FILED
                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                          August 22, 2018
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                             Clerk of Court
MICHAEL FRANK KAFER,

      Petitioner - Appellant,
                                                             No. 18-7019
v.                                              (D.C. No. 6:15-CV-00038-RAW-KEW)
                                                             (E.D. Okla.)
JIMMY MARTIN, Warden,

      Respondent - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

            ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
                   _________________________________

Before LUCERO, HARTZ, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       Applicant Michael Kafer was convicted by an Oklahoma jury of assault with a

dangerous weapon and second-degree murder after running over his sister-in-law with a

vehicle. The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) denied him relief on direct

appeal, and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma denied

his application for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. After being denied a certificate of

appealability (COA) by the district court, he now requests a COA from this court. See 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c) (1)(A) (requiring COA to appeal denial of relief under § 2254). We

deny his request.

       A COA will issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the

denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard requires “a

demonstration that . . . includes showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or,
for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or

that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.”

Slack v. McDaniel, 

, 484 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other

words, the applicant must show that the district court’s resolution of the constitutional

claim was either “debatable or wrong.” 

and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), provides

that when a claim has been adjudicated on the merits in a state court, a federal court can

grant habeas relief only if the applicant establishes that the state-court decision was

“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law,

as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or “was based on an

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state

court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2). As we have explained:

       Under the “contrary to” clause, we grant relief only if the state court arrives
       at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question
       of law or if the state court decides a case differently than the [Supreme]
       Court has on a set of materially indistinguishable facts.

Gipson v. Jordan, 

, 1196 (10th Cir. 2004) (brackets and internal quotation

marks omitted). Relief is provided under the “unreasonable application” clause only if

the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s

decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case. 

marks omitted). Thus, a federal court may not grant relief simply

because it concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision

applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. See 

state



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court does not need to be confronted with an “identical factual pattern before a legal rule

must be applied,” relief is available under the unreasonable-application clause “only if it

is so obvious that a clearly established rule applies to a given set of facts that there could

be no fairminded disagreement on the question.” White v. Woodall, 

, 427

(2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). “AEDPA’s deferential treatment of state court

decisions must be incorporated into our consideration of a habeas petitioner’s request for

COA.” Dockins v. Hines, 

, 938 (10th Cir. 2004).

       Applicant first claims that the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury about the use

of impeachment evidence violated his rights under the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation

Clause. At trial the prosecutors impeached Applicant with his prior written statement to

the police and two other trial witnesses were impeached (by defense counsel) with their

deposition testimony. But the use of out-of-court statements to impeach a witness

testifying at trial does not raise any Confrontation Clause issue. As the Supreme Court

has stated, “[W]hen the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the

Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial

statements.” Crawford v. Washington, 

, 59 n.9 (2004). No reasonable jurist

could debate the propriety of the district court’s rejection of this claim.

       Applicant’s second claim is based on the admission of photographs of the victim’s

body, which he asserts were overly prejudicial. The OCCA concluded that there was no

error in the admission of the images because they were not particularly graphic and were

used to corroborate the medical examiner’s testimony about the commission of the crime

and the victim’s injuries. Applicant has failed to explain why the state court’s decision is


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not entitled to deference under AEDPA. Not only does he fail to cite to any decisions

excluding similar evidence, he utterly fails to point to any decision of the United States

Supreme Court suggesting that such photographs must be excluded on constitutional

grounds. No reasonable jurist would disagree that the OCCA’s decision was entitled to

AEDPA deference.

       Finally, Applicant argues that he is entitled to relief because of cumulative error.

“In the federal habeas context, a cumulative-error analysis aggregates

all constitutional errors found to be harmless and analyzes whether their cumulative

effect on the outcome of the trial is such that collectively they can no longer be

determined to be harmless.” Alverson v. Workman, 

, 1162 (10th Cir.

2010) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). But “cumulative-error analysis

applies where there are two or more actual errors. It does not apply to the cumulative

effect of non-errors.” Hooks v. Workman, 

, 1194–95 (10th Cir. 2012)

(brackets, ellipses, and internal quotation marks omitted). Applicant has failed to show

any constitutional error, so there can be no cumulative error either.

       We DENY a COA and DISMISS the appeal.

                                              Entered for the Court


                                              Harris L Hartz
                                              Circuit Judge




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