FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                         August 20, 2020
                          _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 AUTO-OWNERS INSURANCE
 COMPANY,

          Plaintiff Counter Defendant -
          Appellant,

 v.                                                    Nos. 19-1233 & 19-1310
                                                    (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-01725-RBJ)
 BOLT FACTORY LOFTS OWNERS                                    (D. Colo.)
 ASSOCIATION, INC., a Colorado
 nonprofit corporation; SIERRA GLASS
 CO., INC.,

          Defendant Counterclaimants -
          Appellees.
                        _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

Before HARTZ, MATHESON, and CARSON, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

      Plaintiff Auto-Owners Insurance Company (“Auto-Owners”) filed this

declaratory judgment action after its insured, Defendant Sierra Glass Co., Inc.

(“Sierra Glass”), entered into a settlement agreement in a related state court lawsuit.

In state court, Defendant Bolt Factory Lofts Owners Association, Inc. (“Bolt

Factory”) sued several contractors and subcontractors for alleged construction defects


      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
at one of its condominium developments. Sierra Glass—one of the defendant

subcontractors—had an insurance policy through Auto-Owners; and per the policy,

Auto-Owners agreed to defend Sierra Glass in the state court lawsuit.

        Before trial, Sierra Glass settled the state court case with Bolt Factory. But it

settled without Auto-Owner’s knowledge or consent. Auto-Owners then filed this

declaratory judgment action, seeking a declaration that Sierra Glass had breached the

terms of the insurance policy when it entered into an unauthorized settlement with

Bolt Factory. Auto-Owners also sought a declaration that Sierra Glass’s breach

relieved it of any further duty to defend or indemnify Sierra Glass in the state court

suit.

        The district court sua sponte dismissed the entire declaratory judgment action

because the parties’ claims were not yet ripe for judicial determination due to the

ongoing state court litigation. Auto-Owners appeals that decision. Our jurisdiction

arises under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We conclude the district court erred as a matter of law

in dismissing the case for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because Auto-Owners’

claims are ripe.

                                             I.

        Bolt Factory sued six contractors in Colorado state court for alleged

construction defects at one of its Denver condominium developments. Two of those

contractors—Roladex Construction Co. (“Roladex”) and Mark Brannon

(“Brannon”)—then brought third-party claims for negligence and breach of contract

against three subcontractors, including Sierra Glass.

                                             2
       Sierra Glass had a commercial insurance policy through Auto-Owners, as well

as a second commercial general liability policy through AMCO Insurance Company

(“AMCO”). Auto-Owners and AMCO both agreed to defend and indemnify Sierra

Glass in the state lawsuit for any damages covered under the respective policies.

       Before trial, the parties—including Bolt Factory, the six contractors, and two

of the subcontractors—settled all claims, leaving for trial only Roladex and

Brannon’s third-party claims against Sierra Glass. But as part of that settlement,

Roladex and Brannon assigned their third-party claims to Bolt Factory. Thus, the

only parties remaining for trial were Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass. On the eve of

trial, however, Sierra Glass informed the state trial court that it too had settled with

Bolt Factory. Sierra Glass agreed to pay Bolt Factory $350,000 and to essentially

confess judgment by not presenting a defense at trial.

       After learning about the settlement between Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass,

Auto-Owners tried to intervene in the suit to stop the trial and contest the settlement

agreement. Auto-Owners argued that Sierra Glass settled the case without Auto-

Owners’ knowledge or consent. Auto-Owners claimed the insurance policy gave it

the right to defend against the third-party claims asserted against Sierra Glass and

that the policy required Sierra Glass to cooperate with Auto-Owners. The state trial

court denied Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene and moved forward with a two-day

bench trial.1


       1
       The district court had scheduled a fifteen-day jury trial, which evidently
became unnecessary once Sierra Glass agreed not to put on any defense.
                                            3
      At trial, Sierra Glass did not present an opening or closing statement, did not

offer any evidence or put on any witnesses, and did not cross-examine any of Bolt

Factory’s witnesses. And consistent with their settlement agreement, Bolt Factory

agreed to forgo further recovery from Sierra Glass, so long as Sierra Glass assigned

to Bolt Factory its potential bad faith claims against Auto-Owners. AMCO paid the

$350,000 settlement amount on Sierra Glass’s behalf in exchange for a full release of

liability—which it received. Finally, after Sierra Glass failed to put on a defense at

trial, the state trial court entered judgment for Bolt Factory for $2,489,021.91.

      After judgment, Auto-Owners appealed the state court’s denial of its motion to

intervene, but the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court. Auto-Owners

then petitioned for a writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court, which

remains pending.

      Even though it appealed the state court judgment, Auto-Owners filed this

separate declaratory judgment action against Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass in federal

district court. Auto-Owners sought a declaration that the agreement between Sierra

Glass and Bolt Factory violated Sierra Glass’s duty of cooperation under the

insurance policy, and thus that the breach relieved Auto-Owners of its obligations

under the insurance policy. Auto-Owners claimed that Sierra Glass’s breach vitiated

any further duty Auto-Owners had to defend or indemnify Sierra Glass in the state

court litigation. Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass filed counterclaims against Auto-

Owners, alleging breach of the insurance policy, as well as statutory and common

law bad faith.

                                           4
       Auto-Owners moved to dismiss Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass’s counterclaims,

but the district court dismissed the entire declaratory judgment action, including

Auto-Owners’ claims, as premature because of the related state court appeal. The

district court reasoned that the declaratory judgment action relied on the outcome of

the state court appeal and thus could lead to a procedural conflict if the state

appellate court reversed the trial court’s judgment and permitted Auto-Owners to

intervene in the state court suit.

       Auto-Owners filed a Rule 60(b) motion, seeking relief from the district court’s

dismissal order, which the district court denied. Auto-Owners now appeals both the

district court’s dismissal order and its order denying Auto-Owners’ Rule 60(b)

motion for relief.2


       2
         Bolt Factory and Sierra Glass (collectively, “Defendants”) argue that we lack
jurisdiction because Auto-Owners never noticed an appeal of the district court’s
August 30, 2019 Amended Order and Judgment. Though Defendants’ arguments
lack clarity, Defendants appear to argue that we have no jurisdiction over any appeal
involving the district court’s dismissal of the declaratory judgment action. Instead,
Defendants argue, we only have jurisdiction over the district court’s denial of Auto-
Owners’ Rule 60(b) motion. We disagree.
        The district court entered an Order and Final Judgment on May 30, 2019
dismissing the declaratory judgment action as premature and unripe. Auto-Owners
timely appealed that order. Next, the district court issued an Amended Order and
Final Judgment on August 5, 2019. Auto-Owners also timely appealed that order.
But because of some unusual timing issues with Auto-Owners’ Rule 60(b) motion
and its notices of appeal, we issued a limited remand order. The district court
reissued its previous orders—which included the August 30, 2019 Amended Order
and Judgment—but made no substantive changes. Auto-Owners did not file a third
notice of appeal because that would have created yet another case.
        We consolidated the cases created by Auto-Owners’ two notices of appeal; and
in its Docketing Statement, Auto-Owners notified the Court and Defendants that “the
May 30, 2019, August 5, 2019, and August 30, 2019 Orders were incorrect as a
matter of law.” And we observe that the August 30, 2019 Amended Order and
                                            5
      We review ripeness questions de novo. New Mexicans for Bill Richardson v.

Gonzales, 

, 1499 (10th Cir. 1995).

                                           II.

      The Constitution limits federal judicial power to “Cases” and “Controversies.”

U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. From this text, we draw the justiciability doctrine of

ripeness. 

–99 (“Whether a claim is ripe for review bears

on a court’s subject matter jurisdiction under the case or controversy clause of Article

III of the United States Constitution.”). Ripeness is principally “a question of

timing” that prevents “courts, through avoidance of premature adjudication, from

entangling themselves in abstract disagreements.”

Generally, we

evaluate ripeness under a two-factor test that considers “both the fitness of the issue

for judicial resolution and the hardship to the parties of withholding judicial

consideration.” Sierra Club v. Yeutter, 

, 1415 (10th Cir. 1990).

      As to fitness, we focus on “whether the case involves uncertain or contingent

future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.”

. In assessing hardship, we look at “whether the

challenged action creates a ‘direct and immediate dilemma’ for the parties.”

Inc. v. Hernandez Colon, 

, 495 (1st Cir. 1992)).




Judgment is virtually identical to the May 30 and August 5 orders. Under these facts,
we conclude that Auto-Owners did not have to file a third notice of appeal. B.
Willis, C.P.A., Inc. v. BNSF Ry. Corp., 

, 1296 (10th Cir. 2008)
(treating a docketing statement as the functional equivalent of a notice of appeal).
                                            6
       With these principles in mind, we address whether Auto-Owners’ claims are

ripe for judicial resolution.

                                          III.

       Auto-Owners contends that this case is fit for judicial resolution. Auto-

Owners argues that its claims do not depend on any future events because the issues

raised in the declaratory judgment action are separate and independent of the state

court suit. Auto-Owners alleges that Sierra Glass materially breached the terms of

the insurance policy—namely, its duty to cooperate—the moment it entered into a

settlement agreement without Auto-Owners’ knowledge or consent. Thus, Auto-

Owners claims Sierra Glass’s breach entitles Auto-Owners to an immediate judicial

determination that it has no further duty to defend or indemnify Sierra Glass.

       We agree that Auto-Owners’ claims do not depend on the state court suit. The

state court appeal involves the denial of Auto-Owners’ motion to intervene to defend

against Bolt Factory’s assigned, third-party claims. In that motion, Auto-Owners

argued it had a right to challenge Bolt Factory’s alleged damages, as well as Sierra

Glass’s liability before a jury.

       This declaratory judgment action, however, involves Sierra Glass’s alleged

breach of the insurance policy. Auto-Owners’ Complaint alleges that the insurance

policy required Sierra Glass to “cooperate with [Auto-Owners] in the investigation or

settlement of any claim or defense of any suit.”3 Auto-Owners continues that Sierra


       3
        Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory argue that the district court considered only
facts within Auto-Owners’ Complaint, and therefore we cannot consider any “new
                                           7
Glass breached that provision by entering into a settlement agreement without

providing notice to Auto-Owners and without Auto-Owners’ consent. And Auto-

Owners claims that Sierra Glass effectively confessed judgment by not putting on a

defense at trial. Because it contends these actions breach the duty of cooperation

under the insurance policy, Auto-Owners seeks a judicial declaration that it has no

further duty to defend or indemnify Sierra Glass. Auto-Owners’ Complaint does not

contest Sierra Glass’s liability or challenge Bolt Factory’s damages.

      Although the two lawsuits have overlapping facts, the federal declaratory

judgment action does not depend on the outcome of the state court appeal. Indeed,

the only relevant facts in the federal case involve those preceding the execution of

the agreement between Sierra Glass and Bolt Factory. And our fitness inquiry

concerns whether the federal case involves uncertain or contingent events and

whether a judicial determination of the merits depends on facts not yet developed.

.

      The declaratory judgment action asks whether Sierra Glass materially breached

the insurance policy when it unilaterally entered into a settlement agreement with

Bolt Factory. The facts preceding and surrounding the execution of that settlement

agreement are fixed and developed.

the state appellate court



facts” raised in Auto-Owners’ Rule 60(b) motion. Ingram v. Faruque, 

,
1242 (10th Cir. 2013) (stating that challenges to subject-matter jurisdiction “can take
the form of either a ‘facial’ or a ‘factual’ attack”). We need not address Defendants’
argument because the allegations in Auto-Owners’ Complaint alone establish
jurisdiction.
                                           8
reverses and permits Auto-Owners to intervene, the facts surrounding the run-up to

the settlement agreement remain the same. We thus conclude that Auto-Owners’

claims became fit for judicial resolution when Sierra Glass settled with Bolt Factory.

       Auto-Owners prevails on the hardship inquiry as well. Our hardship inquiry

turns on “whether the challenged action creates a direct and immediate dilemma for

the parties.”

and citation omitted). Auto-Owners

argues that Sierra Glass materially breached the insurance policy, and therefore,

Auto-Owners should no longer have to defend or indemnify Sierra Glass. We agree

with Auto-Owners that it has an interest in resolving its defense obligations to its

insured. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Mhoon, 

, 984 (10th Cir. 1994)

(reasoning that State Farm had a “substantial interest” in having the court decide its

rights and duties to its insured “without undue delay” despite parallel state court

litigation).

       Sierra Glass contends that Auto-Owners cannot show hardship because it

“invited any hardship for which it complains” by litigating in multiple forums. But

as we have already stated, Auto-Owners has a substantial interest in having its

obligations to Sierra Glass resolved. And Auto-Owners’ allegations in the

declaratory judgment action present a direct and immediate dilemma involving the

legal relationship between the parties.

live need for a

declaration of [the insurer’s] rights and duties” to its insured existed). The

declaratory judgment action will clarify and settle the legal obligations of the parties,

potentially relieving Auto-Owners of the burden of expending additional resources in

                                            9
defending or indemnifying Sierra Glass. Auto-Owners’ claims thus satisfy the

hardship prong of our ripeness inquiry.

      We conclude that the district court erred as a matter of law in dismissing the

declaratory judgment action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Auto-Owners’

claims do not hinge on the state court action and are instead ripe for judicial

resolution.4

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.


                                            Entered for the Court


                                            Joel M. Carson III
                                            Circuit Judge




      4
         Because the district court erred in dismissing for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, we need not address whether the district also erred in denying Auto-
Owners’ Rule 60(b) motion.
                                           10