FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       November 30, 2018
                         _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
BONNIE R. FOWLER,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                         No. 18-4091
                                                  (D.C. No. 2:17-CV-00285-CW)
STATE OF UTAH; ROYAL I. HANSEN;                              (D. Utah)
MARK R. MCDOUGAL; DON R.
SCHOW; BRENT K. WAMSLEY;
DOUGLAS C. MCDOUGAL; MARK R
MCDOUGAL & ASSOCIATES,

      Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                         _________________________________

Before BACHARACH, MURPHY, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      Proceeding pro se, Bonnie Fowler appeals the district court’s order dismissing

her complaint.1 For the reasons explained below, we affirm.

      In 2013, a Utah state court granted Fowler’s ex-husband’s motion to terminate

his alimony payments. It did so because under Utah state law, the duration of


      *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
       1
         We liberally construe pro se pleadings, but we won’t act as Fowler’s
advocate. See James v. Wadas, 

, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
alimony payments can’t exceed the length of the marriage. See Utah Code Ann. § 30-

3-5(8)(j). Following the termination of alimony, Fowler alleged in a separate state-

court action that her former divorce lawyers and their law firm committed

malpractice and other torts by failing to recognize this statutory limit on alimony. But

when the lawyers presented a document from the divorce proceeding in which Fowler

admitted that her lawyers told her about the alimony limitation, the state court

granted the lawyers’ motion for summary judgment. The Utah Court of Appeals

affirmed, and the Utah Supreme Court denied review. See Fowler v. Mark McDougal

& Assocs., 

, 7 (Utah Ct. App. 2015).

      Fowler then filed a federal civil-rights lawsuit—though not the one at issue in

this appeal—against her former divorce lawyers and their law firm. The magistrate

judge in that case recommended dismissing the complaint for failure to state a claim.

Among other conclusions, he determined that (1) Fowler’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim

failed because the lawyers weren’t state actors, nor did Fowler sufficiently allege that

they conspired with state actors; (2) Fowler’s § 1985(2) claim failed because she

didn’t sufficiently allege facts supporting the existence of a conspiracy; and

(3) Fowler’s § 1986 claim failed because it couldn’t exist independently from the

§ 1985 claim. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and

recommendation in its entirety. Fowler didn’t appeal.

      Instead, three months later, she filed this case. The defendants each moved to

dismiss. They alleged in part that Fowler’s claims were barred by claim preclusion,



                                           2
which prevents a party from relitigating claims already decided in a prior case.2 See

Lenox MacLaren Surgical Corp. v. Medtronic, Inc., 

, 1239 (10th Cir.

2017). The magistrate judge assigned to the case agreed. She noted that Fowler

named the same lawyers and law firm as defendants3 and asserted the same claims

under §§ 1983, 1985, and 1986. The magistrate judge further noted the prior

dismissal of these claims for failure to state a claim. As such, the magistrate judge

recommended dismissing Fowler’s complaint based on claim preclusion. See 

claim preclusion requires identical parties, identical claims, and final

judgment on merits in earlier action). Additionally, the magistrate judge adopted the

reasoning of the district court in Fowler’s prior federal case as alternative grounds for

dismissing the complaint.

      After a hearing and over Fowler’s timely objections, the district court adopted

the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation in full. Fowler appeals. Our

review is de novo. See 

(noting that application of preclusion principles to

undisputed facts is question of law reviewed de novo).

      2
         Claim preclusion is typically an affirmative defense that arises in a
defendant’s answer or at summary judgment, but district courts have discretion to
consider it at the motion-to-dismiss stage. See Fernandez v. Clean House, LLC, 

, 1299 (10th Cir. 2018) (noting that “it is proper to dismiss a claim on the
pleadings based on an affirmative defense . . . when the complaint itself admits all
the elements of the affirmative defense by alleging the factual basis for those
elements”).
       3
         Fowler also added as defendants both the state of Utah and the state-court
judge who dismissed her malpractice and tort claims. But she conceded below that
the magistrate judge correctly concluded that (1) the state couldn’t be a defendant in
a § 1983 action and (2) the state-court judge was entitled to absolute judicial
immunity. On appeal, she likewise admits that these two defendants were properly
dismissed. As such, we consider these defendants properly dismissed and don’t
discuss them further.
                                            3
      Fowler argues that the district court erred in ruling that claim preclusion

barred her claims against the lawyers and their firm. She doesn’t dispute that the

parties and the claims in both this case and the prior federal case are identical.

Instead, she contends that the third element of claim preclusion isn’t met because the

order dismissing her prior complaint wasn’t a “judgment on the merits.” 

In support, she cites Ruiz v. Snohomish County Public Utility District No. 1, 

(9th Cir. 2016). But that case narrowly held a prior order dismissing a case for

both lack of personal jurisdiction and untimeliness wasn’t a prior judgment on the

merits because one of those grounds (lack of personal jurisdiction) wasn’t a merits-

based rationale. See 

. In contrast, the prior dismissal in this

case was for failure to state a claim, which is a decision on the merits. See Stan Lee

Media, Inc. v. Walt Disney Co., 

, 1298 (10th Cir. 2014) (noting that

“dismissal for failure to plead a viable cause of action is a decision on the merits”).

So Fowler’s argument against claim preclusion doesn’t succeed.

      Accordingly, because claim preclusion bars Fowler’s claims, we affirm the

district court’s order dismissing her complaint.4


                                             Entered for the Court


                                             Nancy Moritz
                                             Circuit Judge



      4
         Because we affirm based solely on claim preclusion, we do not reach
Fowler’s challenge to the district court’s alternative ruling that the lawyers aren’t
state actors and can’t be liable under § 1983.
                                            4