FILED
                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                 Tenth Circuit

                          FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                   May 18, 2020
                      _________________________________
                                                              Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                  Clerk of Court
EDWARD G. HUNTER,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                   No. 19-4034
                                            (D.C. No. 1:17-CV-00060-JNP)
HCA; MOUNTAINSTAR                                      (D. Utah)
HEALTHCARE, aka Mountainstar
Health; COLUMBIA OGDEN
REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER, dba
Ogden Regional Hospital; MARK
ADAMS, CEO, in official and individual
capacity; BRIAN LINES, COO, in
official and individual capacity; MINDY
BOEHM, Dr, in official and individual
capacity; ED EHRENBERGER, in
official and individual capacity; CARLA
TAYLOR, in official and individual
capacity; STEVE KIER, in official and
individual capacity; VICKY MCCALL,
in official and individual capacity;
DANN BYCK, in official and individual
capacity; KEITH HANCETT, in official
and individual capacity; JEFF
STEPHENS, in official and individual
capacity; YASMEEN SIMONIAN, in
official and individual capacity; JOHN
HEMMERSMEIER, in official and
individual capacity; DON CAZEL, in
official and individual capacity;
PATRICK WILLIS, in official and
individual capacity; JOHN DIEMEL, in
official and individual capacity;
DANIELLE IHLER, in official and
individual capacity,

     Defendants - Appellees.
                         _________________________________

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                         _________________________________

Before HOLMES, BACHARACH, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

      Edward G. Hunter filed an action against a hospital and related defendants in

which he claimed that defendants’ actions wrongfully contributed to the termination

of his employment and other injuries. Because Hunter failed to object to the

magistrate judge’s recommendation to grant summary judgment in favor of

defendants on all of his claims, he waived his right to appellate review. Accordingly,

we dismiss his appeal.

I.    Background

      Hunter was employed by Utah Imaging Associates (“UIA”) as an

interventional radiologist physician assistant. He had privileges to perform medical

procedures at Ogden Regional Medical Center (“ORMC”). Hunter experienced

serious health conditions and personal problems that spilled over into his work. He

claimed that ORMC improperly responded to his health, conduct, and performance

issues, which contributed to the loss of his medical privileges at ORMC, the



      *
        After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with
Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
                                          2
termination of his employment with UIA, and the loss of his license with the State of

Utah.

        In response to defendants’ summary judgment motion, Hunter argued there

were disputed fact issues regarding his breach-of-contract claims. He also sought

leave to amend his claim under the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). A

magistrate judge issued a report and recommendation (“R&R”) recommending that

the district court deny, as futile, Hunter’s request to amend his ADA claim and grant

summary judgment in favor of defendants. The R&R advised: “Within fourteen (14)

days of being served with a copy, any party may serve and file written objections.

See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b). Failure to object may constitute a

waiver of objections upon subsequent review.” Aplt. App. at 277. Hunter did not

file objections to the R&R. The district court adopted the R&R in full, granted the

summary judgment motion, and entered judgment for defendants on all of Hunter’s

claims.

        Hunter appealed. This court issued an order to show cause why he had not

waived his right to appellate review by failing to object to the R&R. After Hunter

filed a response, the issue was referred to this panel for decision.

II.     Discussion

        This court has “adopted a firm waiver rule that provides that the failure to

make timely objections to the magistrate[ judge’s] findings or recommendations

waives appellate review of both factual and legal questions.” United States v. One

Parcel of Real Prop., 

, 1059 (10th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks

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omitted). This rule “advance[s] the policies behind the Magistrate’s Act,” including

“enabl[ing] the district judge to focus attention on those issues—factual and legal—

that are at the heart of the parties’ dispute and giv[ing] the district court an

opportunity to correct any errors immediately.”

internal quotation

marks omitted). The firm waiver rule promotes the efficient use of judicial resources

based upon “the same rationale that prevents a party from raising an issue before a

circuit court of appeals that was not raised before the district court.”

(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).

       We have recognized two exceptions to the firm waiver rule. We do not apply

the rule “when (1) a pro se litigant has not been informed of the time period for

objecting and the consequences of failing to object, or when (2) the interests of

justice require review.” Morales-Fernandez v. INS, 

, 1119 (10th Cir.

2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). The first exception does not apply here

because Hunter was represented by counsel in the district court. See Allman v.

Colvin, 

, 1330 (10th Cir. 2016) (holding the first exception was

inapplicable because the appellant was represented by counsel); Key Energy Res. Inc.

v. Merrill (In re Key Energy Res. Inc.), 

, 1200 (10th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he

level of notice required for pro se litigants is not pertinent [where] appellant . . . is

represented by counsel.” (citation omitted)). And the interests-of-justice exception

applies to a counseled party “only in the rare circumstance in which a represented

party did not receive a copy of the magistrate[ judge’s] R & R.” Vega v. Suthers,

, 580 (10th Cir. 1999); see also In re Key Energy 

                                             4
(“[I]n counseled, civil, nonhabeas cases, the merits of the underlying case should not

be considered in determining whether the interests of justice exception has been

met. . . . [D]etermination of the interests of justice exception should focus instead on

the facts that purport to excuse the lack or untimeliness of the filing of objections.”).

      Hunter does not claim that he failed to receive the R&R. And his contention

that the magistrate judge’s notice was unclear—because it stated only that a failure to

object “may” result in a waiver—is insufficient to support an exception. As noted, a

counseled party cannot avoid application of the firm waiver rule by alleging that the

R&R did not provide sufficient notice of the potential for waiver. See In re Key

Energy 

. In any event, and contrary to Hunter’s suggestion,

our provision of limited exceptions to the firm waiver rule demonstrates that the rule

is not applied in every case.

      Hunter also contends that neither the statute governing referral of dispositive

issues to magistrate judges, 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), nor the corresponding

procedural rule, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 72(b), “contains . . . language to the

effect that a failure to object to [an R&R] on a dispositive motion may or will

constitute a waiver.” Resp. to Ord. to Show Cause at 4. He notes that Rule 72(a),

which addresses magistrate judges’ rulings on nondispositive matters, does include a

waiver provision. This argument ignores the origin of our firm waiver rule, which is

neither statutory nor expressly dictated by a procedural rule. Rather, as explained,




                                            5
we adopted the firm waiver rule to advance the policies behind the Magistrate’s Act. 1

As to Hunter’s contention that the magistrate judge exceeded his statutory authority

by including waiver language in the R&R, the requirement to advise pro se parties of

the consequence of a failure to object is likewise grounded in our case law. See

Moore v. United States, 

, 659 (10th Cir. 1991) (requiring magistrate

judges to advise pro se parties in an R&R of the time period for objecting and the

consequent waiver of the right to appeal upon failing to do so). And as a counseled

party, Hunter received more notice regarding the firm waiver rule than our case law

requires.

III.   Conclusion

       Hunter waived appellate review by failing to file objections to the magistrate

judge’s R&R. The appeal is therefore dismissed. See In re Key Energy 

; Theede v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 

, 1264, 1268

(10th Cir. 1999).


                                           Entered for the Court


                                           Allison H. Eid
                                           Circuit Judge




       1
        Moreover, Hunter’s contention appears to confuse this court’s application of
the firm waiver rule on appeal with the effect of a failure to object on the district
court’s de novo review of an R&R under Rule 72(b)(3).
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