FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS      Tenth Circuit

                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                   February 21, 2020
                        _________________________________
                                                                 Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                     Clerk of Court
    MARY A. SOMRAK,

         Plaintiff - Appellant,

    v.                                                  No. 19-3106
                                               (D.C. No. 2:17-CV-02480-CM)
    KROGER CO.,                                          (D. Kan.)

         Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, HARTZ, and BACHARACH, Circuit
Judges.
               _________________________________

         This suit grew out of a slip and fall in a Dillon’s grocery store.

Rather than sue the entity that leased the grocery store (Dillon Companies,

Inc.), however, Ms. Mary Somrak sued that entity’s parent company

(Kroger Co.). Kroger sought summary judgment, arguing that it had not




*
      The parties do not request oral argument, and it would not materially
help us to decide this appeal. We have thus decided the appeal based on the
briefs. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).

      This order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
But the order and judgment may be cited for its persuasive value if
otherwise appropriate. Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a); 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
owed a duty to Ms. Somrak. The district court agreed and granted summary

judgment to Kroger. We affirm.

      In addressing this grant of summary judgment, we engage in de novo

review, applying the same standard that governed in district court. Matter

Utah v. Njord, 

, 1262 (10th Cir. 2014). Under that standard,

we view the evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable

to Ms. Somrak and determine whether a reasonable factfinder could find in

her favor. Knitter v. Corvias Military Living, LLC, 

, 1224

(10th Cir. 2014). Viewing the evidence and inferences in this light, we

apply Kansas law, which requires Ms. Somrak to present enough evidence

for a factfinder to reasonably infer that Kroger had owed her a duty.

Burton v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 

, 916 (10th Cir. 2005).

      Ms. Somrak concedes that parent companies ordinarily incur no duty

for a subsidiary’s negligence. Despite this concession, she argues that

Kroger could incur liability because it undertook operation of the grocery

store and employed the individuals working there.

      Ms. Somrak bases this argument on § 324A of the Second

Restatement of Torts, which has been adopted in Kansas. Grice v. CVR

Energy, Inc., 

, 970 (10th Cir. 2019). Section 324A creates

liability for an entity that undertakes another entity’s duty to third persons

and negligently causes physical harm. Restatement (Second) of Torts §

324A.

                                      2
     To trigger § 324A, Ms. Somrak must show that Kroger affirmatively

and intentionally undertook operation of the store. See 

; see also Gooch v. Bethel A.M.E. Church, 

, 998 (Kan.

1990) (“The threshold requirement for the application of § 324A is that the

defendant must undertake, gratuitously or for consideration, to render

services to another.”). But this undertaking must extend beyond “ordinary

parental oversight in managing the business and operations of its

subsidiaries.” 

.

     Kroger urged summary judgment on the ground that it had provided

only ordinary parental oversight of its subsidiary. In support, Kroger

presented evidence that it had a separate existence from Dillon, that Dillon

had conducted the day-to-day operations of the store, that Dillon bore

responsibility for hiring and firing employees, and that the employee

allegedly responsible for the fall (Brenda Willey) had considered Dillon to

be her employer.

     In response, Ms. Somrak pointed to (1) a 2007 judicial admission by

Kroger that it does business in Kansas as Dillon’s stores, (2) Ms. Willey’s

employment forms, which designated her employer as Kroger, (3) Kroger

policies and forms used at the grocery store, and (4) contact from an

insurer for Kroger after Ms. Somrak’s fall. But these pieces of evidence,

even viewed favorably to Ms. Somrak, do not create a reasonable inference



                                     3
that Kroger undertook operation of the grocery store. See 

; 

.

      Nor does this evidence suggest that Ms. Willey was an employee of

Kroger. Kansas appellate courts have not yet addressed how to identify

whether an entity or its parent company is an employer. But these courts

have addressed whether an individual is an employee or independent

contractor in cases involving the Kansas Wage Payment Act. In these

cases, Kansas courts have applied twenty factors, addressing whether the

entity has a right to control the individual and the economic realities of the

employment relationship. Craig v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc.,

, 74-76 (Kan. 2014) (per curiam). These factors include “the

employer’s right to require compliance with instructions,” “the extent of

any training provided by the employer,” “the degree of integration of the

worker’s services into the business of the employer,” “the existence of a

continuing relationship between the worker and the employer,” “the

employer’s establishment of set work hours,” “the degree to which the

work is performed on the employer’s premises,” “the degree to which the

employer sets the order and sequence of work,” and “whether the employer

has the right to discharge the worker.” 

      The parties presented little evidence on these factors. Kroger

presented evidence identifying Dillon as the entity handling employment

decisions for individuals working at the store. In response, Ms. Somrak

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pointed to employment forms identifying Ms. Willey’s employer as Kroger.

But these forms do not reasonably suggest that Kroger exercised control

over Ms. Willey’s work in the grocery store. 1 And Ms. Somrak has not

identified any other evidence relating to the twenty factors bearing on

status as an employee. Ms. Somrak thus failed to create a genuine dispute

of material fact on Kroger’s right to control Ms. Willey’s work and the

economic realities of her employment.

     Because no reasonable factfinder could conclude that Kroger owed a

duty to Ms. Somrak, we affirm the award of summary judgment to Kroger.


                                      Entered for the Court



                                      Robert E. Bacharach
                                      Circuit Judge




1
      Ms. Somrak contends that the “primary factor” is the entity’s
“control” over the individual’s performance. Appellant’s Opening Br. at
10.

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