FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                           Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                                 May 4, 2018
                        _________________________________
                                                                           Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                               Clerk of Court
ROSA AMELIA AREVALO-LARA,

      Petitioner,

v.                                                            No. 17-9534
                                                          (Petition for Review)
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III,
United States Attorney General,

      Respondent.
                        _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, MATHESON, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       Petitioner Rosa Amelia Arevalo-Lara is a native and citizen of Guatemala who

entered the United States illegally. She applied for asylum, restriction on removal,1 and


       *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       1
         Restriction on removal was referred to as “withholding of removal” before
amendments made to the Immigration and Nationality Act made by the Illegal
Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996. Although the
parties, the immigration judge, and the Board of Immigration Appeals refer to
withholding of removal, because this claim was filed after 1996, we use the term
“restriction on removal” throughout this Order and Judgment.
relief under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). The immigration judge (IJ) found

that Arevalo-Lara was not entitled to relief. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA)

affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed Arevalo-Lara’s appeal. We agree with the

BIA’s decision and deny the petition for review.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

The IJ’s Decision

       Arevalo-Lara was placed in removal proceeding when she attempted to enter the

United States without authorization in 2010. She conceded removability, but argued for

asylum, restriction on removal, and relief under CAT. At her hearing in 2012,

Arevalo-Lara maintained that she suffered past persecution and feared future persecution

on account of her membership in a particular social group, which she defined as

“Guatemalan women who are unable to leave their relationships or who are viewed as

property by their domestic partners.” R. at 138.

       Based on Arevalo-Lara’s testimony at the hearing, the IJ made the following

findings of fact:

        She was 24 years-old and living in Guatemala City when she began living with
         a man 16 years older than her. They had one son together, but never married.

        Shortly after she began living with the man, she noticed that he was engaged in
         illegal activity associated with his membership in a gang. She joined him in
         illegal activity when the man threatened to harm their son.

        During this time, the man also forced her to engage in sexual relations with a
         variety of men. She bore a second son (father unknown) as a result of one of
         these encounters.

        She left the man and lived elsewhere with both children for two years without

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          incident, until she took her first son on a trip with her to Guatemala City to
          visit her sister. During the visit, she was captured by the man and conscripted
          into illegal activity. She kept her first son with her, and left her second son in
          the town where she had been living for the previous two years.

       She left the man for the second time when he ordered her to deliver money and
        drugs to a rival gang member. Rather than make the delivery, she kept the
        money (about $1000), and moved with her first son to a town several hours
        away from Guatemala City.

       She used some of the money to obtain a passport. She also applied for a visa to
        enter the United States, which was denied. After living in this town for about a
        year without incident, she decided to go to the United States.

       Leaving her two children behind, she used the remaining money to make her
        way to the United States.

      The IJ denied asylum and restriction on removal because Arevalo-Lara failed

to prove she was a member of a particular social group, and regardless, she failed to

prove that she could not reasonably relocate internally within Guatemala. And the IJ

denied relief under CAT because there was no evidence that Arevalo-Lara would

more likely than not be tortured at the instigation of or with the consent or

acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity upon

her return to Guatemala.

The BIA’s Decision

      The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed Arevalo-Lara’s appeal. The

BIA assumed for purposes of appeal “that the physical, sexual, and emotional abuse

that she suffered in Guatemala rose to the level of persecution within the meaning of

the [Immigration and Nationality Act (INA)].” 

It further assumed that her

proposed social group—Guatemalan women in a domestic relationship who are

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unable to leave or viewed as property by their domestic partners—is cognizable

under the INA. The BIA determined, however, that Arevalo-Lara failed to

“demonstrate[] that she is a member of the group, or a group that is substantially

similar to the one that we found cognizable in Matter of A-R-C-G-, 26 I. & N. Dec.

388, [392] (BIA 2014) (holding that ‘married women in Guatemala who are unable to

leave their relationship’ is a cognizable particular social group.).” R. at 4 (emphasis

added). In particular, the BIA noted the lack of any evidence that she was unable to

leave (“the record reflects that she twice successfully left him, and that she has not

had any problems with him since leaving him for the second and final time),” 

man viewed her as his property (“there is no evidence that he expressed this view

to her, and . . . she was able to leave the relationship”), 

grounds to dismiss Arevalo-Lara’s appeal, the BIA found that she

“has . . . not met her burden of proving that she cannot reasonably relocate

internally.” 

left the man for the second time, “she moved to another

town in Guatemala several hours away from her ex-partner, and lived there without

incident for almost a year before leaving for the United States,” 

is no

evidence that she was in hiding during that time, or that her ex-partner attempted to

find or harm her,” 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

      When, as here, “the BIA . . . conduct[s] a three-member panel review, . . . the

BIA opinion completely supercedes the IJ decision for purposes of our review.”

Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 

, 1203 (10th Cir. 2006).

      “We consider any legal questions de novo, and review the agency’s findings of

fact under the substantial evidence standard.” Elzour v. Ashcroft, 

,

1150 (10th Cir. 2004). “Under that test, our duty is to guarantee that factual

determinations are supported by reasonable, substantial and probative evidence

considering the record as a whole.” 

evidence standard is “highly

deferential.” Wiransane v. Ashcroft, 

, 897 (10th Cir. 2004). In reviewing

the agency’s factual findings, we do not determine how we would decide the issue

de novo or whether any reasonable factfinder could find for Arevalo-Lara. Instead,

under the deferential substantial evidence standard, we must affirm the agency’s

factual findings “unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude

to the contrary.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                   III. ANALYSIS

      Arevalo-Lara bears the burden of proving her eligibility for asylum and

restriction on removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B) (asylum); 

(restriction on removal). To qualify for asylum, she must establish that she is a

refugee, defined as any person who is unwilling or unable to return to her home

country “[b]ecause of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of



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race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). Where an applicant establishes past

persecution on account of a protected ground, the alien “shall also be presumed to

have a well-founded fear of persecution on the basis of the original claim,” except

under limited circumstances that have no application to Arevalo-Lara’s case.

8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1).

      Even when the applicant has suffered past persecution, the claimed or

presumed fear of future persecution may be rejected if “[t]he applicant could avoid

future persecution by relocating to another part of the applicant’s country of

nationality . . . [and] under all the circumstances it would be reasonable to expect the

applicant to do so.” 

      To be entitled to restriction on removal, an applicant must show a “clear

probability of persecution on account of one of the statutorily protected grounds.”

(internal quotation marks omitted). A “clear

probability” means the persecution is “more likely than not” to occur upon return to

the country of removal. Woldemeskel v. INS, 

, 1193 (10th Cir. 2001).

“Applicants who cannot establish a well-founded fear under asylum standards will

necessarily fail to meet the higher burden of proof required for [restriction on]

removal.” 

.

      On appeal, Arevalo-Lara confines her argument to whether her proposed

particular social group of Guatemalan women who are unable to leave their domestic



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partnership is cognizable under the immigration laws. This argument ignores the

BIA’s decision, which assumes the proposed group is legally cognizable, but found

no evidence to support Arevalo-Lara’s membership in the group. Under the

deferential substantial evidence standard, we must affirm the agency’s factual

findings because there are no facts to compel a different conclusion. See 

.

      The BIA further determined that Arevalo-Lara failed to meet her burden to

prove that she could not avoid future persecution by relocating to another part of

Guatemala, and that it would be unreasonable for her to do so. In particular, the BIA

cited evidence that Arevalo-Lara “moved [from Guatemala City] to another town in

Guatemala several hours away from her ex-partner, and lived there without incident

for almost a year before leaving for the United States.” R. at 4. Arevalo-Lara does

not cite to any evidence that would compel a reasonable adjudicator to reach a

different conclusion. As such, we must affirm the agency’s findings. See 

.

      Last, Arevalo-Lara states in a conclusory manner that she seeks review of the

BIA’s decision denying her relief under CAT. She has waived this argument,

however, because she failed to develop any argument in her brief. See Bronson v.

Swensen, 

, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e routinely have declined to

consider arguments that are not raised or are inadequately presented in an appellant’s

opening brief.”).



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The petition for review is denied.


                                     Entered for the Court


                                     Allison H. Eid
                                     Circuit Judge




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