FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         October 22, 2019
                          _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
    LARRY WILLIAMS; LNL
    PUBLISHING, INC.,

         Plaintiffs - Appellants,

    v.                                                        No. 18-1446
                                                 (D.C. No. 1:14-CV-03353-MSK-STV)
    GENESIS FINANCIAL                                          (D. Colo.)
    TECHNOLOGIES INC.; GLEN
    LARSON; PETE KILMAN,

         Defendants - Appellees.
                        _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, KELLY, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

         Plaintiffs-Appellants Larry Williams and LnL Publishing, Inc. appeal from the

district court’s decisions to (1) award $58,052 in damages on their equitable unjust

enrichment claim rather than confirming an advisory jury verdict award of $1.5

million, and (2) dismissing their conversion of intellectual property claim. Williams

v. Fin. Tech. Inc., No. 14–CV–3353–MSK–STV, 

(D. Colo. Mar.

30, 2018). Our jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.




*
  This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                         Background

      Mr. Williams is a market trader who develops “sentiments” and “indicators”

— measures of market mood and trading strategies meant to help predict and take

advantage of shifts in the market — which he presents to students at his paid

seminars. A collection of sentiments, indicators, and other trading strategies is

referred to as a “library.” LnL Publishing, Inc. is a limited liability corporation

through which Mr. Williams conducts business and is the successor in interest to his

intellectual property. Genesis is a financial technology company whose flagship

product is Trade Navigator, a platform that uses a custom programming language to

encode libraries and allow traders to test trading ideas and concepts. Glen Larson is

the president of Genesis.1

      In the early 1990s, Mr. Williams began a quid pro quo business arrangement

with Genesis. Under the arrangement, Mr. Williams would help promote and

develop Genesis software, allow Genesis representatives to attend his seminars to sell

its data subscription products, and use Mr. Williams’s name, likeness, indicators, and

sentiments on Trade Navigator. In exchange, Mr. Williams was to receive access to

Trade Navigator, as well as two computers provided by Genesis. Mr. Williams

would charge students a fee for attending one of his seminars, then instruct Genesis

to give those students access to his libraries on their copies of Trade Navigator. The

parties also agreed to share equally revenues from the sales of one of Mr. Williams’s


1
 We refer to Plaintiffs-Appellants collectively as “Mr. Williams” and Defendants-
Appellees collectively as “Genesis.” Specific parties are named where necessary.
                                            2
sentiments to be included in Trade Navigator, called LW Sentiment. The

arrangement between the parties was oral and was never reduced to writing.

      In 2010, Mr. Williams became suspicious that Genesis was not paying him the

full amount owed under the revenue split arrangement. Genesis responded with an

accounting, which showed that Mr. Williams was due a balance of $358,277.50.

Genesis contended that Mr. Williams had agreed to assist in development of a new

product, and revenues from that product would offset the balance due. Mr. Williams

disputes that contention. In September 2012, Mr. Williams notified Genesis by letter

that he intended to terminate the relationship. Genesis agreed to discontinue use of

LW Sentiment and remove Mr. Williams’s name and likeness from its materials.

Genesis refused to terminate access to Mr. Williams’s libraries by paid seminar

students.

      The following month, Mr. Williams sued Genesis, claiming: (1) breach of the

LW Sentiment agreement; (2) unjust enrichment for continued use of Mr. Williams’s

(a) name and likeness, and (b) libraries, which he asserted to be his

intellectual/personal property; and (3) conversion of intellectual property. Before

trial, the district court granted Genesis’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as to

conversion of intellectual property claim, but denied it as to unjust enrichment. The

case proceeded to a jury trial on the breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims.

On the contract claim, the jury found that Mr. Larson had entered into an oral

contract with Mr. Williams and awarded Mr. Williams $358,277.50, the balance

outstanding under the revenue split agreement. IV Aplt. App. 843–44. The jury

                                           3
rendered an advisory verdict on the equitable unjust enrichment claim against

Genesis of $400,000 for Mr. Williams and $1.5 million for LnL Publishing. The

verdict form did not differentiate between unjust enrichment by use of Mr.

Williams’s name or likeness and use of his libraries. 

      Following the jury trial, Mr. Williams moved the court to confirm the jury’s

advisory verdict, while Genesis renewed its motion for judgment as a matter of law

and to dismiss. See VI Aplt. App. 1191. The court denied both motions.

      On Mr. Larson’s motion as to breach of contract, the court found that there

was sufficient evidence in the record to support the jury’s verdict. The court

concluded that Mr. Williams lacked a basis for his unjust enrichment claim as it

relates to use of his libraries, because “[a]bsent the protection of intellectual property

laws or a governing contractual arrangement proscribing the dissemination of ideas

for valuable consideration, the creator of an idea retains no property right to control

its use or dissemination.” 

The court found that there was “no evidence”

that the parties considered Mr. Williams’s libraries to be protected under the quid pro

quo arrangement. 

The court further concluded that Mr. Williams could

support a claim for unjust enrichment for continued use of his name and likeness, and

entered judgment in his favor for $57,052, with the amount significantly departing

from the advisory jury verdict because the court felt it could not separate out the

jury’s reliance on supported versus unsupported theories of unjust enrichment in its

quantification. 

                                            4
      On appeal, Mr. Williams raises three issues. First, he argues that the district

court erred by determining that he had no continuing property interest in his libraries

sufficient to support an unjust enrichment claim. Mr. Williams asserts both that the

district court misapprehended Colorado common law that he alleges gave rise to a

legally protected property right, and that the district court clearly erred by finding

there was “no evidence” that the parties considered the libraries contractually

protected under the quid pro quo arrangement. Second, Mr. Williams contends that

the district court violated his Seventh Amendment rights by disregarding a jury

finding that the libraries were protected under the quid pro arrangement, which he

claims is included by “necessary implication” in the jury’s breach of contract verdict

in his favor. Finally, Mr. Williams argues that the district court incorrectly

concluded that Colorado common law does not recognize the tort of conversion of

intellectual property. In response, Genesis renews its argument that the Copyright

Act preempts Mr. Williams’s unjust enrichment claim.



                                          Discussion

      District court factual findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous

standard. Keys Youth Servs., Inc. v. City of Olathe, 

, 1274 (10th Cir.

2001). Where the district court’s view of the evidence is plausible considering the

record as a whole, this court may not reverse even if it would have weighed the

evidence differently as the trier of fact. Anderson v. Bessemer City, 

,

573 (1985).

                                            5
       Whether the district court violated a party’s Seventh Amendment rights by

adopting findings of fact that conflict with the jury’s explicit or implicit findings is

reviewed de novo. See Bangert Bros. Constr. Co., Inc. v. Kiewit W. Co., 

, 1298–99 (10th Cir. 2002).

       A dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) is reviewed under the standard

applicable to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Corder v. Lewis Palmer Sch. Dist. No. 38, 

, 1223 (10th Cir. 2009). Thus, review is de novo and we must determine

whether the complaint plausibly states a claim for relief. Finally, review of the

district court’s interpretation of state law in a diversity action is de novo. Salve

Regina Coll. v. Russell, 

, 231 (1991); Dang v. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of

Am., 

, 1189 (10th Cir. 1999).

       A. Protectable Property Interest

       Mr. Williams attacks the district court’s finding that he lacked a protectable

property interest in his libraries on three fronts. First, he argues that the district court

committed clear error by stating that there was “no evidence” that the parties

considered the libraries protected under the quid pro quo arrangement. Mr. Williams

testified that he strictly controlled access to his libraries during the term of the

contract, but that hardly amounts to a conclusive showing of a promise by Genesis to

protect those libraries in the event of termination. Based on the record as a whole the

district court could plausibly have found that that the quid pro quo arrangement did

not contain a latent promise by Genesis to protect Mr. Williams’s libraries in the

future. See 

.

                                             6
      Next, Mr. Williams argues that the district court ignored Colorado law that

recognizes a protectable property interest in his libraries because of his “expenditures

in developing the libraries and [his] agreement with Genesis for the right to use

them.” Aplt. Br. at 23. Mr. Williams relies on Cablevision of Breckenridge v.

Tannhauser, a Colorado Supreme Court case concerning a housing complex that

contracted with Cablevision to provide cable services using infrastructure that

required significant capital investment. 

(Colo. 1982). Residents of

the Tannhauser complex then cancelled their Cablevision services, installed their own

amplifier connected to the Cablevision line, and began accessing cable television and

FM radio services without paying Cablevision any fees. 

The residents

later extended this arrangement to a new building by installing an additional line to

Cablevision’s connection. 

held that “[a]lthough Cablevision does not

acquire an exclusive right in the broadcast signals it receives . . . [it] does have a

legally protected interest in the reception, processing, and distribution system it has

installed and in the service that this system enables Cablevision to provide.” 

The court also emphasized that the “defendant’s initial payment for this

service . . . amply demonstrate[s] both the beneficial service provided by

Cablevision and the appreciation of that service by the defendants.” 

      Cablevision is distinguishable. Mr. Williams attempts to analogize his

libraries to the signals retransmitted by Cablevision and the “time and money” he

invested to “develop the investment strategies, cultivate a public image and a market

for these strategies, and create a process by which interested parties could pay for

                                            7
access to the strategies” to the significant capital investment required for signal

retransmission. Aplt. Br. at 22. This analogy fails for two reasons. First, Genesis

never paid Mr. Williams for access to his libraries. Rather, Mr. Williams was paid

by seminar students and then instructed Genesis to grant them access to his libraries.

Second, Cablevision invested hundreds of thousands of dollars in order to sell the

“valuable service” that was being enjoyed without cost by Tannhauser residents,

while Mr. Williams invested no resources to make his libraries available to students

on Trade Navigator. See 

. The resources and

expenditures highlighted by Mr. Williams relate to his general business development

and do not represent an investment made as a condition precedent to offering his

libraries on Trade Navigator.

      Finally, Mr. Williams argues that the district court violated his Seventh

Amendment rights by improperly ignoring facts found by necessary implication in

the jury’s decision on the breach of contract claim. Mr. Williams contends that the

jury’s finding that Genesis breached the contract to split revenues from sales of LW

Sentiment “includes, by necessary implication, the common finding that the libraries

were protected property under the parties’ agreement.” Aplt. Br. at 29. He argues

that, as part of its breach of contract verdict, the jury implicitly found that Genesis

“had an obligation to pay for the use of the libraries.” See 

Amendment requires that where legal and equitable claims are

tried together, a court is bound by the jury’s resolution of factual issues common to

both claims. Skinner v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 

, 1443 (10th Cir. 1988),

                                            8
superseded by statute on other grounds. Courts are bound both by facts expressly

found and those that a jury verdict reflects by necessary implication. Ag Servs. of

Am., Inc. v. Nielsen, 

, 732 (10th Cir. 2000). But the jury’s findings on

the contract — which dealt primarily with disputes over LW Sentiment revenues and

resulted in a damages award for the amount due under that arrangement — do not

necessarily imply that it found that the libraries were protected property, much less

that Genesis had a contractual obligation to pay for their use. The jury made no

express or implied finding about the protectability of the libraries. Consequently, the

district court did not err by making its own finding of fact on this issue.

      B. Conversion

      Mr. Williams contends that the district court improperly dismissed his

conversion claim. Under Colorado law, conversion is “any distinct, unauthorized act

of dominion over personal property belonging to another.” Rhino Fund, LLLP v.

Hutchins, 

, 1195 (Colo. App. 2008) (quoting Glenn Arms Assocs. v.

Century Mortg. & Inv. Corp., 

, 1317 (Colo. App. 1984)). A demand

for return of the property and refusal by the controlling party are predicates to a

successful claim. Glenn 

. The structure of conversion claims

under Colorado law therefore suggests that they function mostly as a legal remedy for

the wrongful removal or retention of material things.

      The district court noted that “courts in Colorado have not clearly indicated

whether intangible intellectual property can be the subject of a conversion” and

concluded that “[c]ourts which have addressed the subject typically find that such

                                            9
property is incapable of being converted.” VII Aplt. App. 735–36. It relied on

several recent cases rejecting claims for conversion of intellectual property. See

Cequent Performance Prods., Inc. v. Let’s Go Aero, Inc., No. 10-cv-02921-WDM-

CBS, 

(D. Colo. May 5, 2011); Univ. of Colo. Found. Inc. v. Am.

Cyanamid, 

(D. Colo. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 

(Fed. Cir. 1999).

      Mr. Williams relies upon McLaughlin v. Clementi, in which the Colorado

Supreme Court characterized a trucking permit as an “intangible right being properly

subject to conversion.” 

, 104 (Colo. 1960). The case says nothing

about whether intangible intellectual property is convertible, which is the issue here.

Moreover, the permit in McLaughlin was held convertible because it fell “within the

category of conversion of a document amounting to the conversion of an intangible

right.” Am. 

(emphasis added). No similar

document is present here.

      Mr. Williams next turns to Steward Software Co. v. Kopcho, a Colorado

Supreme Court case concerning civil theft of software source code. 

(Colo. 2011). The court observed that a “claim for theft of the software code is no

different from a claim for theft of any other literary work,” likening it specifically to

theft of an original manuscript from an author. 

Mr. Williams argues that

his libraries are “nearly identical” to the source code in Steward. Aplt. Br. at 34. But

Mr. Williams’s claim is founded on conversion of his ideas, strategies, and

sentiments, not computer software containing them or lines of code embodying their

                                           10
original form, a distinction that is not erased by styling the claim as for conversion of

“intellectual and/or personal property.” 

The analogy to Steward is inapt.

      Finally, Mr. Williams argues that his libraries are convertible because they

have been “reduced to tangible form,” by inclusion in Trade Navigator. 

We are unpersuaded that his libraries are analogous to a document into which

intangible rights are merged, e.g., a promissory note, bond, or stock certificate.

      In view of our disposition, it is unnecessary to reach Genesis’s argument that

Mr. Williams’s claim for unjust enrichment is preempted by the Copyright Act.2

      AFFIRMED.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge




2
  The district court based some of its unjust enrichment award on data fees paid to
Genesis by customers who bought Trade Navigator after Mr. Williams terminated the
arrangement. See VI Aplt. App. 1204, 1211. It reasoned that “some new customers,
familiar with Mr. Williams, might nevertheless have discovered his past association
with Trade Navigator (and the fact that his libraries can be included) and decided to
give it a try.” 

While the libraries figured into this analysis as an
element of the quid pro quo arrangement, the award was based on the continued
benefit Genesis derived from its past association with Mr. Williams, not from use of
the libraries. We therefore do not believe that a finding sustaining copyright
preemption would reach these portions of the unjust enrichment award.
                                           11