of

supervised release: (1) a prohibition on engaging “in activities that advocate the


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
violation of law,” and (2) a requirement to complete an “approved program for

substance abuse, which may include . . . outpatient and/or residential

treatment . . . as directed by the Probation Office.” R., Vol. 1 at 826.

      Mr. Russian timely appealed, arguing the district court abused its discretion

by denying his motion to replace counsel. He also challenged the two conditions

of supervised release.

      We AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Mr. Russian’s motion to replace

his counsel because the record reveals no breakdown in communication. We also

AFFIRM the condition prohibiting Mr. Russian from engaging in activities that

advocate the violation of the law. Mr. Russian contends this condition differs

from the one the district court announced orally. But the sentencing transcript

demonstrates the orally announced condition mirrors the condition in the amended

judgment. Finally, we VACATE the condition requiring Mr. Russian to

participate in a substance abuse program. Delegating the decision of whether Mr.

Russian should enter a residential treatment program to the probation office

contravened Article III of the Constitution. Accordingly, we REMAND the case

to the district court to consider whether to reimpose this condition in a manner

that complies with the Constitution.




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                                  I. Background

       The government charged James Russian 1 with various offenses related to

his allegedly unlawful possession of weapons and drugs. Mr. Russian pleaded not

guilty, and the matter was set for trial.

      Representing himself pro se at a suppression hearing, Mr. Russian asked to

make an entry for the record. When the court allowed him to do so, he repeated

the phrase “foreign immunity” numerous times. R., Vol. 1 at 601. The court told

Mr. Russian to cease speaking. He refused. Instead, he continued repeating the

phrase “foreign immunity” until the court adjourned the hearing and held Mr.

Russian in contempt.

      Eventually the court revoked Mr. Russian’s right to represent himself and

appointed counsel. A jury convicted Mr. Russian of all four counts. The court

then sentenced him to 137 months’ imprisonment.

      Mr. Russian appealed. But his trial counsel withdrew, so the court

appointed him new counsel: Federal Public Defender Melody Brannon. On

appeal, our circuit concluded the district court had committed various errors when

sentencing Mr. Russian, none of which are relevant to this appeal. Accordingly,

the case was remanded to the district court for resentencing.

      1
        From his pro se filings, we believe Mr. Russian prefers his name spelled
as “James-Donald: Russian.” R., Vol. 1 at 780. For ease of reading, we refer to
the appellant by just his last name “Russian.”


                                            -3-
      The district court set the resentencing hearing for July 7, 2017. Prior to the

hearing, however, on June 20th Mr. Russian filed a pro se motion. In it, he

reported that “Melody Brannon ha[d] been Fired for the many conflicts of

INTEREST.” 

(capitalization in original).

      Ten days later, Ms. Brannon filed a “Motion to Waive Counsel” in which

she explained that “Mr. Russian asks the Court to dismiss counsel and objects to

counsel filing anything further on his behalf, other than this motion.” 

She asked the court to “set the matter for a Faretta v. California 2 hearing on

whether [Mr. Russian] should be permitted to represent himself at sentencing.”

motion asserted Ms. Brannon was “unaware of any prohibitive

conflict or debilitating breakdown in communication, other than the distrust of

counsel expressed by Mr. Russian.” 

      On July 5th, the court issued an order addressing Mr. Russian’s and Ms.

Brannon’s motions. It read Mr. Russian’s motion as “purport[ing] to fire

counsel” and seeking the “reinstatement of the right of self-representation.” 

The court denied his request to once again represent himself. In doing so, it

emphasized that Mr. Russian had previously appealed his sentence, but failed to

appeal the court’s revocation of his right to self-representation. Accordingly, the

revocation “remains the law of this case,” and the court saw no reason to

reconsider it. 

      2
          

(1975).

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       A day later—and just a day before the resentencing hearing—Mr. Russian

filed another pro se motion. Entitled “Motion to Replace Counsel,” this motion

alleged that Mr. Russian’s June 20th motion did not, in fact, “ask[] the court for

self representation at sentencing,” as Ms. Brannon’s June 30th motion had

claimed. 

Rather, he maintained his June 20th motion asked the court

to “replace counsel due to the debilitating breakdown in communication.” 

       The resentencing hearing occurred the next day. The court began by

permitting Mr. Russian to make “any other statements or objections” he had to its

July 5th order. R., Vol. 3 at 9. Mr. Russian began by explaining that his July 6th

motion and the court’s July 5th order got “crossed in the mail.” 

court acknowledged receiving his motion from July 6th, it believed its July 5th

order addressed the issue—namely, Mr. Russian’s request “for replacement of

counsel.” 

court allowed Mr. Russian to read his July 6th motion

aloud. He repeated the charge that his counsel “misrepresent[ed] [his] position on

[the] Faretta v. California hearing. James D. Russian never asked the court for

self-representation, as Ms. Brannon’s motion had claimed.” 

Once Mr.

Russian had finished, the court noted it understood he was “dissatisfied that Ms.

Brannon ha[d] not followed all of [his] instructions or requests with respect both

to the proceedings of [the] appeal as well as the instant matters here.” 

                                          -5-
And the court recognized it could “replace [Ms. Brannon] with another appointed

attorney” or it could let Mr. Russian represent himself. 

But “given the

late date of this issue” and the court’s familiarity with Ms. Brannon’s “national

reputation for skill in representing criminal defendants,” it denied his request for

replacement counsel. 

court gave Mr. Russian the chance to say “anything else” he

wanted with “regards to that issue.” 

this opportunity to express his

view he is not a citizen of the United States.

      Before the court moved on, Ms. Brannon interjected. She explained that

she “told Mr. Russian” she would clarify how she “understand[s] that there’s a

distinction between” Mr. Russian “representing himself and wanting new

counsel.” 

And to the extent her motion “did not accurately reflect” Mr.

Russian’s wishes, she thought the court “addressed all of that today.” 

      The court proceeded to sentence Mr. Russian to 101 months’ imprisonment,

followed by two years of supervised release. It also imposed, as relevant here,

two conditions of supervised release. First, a prohibition on engaging “in

activities that advocate the violation of law.” R., Vol. 1 at 826. And second, a

requirement that Mr. Russian “successfully participate in and successfully

complete an approved program for substance abuse, which may include . . .




                                          -6-
outpatient and/or residential treatment . . . as directed by the Probation Office.”

      Mr. Russian raises three issues. First, he argues the district court abused its

discretion by denying his request for replacement counsel. His second argument

relates to the condition of supervised release that prohibits him from engaging in

activities that advocate the violation of the law. Specifically, he claims the

condition in the amended judgment does not reflect the condition the court orally

announced at his resentencing hearing. Finally, his third argument relates to the

condition that requires him to participate in a substance abuse program. The

district court plainly erred, he says, by delegating the decision of whether he

should enter a residential treatment program to the probation office.

      A.     Request for New Counsel

      “We review a district court’s refusal to substitute counsel for an abuse of

discretion.” United States v. Lott, 

, 1249 (10th Cir. 2002) (quoting

United States v. Beers, 

, 1302 (10th Cir. 1999)). “To warrant a

substitution of counsel, the defendant must show good cause, such as a conflict of

interest, a complete breakdown of communication or an irreconcilable conflict

which leads to an apparently unjust verdict.” 

Russian asks for new counsel because of an allegedly

“debilitating breakdown in communication”—in other words, a complete

                                          -7-
communication breakdown. R., Vol. 1 at 819. Four factors help us determine

whether counsel should be replaced for this reason: “(1) whether the motion for

new counsel was timely; (2) whether the trial court adequately inquired into the

reasons for making the motion; (3) whether the defendant-attorney conflict was so

great that it led to a total lack of communication precluding an adequate defense;

and (4) whether the defendant substantially and unreasonably contributed to the

communication breakdown.” 

.

      Consideration of these factors compels us to conclude the district court did

not abuse its discretion by denying Mr. Russian’s request to substitute counsel.

      First, the tardiness of Mr. Russian’s request supports the district court’s

decision. Mr. Russian claims his June 20th motion requested the court replace his

counsel. But after carefully reviewing the motion, we cannot agree. Nowhere in

it can we find a request to replace counsel. Nor does Mr. Russian’s briefing point

us to any such language. To be sure, the June 20th motion purports to fire his

current counsel. But this does not necessarily mean Mr. Russian asked the court

to provide him with new counsel; he could have been asking to represent himself

in a pro se capacity. Thus, since Mr. Russian’s June 20th motion did not contain

a request for replacement counsel, he first requested this in his motion on July

6th—just a day before the resentencing hearing. Timeliness therefore weighs

heavily in favor of concluding the district court did not abuse its discretion.




                                          -8-
      Even if we thought Mr. Russian’s June 20th motion did, in fact, request the

court replace his counsel, timeliness still weighs in favor of affirming, though less

heavily. Two of the situations Mr. Russian claims demonstrate the debilitating

communication breakdown between him and his counsel occurred in 2015—years

before his motion in June of 2017. But he also complained about Ms. Brannon

not keeping her word after a meeting on May 23, 2017. The motion was timely as

to this request.

      The second factor, whether the trial court adequately inquired into the

reasons for making the motion, also weighs heavily in favor of affirmance.

Despite the tardiness of the motion, the court still took steps to ensure it heard

and understood his argument. At the resentencing hearing, the court allowed Mr.

Russian to make any statement or objection to its July 5th order. And after Mr.

Russian read his July 6th motion aloud, the court gave him the chance to say

“anything else” on the issue. Simply stated, in spite of Mr. Russian’s tardy pro se

motions, the court went to great lengths to inquire into his complaint by giving

him repeated opportunities to explain his argument.

      The third factor weighs heavily in favor of affirming the district court as

well. This factor considers whether the alleged conflict was so great that it led to

a total lack of communication, thus precluding an adequate defense. Mr. Russian

contends his relationship with his counsel suffered a debilitating breakdown in

communication. The record rebuffs this contention. Most strikingly, at the

                                          -9-
resentencing hearing Ms. Brannon explained how she “told Mr. Russian” she

would clarify that her June 30th motion should have reflected his desire to have

new counsel appointed, rather than represent himself. 

In other words,

counsel admitted she and her client had been communicating up until the

resentencing.

      To demonstrate his communication with counsel had broken down, Mr.

Russian points to three instances in which his counsel purportedly lied to him.

But these examples do not persuade us that a complete breakdown in

communication occurred.

      Mr. Russian first claims his counsel lied to him when she said she would

raise a Faretta defense. His June 20th motion explained that in 2015 Ms.

Brannon told him “she was going to get [him] relief with the Faretta v.

California case,” but she “didn’t keep her word and get [him] the relief.” R., Vol.

1 at 785–86. And Ms. Brannon “lie[d] to [him] again,” he says, by claiming she

“couldn’t use the Faretta case, the[re] just wasn’t enough the[re] to use.” 

we fail to understand how this qualifies as lying. By its terms, Mr.

Russian’s complaint relates to his counsel’s inability to “get the relief” he sought.

able to secure relief for a client is a far cry from lying.

      But generously reading Mr. Russian’s pro se motion, he seems to allege

that his counsel lied by saying she would raise the Faretta issue and then not

doing so. Even assuming this is true, it does not evidence a total breakdown in

                                          -10-
communication. Indeed, counsel did not lie about failing to raise the defense;

rather, she told Mr. Russian she did not raise it because there was not a strong

legal basis for the argument. So even if counsel initially misled Mr. Russian

about what she would argue, that she later told Mr. Russian she did not raise the

defense and explained her reasoning demonstrates that a total and complete

breakdown in communication had not occurred.

      Similarly, Mr. Russian highlights how in December of 2015, Ms. Brannon

claimed he would be “out of prison before the summer.” 

. Yet in June

of 2017, he was “still here in lock up.” 

Mr. Russian, this

further exposes how his counsel frequently lied to him. We assume, solely to

dispose of Mr. Russian’s contention, that Ms. Brannon in fact stated the date she

could get Mr. Russian released from prison. In doing so, she may have promised

her client too much. She may also have failed to adequately set her client’s

expectations about what result she could achieve, and how quickly she could

achieve it. But misunderstandings between lawyers and clients frequently occur.

And lawyers’ predictions are no exact science; they can be subject to changing

circumstances, and often prove less than prophetic in hindsight. Thus, though

every effort should be taken to avoid such miscommunications or over-certain

predictions, and even assuming an isolated incident such as this occurred in this

case, that does not evidence a total breakdown in communication.




                                        -11-
      Third, Mr. Russian highlights how his counsel’s motion on June 30th

incorrectly claimed he wanted to represent himself. In his view, this

demonstrates the destruction of communication between them. But Mr. Russian

ignores how at resentencing, his counsel corrected any confusion by (1) asking

the court to let Mr. Russian explain what, exactly, he was asking the court for,

and (2) clarifying that the hearing had cleared up her motion’s failure to reflect

Mr. Russian’s wishes. Thus, even if Mr. Russian and his counsel failed to

effectively communicate about the June 30th motion, his counsel remedied this

problem at the resentencing hearing.

      The third factor therefore supports the district court’s ruling. The three

pieces of evidence Mr. Russian claims show the debilitating breakdown in

communication do not, in fact, suggest any such breakdown occurred.

      Finally, the fourth factor is not implicated. Since Mr. Russian provided no

specific examples of the alleged breakdown in communication, we cannot analyze

whether he substantially and unreasonably contributed to it.

      In sum, all three relevant factors support the district court’s decision.

Accordingly, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion by

denying Mr. Russian’s request to replace his counsel.

      Mr. Russian’s briefing does not focus on these factors. Rather, he contends

we should remand this case for a more fundamental reason: the district court

misconstrued, and therefore did not address, his argument. More precisely, he

                                         -12-
claims the district court all but ignored his theory that his counsel’s lack of

candor caused the communication breakdown. To demonstrate this, he points to

the fact that the district court’s July 5th order focused solely on his right to self-

representation; it made no mention of the truthfulness theory. Likewise, at the

resentencing hearing, the court only acknowledged Mr. Russian’s frustration “that

Ms. Brannon ha[d] not followed all of his instructions”; the court did not

explicitly discuss his contention that his counsel repeatedly lied to him. R., Vol.

3 at 11.

      We are confident the district court fully understood—and fully

rejected—Mr. Russian’s argument. In its order and at the resentencing hearing,

the district court did not need to recite the details of the argument Mr. Russian

advanced. It listened to Mr. Russian’s argument at the resentencing hearing,

considered it, and ultimately rejected it. Nothing else was required.

      But more to the point, we think the district court did address Mr. Russian’s

theory. As we explained, Mr. Russian argued his counsel lacked candor by saying

she would raise the issue of holding a Faretta hearing, yet failing to do so. In

other words, his counsel misleadingly failed to follow his instructions. The

district court directly referenced this theory, noting it understood Mr. Russian was

“dissatisfied that Ms. Brannon ha[d] not followed all [his] instructions or

requests.” 

sure, the district court did not use the words trustworthiness,




                                          -13-
candor, or liar. But failing to more fully or directly address Mr. Russian’s theory

does not qualify as an abuse of discretion.

      In short, after carefully reviewing the sentencing transcript, we are satisfied

the district court understood and rejected Mr. Russian’s request for new counsel.

      B.      Restriction on Advocacy

      Next, Mr. Russian asks us to modify the condition of supervised release

that prohibits him from engaging in “activities that advocate the violation of law.”

R., Vol. 1 at 826. He claims the condition written in the amended judgment

differs from the condition orally pronounced in open court. The orally announced

condition, he says, prohibits advocating for “direct violation[s] of the law.” R.,

Vol. 3 at 48 (emphasis added). Yet in the amended judgment, the word “direct” is

nowhere to be found. Thus, because “an orally pronounced sentence controls

over a judgment and commitment order when the two conflict,” Mr. Russian asks

us to alter the amended judgment so it includes the “direct violation” language.

United States v. Villano, 

, 1450–51 (10th Cir. 1987).

      To understand Mr. Russian’s argument, it is helpful to walk through the

district court’s discussion of the issue. When the court first raised the condition,

Ms. Brannon expressed her concerns that it impermissibly limited Mr. Russian’s

First Amendment rights. After a lengthy discussion between both parties, the

court said:




                                        -14-
             I think I’m going to impose a restriction that prohibits
             Mr. Russian from engaging in activities which advocate
             the violation of the law or assisting others who are
             advocating the violation of the law, but limit it to that,
             and otherwise not adopt the language as proposed in the
             PSIR.

R., Vol. 3 at 22–23. Neither party objected.

      After discussing a number of other issues, the court summarized the

sentence it would impose, commenting on the advocacy focused condition:

             I'm hopeful that this sentence will also afford adequate
             deterrence to future criminal conduct, and protect the
             public from the crimes of the defendant. And I do think,
             apropos the colloquy that Ms. Brannon and I had
             earlier, there is a difference between Mr. Russian
             vigorously advocating for his view of the law and his
             being involved in violations of the law. And certainly
             the former, his advocacy, is I believe a right that he has
             and should not be considered itself criminal, only
             activities in which he would advocate or assist others in
             advocating for the direct violation of the law.

(emphases added). The court then orally pronounced Mr. Russian’s

sentence, noting that he must “comply with the standard conditions of supervision

that have been adopted by this court.” 

      Mr. Russian claims the condition the court orally announced included the

“direct violation of the law” language. 

(emphasis added). But the

sentencing transcript tells a different story. It makes it clear that the condition

the court “adopted” was the condition it initially articulated after its lengthy

discussion with the parties about the condition’s scope. After all, it was then the


                                          -15-
court described and considered the condition and asked for objections. 

Though the court later mentioned the condition again—and described it as

prohibiting only advocating for direct violations of the law—this later discussion

did not supercede or somehow supplant the earlier one. In fact, the court

explicitly referred back to the “colloquy” it previously had with Ms. Brannon,

thus suggesting it intended to impose the condition of supervised release it had

previously articulated, which did not include the direct violation language. In

sum, the sentencing transcript convinces us the condition of supervised release

the court orally announced is the same condition in the amended judgment.

      Even if the district court’s mention of a direct violation of law created a

dash of ambiguity, the result remains the same. When “an orally pronounced

sentence is ambiguous . . . the judgment and commitment order is evidence which

may be used to determine the intended sentence.” 

.

Therefore, even if we generously read the sentencing transcript to create some

ambiguity about the contours of this condition, we would resolve this ambiguity

by looking to the amended judgment. And the amended judgment does not, of

course, include the direct violation language.

      In sum, the orally pronounced condition mirrors the condition in the

amended judgment.




                                        -16-
      C.     Residential Treatment Program

      Mr. Russian’s final argument relates to the condition of supervised release

that requires him to “successfully participate in and successfully complete an

approved program for substance abuse, which may include . . . outpatient and/or

residential treatment . . . as directed by the Probation Office.” R., Vol. 1 at 826.

Neither party objected to the condition, so we review for plain error.

      He argues the district court plainly erred by delegating the judicial task of

determining whether he should be enrolled in an outpatient and/or residential

treatment program to a non-judicial officer—the probation office. For good

reason, the government agrees. “Article III prohibits a judge from delegating the

duty of imposing the defendant's punishment to the probation officer.” United

States v. Mike, 

, 695 (10th Cir. 2011). And in Mike, we held that

conditions requiring “the defendant to participate in residential treatment . . .

must be imposed by the district court.” 

court thus plainly erred

by delegating the decision of whether Mr. Russian needs to participate in a

residential treatment program to the probation office.

      We accordingly VACATE this condition of supervised release and

REMAND this case to the district court for the sole purpose of considering

whether to reimpose this condition in compliance with Article III of the

Constitution.




                                         -17-
                               III. Conclusion

      In sum, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Mr. Russian’s request to

replace his counsel. We also AFFIRM the condition of supervised release

prohibiting him from engaging in activities that advocate violating the law. But

we VACATE the condition that delegated the decision of whether Mr. Russian

will enter a residential treatment program to the probation office. Accordingly,

we REMAND the case to the district court to consider whether to reimpose that

condition in a manner that complies with the Constitution.

                                                   ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                                   Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                                   Chief Judge




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