Petitioner, Bernard Depree, was convicted in 1978 for armed robbery and murder; he is presently serving three life sentences for these crimes. In this appeal from the district court's dismissal of his petition for writ of habeas corpus, Depree raises over twenty claims challenging the constitutionality of his convictions. After reviewing these claims, we conclude that there was no error and, accordingly, affirm the district court's dismissal of Depree's habeas corpus petition.

In May 1978, four armed men robbed the Dixie Furniture Store in Atlanta, Georgia. During the course of this robbery, one of the men shot and killed an Atlanta policeman, Frank Robert Schlatt, who had responded to a silent alarm triggered at the store. In June 1978, Depree, Warren McCleskey, David Burney, Jr., and Ben Wright were indicted for two counts of robbery and for the murder of Officer Schlatt. The State tried McCleskey alone, and a jury found him guilty of armed robbery and murder and sentenced him to death. See McCleskey v. Zant, --- U.S. ----, 111 S. Ct. 1454, 113 L. Ed. 2d 517 (1991). Depree and Burney were tried together; both put forth alibi defenses, claiming that they were not at the Dixie Furniture Store at the time of the robbery and murder. A jury convicted both of them, and they each received three consecutive life sentences.1 Wright testified on behalf of the State against his three accomplices in exchange for a recommendation by the district attorney of a twenty-year sentence.

On direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed Depree's convictions and sentences. Depree v. State, 246 Ga. 240, 271 S.E.2d 155 (1980). Depree then filed a petition for habeas corpus relief in the Superior Court of Tattnall County.2 Following two evidentiary hearings, the court, on March 4, 1985, denied the requested relief. The Supreme Court of Georgia, on May 1, 1985, denied Depree's application for a certificate of probable cause to appeal.

On August 14, 1985, Depree, acting pro se, petitioned the district court for federal habeas corpus relief, raising thirty claims. The district court, after finding that no evidentiary hearing was necessary, concluded that the claims were meritless and dismissed the petition. Depree then appealed.

Following developments in McCleskey's federal habeas corpus proceedings, Depree asked us to remand his case to the district court so that he could pursue a claim based on Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201, 84 S. Ct. 1199, 12 L. Ed. 2d 246 (1964). We granted Depree's request and, while retaining jurisdiction of his appeal, remanded the case to the district court for that purpose. Subsequently, we expanded the scope of the remand to allow Depree to litigate a claim based on Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 92 S. Ct. 763, 31 L. Ed. 2d 104 (1972). After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the district court, on July 10, 1990, held that Depree's Massiah and Giglio claims were meritless. The district court's decision is now before us.

Of the claims Depree presents on appeal, only five merit discussion.3 Three of these claims, addressed in part II, are that the trial court denied Depree a fair trial, in violation of his due process rights, by: (1) erroneously rejecting Depree's challenges for cause to two venirepersons (who became jurors); (2) erroneously denying Depree's motions to sever his trial from Burney's, and; (3) erroneously allowing the prosecutor, during closing argument, to comment on Depree's pre-arrest silence. The two remaining claims, addressed in part III, are that the State's use of certain witnesses, and these witnesses' testimony, violated his due process rights, under Massiah and Giglio.

Depree claims that the trial court erroneously rejected his challenges to two venirepersons who eventually were empaneled on the jury that convicted him. The two at issue, Isaac M. Hodgkins and Sonja Reynolds, both had some connection with law enforcement: Hodgkins was an ex-deputy sheriff and Reynolds had relatives who served on the Atlanta police force. Depree contends that the voir dire examination established that these venirepersons, because of their association with law enforcement, could not judge impartially a case involving the murder of an Atlanta policeman.4 Thus, he argues, these individuals were unqualified to sit on the jury, and the trial court's failure to accept his challenges for cause and to exclude them rendered his trial fundamentally unfair.

Generally, "a state criminal defendant who can demonstrate that a member of the jury which heard his case was biased ... is entitled to federal habeas corpus relief." Rogers v. McMullen, 673 F.2d 1185, 1189 (11th Cir.1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1110, 103 S. Ct. 740, 74 L. Ed. 2d 961 (1983). "The decision to excuse a [prospective] juror for cause upon a suggestion of partiality is within the sound discretion of the trial judge." United States v. Taylor, 554 F.2d 200, 202 (5th Cir.1977).5 The trial judge must consider whether the prospective juror has such a fixed opinion, based on his bias, that he "could not judge impartially the guilt of the defendant." Patton v. Yount, 467 U.S. 1025, 1035, 104 S. Ct. 2885, 2891, 81 L. Ed. 2d 847 (1984). Whether an individual is so partial that he must be disqualified is "plainly [a question] of historical fact." Id. at 1036, 104 S.Ct. at 2891. Thus, on federal habeas corpus review, a state court's determination as to the partiality of a particular juror is entitled to a presumption of correctness. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) (1988). In reviewing such a finding, then, we will not set it aside "unless the error is manifest." Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 723, 81 S. Ct. 1639, 1643, 6 L. Ed. 2d 751 (1961) (quoting Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 156, 25 L. Ed. 244 (1878)). In other words, "the question is whether there is fair support in the record for the state court['s] conclusion that the jurors here would be impartial." Patton, 467 U.S. at 1038, 104 S.Ct. at 2892-93.6

Depree first challenged Hodgkins, an ex-deputy sheriff. The relevant portion of Hodgkins' voir dire examination is as follows:7

Q: [by Mr. Gailey, attorney for defendant Burney] Sir, do you have any relatives now or have you had any in the past who have been in the field of law enforcement?

A: [by Hodgkins] Me.

Q: You have been employed in the field of law enforcement?

A: I am an ex-deputy sheriff in Clayton County.

Q: When were you a deputy sheriff?

A: '71 to about June of '72.

Q: Sir, this involves the death of an Atlanta policeman. The fact that you are an ex-law enforcement officer, would that affect the way you would think in this case?

A: Yes, I am afraid it would. Even though I have been out of it, I still think about it and it gets in your blood.

Q: Do you think if the Court charged you that you would be able to set aside your personal feelings and--

A: Yes, I can try.

Q: Are you sure that you could?

A: Yes.

Q: You are sure you could set aside your personal feelings?

A: Yes.

Q: Is there any possibility that you could not set aside your personal feelings?

A: I would like to think not.

Q: You can't state for sure that you can't?

A: No, I can't state for sure.

....

Q: Sir, I would like to get back to a few questions back. I believe if I heard you correctly, you said the fact that you were an ex-policeman could influence the way that you would view this case. Is that what you said?

A: That's a good possibility, I believe it might and could.

MR. GAILEY: Your Honor, we would like to excuse this juror for cause.

THE COURT: Mr. Hodgkins, do you believe that you could be a fair and impartial juror, that is, fair to the State and to the defendants, in the trial of this case?

THE JUROR: Like I told the attorney, I would like to think that I could, yes, sir.

THE COURT: All right, sir. I will rule that the gentleman is qualified as a juror.

According to Depree, this colloquy demonstrated that Hodgkins could not be impartial in evaluating Depree's case;8 thus, the trial court erred in denying the challenge for cause to Hodgkins' service on the jury.9 We disagree. As Depree points out, some of Hodgkins' answers raised the possibility that he would not be impartial. Hodgkins admitted that his status as an ex-deputy sheriff would affect "the way [he] would think in th[e] case"; he reiterated this point later in the voir dire, confessing that his status as an ex-police officer "might and could" influence the way that he would view the case. Throughout this examination, however, Hodgkins continually asserted that he would be able to set aside his personal feelings in evaluating Depree's case. Following counsel's questions about Hodgkins' possible bias as an ex-deputy sheriff, the trial court inquired whether Hodgkins could judge Depree fairly and impartially; Hodgkins affirmed that he could. The record does not support Depree's assertion that the trial court manifestly erred in evaluating Hodgkins' ability to act impartially as a juror.10 At most, the record establishes that Hodgkins might have brought a bias to the courtroom door; it does not demonstrate that Hodgkins could not leave his bias outside that door.11 Accordingly, we will not disturb the trial judge's conclusion that Hodgkins could evaluate Depree's case impartially and fairly and was, thus, qualified to serve as a juror.12

The second venireperson Depree challenged was Sonja Reynolds. The parties picked Reynolds as the first alternate juror and, at the commencement of the trial, following the subsequent disqualification of a juror, the court empaneled Reynolds.13 Depree claims that Reynolds' voir dire examination established that she could not judge his case impartially. Once again, we disagree. As with Hodgkins, the most Reynolds' examination established was that she might have a bias. After extensive questioning, however, it became apparent to the trial judge that Reynolds could judge Depree's case fairly and impartially based on the evidence presented at trial. The record does not demonstrate that the trial judge manifestly erred in evaluating Reynolds' impartiality.14 Accordingly, we affirm the district court's conclusion that the trial court properly rejected the petitioner's challenges for cause.

Depree next contends that the trial court erroneously denied his motion to sever his trial from Burney's and that this error deprived him of a fair trial.15 Depree's claim rests upon the alleged prejudice caused him by the admission of his codefendant's, Burney's, confession into evidence; in this confession, Burney identified Depree as a coconspirator. He does not claim that his and Burney's defenses were antagonistic; nor does he claim that admission of Burney's confession violated the confrontation clause, see Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S. Ct. 1620, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476 (1968). Instead, he argues that due process required the trial court to sever the trials because it was impossible for the jury, despite the trial court's instruction to the contrary, to ignore Burney's properly admitted confession when judging his (Depree's) case.

We disagree. Depree concedes that the trial court properly admitted, in accordance with the confrontation clause and state evidentiary rules, Burney's confession into evidence. Depree's argument, then, is that due process requires stricter limits on the admissibility of a codefendant's confession than those imposed by the confrontation clause and the rules of evidence. According to Depree, these limits imposed by the due process clause must protect a defendant from the inculpatory effects of his codefendant's admissible confession. There is no support for this position. The Constitution simply does not require that every defendant be insulated at trial from the damaging testimony of his codefendant. While Depree may have gained a tactical advantage had the trials been severed, such advantage is not required or guaranteed by the Constitution. Depree had ample opportunity to present his case and vigorously cross-examine those witnesses who incriminated him. Therefore, we find no constitutional error in the trial court's denial of Depree's motion for a severance.

Depree claims that the prosecutor erred in commenting, during closing argument to the jury, on Depree's failure to make certain statements to the police following his arrest. Depree took the stand in his own defense and presented the alibi he had given the police following his arrest. As part of his testimony, he stated that on the day of the crime, between 2:00 p.m. and 2:30 p.m., he saw his "son's mother" on Peachtree Street, away from the scene of the crime. His attorney asked him whether he had told the police this fact; Depree answered

Well, no, and the reason I didn't tell the police this, and I am going to explain to you, is because I had become disgusted, the police kept coming in and going out, you understand, and saying this and saying that, you understand.

... I just got disgusted and I said to myself, I said, I will tell what I have to say before a jury or to my lawyer.

During his closing argument, the prosecutor discussed Depree's testimony. With respect to Depree's alibi, he argued

Now, how about the alibi for Depree? Well, the evidence indicates ... when he turned himself in he told the police he was somewhere else, but he didn't tell them what, did he? He said he was out hustling on Peachtree Street.

... Now, he also told you there was some information he did not give the police, that he gave it to you from the stand when he testified yesterday and that is where he was on the 13th. You see, now he is coming in with the specific information that if he had had it to begin with he should have given it, but he slipped up, ladies and gentlemen.

The prosecutor went on to say that Depree's alibi testimony did not match the facts established at trial. Depree claims that the prosecutor unconstitutionally commented on his post-arrest silence, rendering his trial fundamentally unfair.16

Our review of the record reveals that Depree did not raise this issue in the district court. He seeks to assert this claim for the first time in this court. We have long held that an issue not raised in the district court and raised for the first time in an appeal will not be considered by this court. See Humphrey v. Boney, 785 F.2d 1495, 1497 (11th Cir.1986).

Even assuming arguendo that Depree's claim that the prosecutor impermissibly commented on his silence is properly before us, we find it to be meritless. Depree did not exercise his fifth amendment right to remain silent after his arrest. At trial, Depree testified on direct examination that, after his arrest, he gave the police a description of his whereabouts on the day of the armed robbery and murder but that he decided not to tell them that he had seen his son's mother on Peachtree Street that day. In light of the fact that Depree did not exercise his right to remain silent after his arrest, the prosecutor could hardly have commented impermissibly on his silence. Moreover, Depree's testimony regarding his alibi invited the prosecutor's comments. The prosecutor did no more than argue directly from Depree's own testimony that he did not relate his entire alibi to the police. In no way is this a comment on the defendant's silence in violation of Doyle v. Ohio.

Depree claims that the State violated his right to counsel, guaranteed by the sixth and fourteenth amendments and defined by Massiah, 377 U.S. at 201, 84 S.Ct. at 1199, by using jailhouse informants deliberately to elicit incriminating information from him in the absence of counsel. To establish his claim, Depree "must show (1) that a fellow inmate was a government agent; and (2) that the inmate deliberately elicited incriminating statements from" him. Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d 1012, 1020 (11th Cir.1987) (per curiam), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934, 109 S. Ct. 329, 102 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1988); see also United States v. Henry, 447 U.S. 264, 270, 100 S. Ct. 2183, 2186-87, 65 L. Ed. 2d 115 (1980). Thus, there are two prongs necessary to prove a Massiah violation involving jailhouse informants (or simply a Henry claim): the "agency" prong and the "deliberate elicitation" prong.

There is, by necessity, no bright-line rule for determining whether an individual is a government agent for purposes of the sixth amendment right to counsel. The answer depends on the "facts and circumstances" of each case. Lightbourne, 829 F.2d at 1020. At a minimum, however, there must be some evidence that an agreement, express or implied, between the individual and a government official existed at the time the elicitation takes place. Id. Regarding the "deliberate elicitation" prong, the Supreme Court has explained that

the Sixth Amendment is not violated whenever--by luck or happenstance--the State obtains incriminating statements from the accused after the right to counsel has attached[ ].... [A] defendant does not make out a violation of that right simply by showing that an informant, either through prior arrangement or voluntarily, reported his incriminating statements to the police. Rather, the defendant must demonstrate that the police and their informant took some action, beyond merely listening, that was designed to elicit incriminating remarks.

Kuhlmann v. Wilson, 477 U.S. 436, 459, 106 S. Ct. 2616, 2630, 91 L. Ed. 2d 364 (1986) (citation omitted). Thus, we must determine whether the government agent took affirmative steps "designed to elicit incriminating remarks." Id.

Depree first raised a Massiah claim related to the testimony of Offie Gene Evans.17 Evans testified at trial to several incriminating statements made by Depree and McCleskey while they were incarcerated at Fulton County Jail. Depree contends that the prosecution moved Evans to a cell adjacent to Depree's and McCleskey's cells and that Evans, at the prosecutor's behest, elicited incriminating information from them. The district court, after conducting an evidentiary hearing, concluded that Evans was not acting as an agent of the State when he elicited this information. We hold that the district court's factual findings are not clearly erroneous and that they compel the conclusion that Evans was not acting as an agent of the State when he elicited incriminating remarks from Depree and McCleskey. We, therefore, affirm the district court's rejection of this claim.

The police arrested Evans on July 3, 1978 and incarcerated him in Fulton County Jail; Evans had escaped (walked away) from a federal halfway house. Authorities placed Evans in the fourteenth cell on the first floor of the north wing of the jail (cell 1 north 14); Depree was in the cell directly above Evans' (cell 2 north 14); McCleskey was in the cell next to Evans' (cell 1 north 15). On July 12, Evans met with the assistant district attorney prosecuting Depree's case, Russell Parker, and two detectives from the Atlanta Police Department at the Fulton County Jail. It is unclear how this meeting came about: Evans testified that an unknown deputy sheriff suggested to him that he might have heard information of interest to the police and that, at that time, he agreed to talk to the police; Carter Hamilton, a deputy sheriff employed at the jail, testified that Evans approached him, stating that he had information regarding the murder of Officer Schlatt, and that he (Hamilton) agreed, at that time, to put Evans in touch with Parker and the detectives.18 In any event, at the July 12 meeting, Evans recounted various incriminating statements regarding the murder of Officer Schlatt made by both Depree and McCleskey during conversations with Evans.19 On August 1, Evans signed a written statement, memorializing his testimony of July 12; both Evans and Parker testified that the written statement only contained information revealed on July 12.

Detective Welcome Harris and Officer Sidney Dorsey, who both were involved with Depree's case, testified that they did not ask anyone to move Evans to a cell closer to Depree or McCleskey and that they did not suggest to Evans that he try to elicit information from Depree or McCleskey. Hamilton testified that he was unaware of Evans being moved into a different cell in July 1978 and that he did not ask anyone to make such a move; he also denied hearing anyone instruct Evans to elicit incriminating testimony from either Depree or McCleskey. Parker testified that he had neither asked that Evans be moved to a cell closer to Depree or McCleskey nor heard anyone make such a request.

Depree's Massiah claim rests on the testimony of Captain Ulysses Worthy, who was in charge of the day watch at Fulton County Jail during the summer of 1978. Worthy testified twice during McCleskey's habeas corpus hearings, on July 9, 1987 and August 10, 1987, and once during Depree's hearings, on September 5, 1989. In what is at times confused and contradictory testimony, Worthy asserted, on both August 10, 1987 and September 5, 1989, that on July 12, 1978, after Evans' meeting with Parker and the detectives, Hamilton asked that Evans be moved to a cell adjacent to McCleskey's; furthermore, he testified that he had not been asked to move Evans before July 12. Worthy also testified, on July 9, 1987, that some officers had encouraged Evans, at unspecified times, to engage in conversations with someone in a nearby cell to elicit information; on September 5, 1989, however, he testified that he had never heard anyone tell Evans to elicit information from Depree or McCleskey.

The district court found "Worthy's testimony to be inherently contradictory and not credible." The court noted that it was uncontradicted that Evans was already in the cell next to McCleskey's and below Depree's prior to the July 12 meeting with Parker and the detectives; "otherwise, it would have been impossible for Evans to have relayed the content of any conversations he had with McCleskey to Mr. Parker at that meeting." Worthy, however, testified that Evans was not moved next to McCleskey until after this July 12 meeting. After evaluating all of the testimony and evidence, the court found that "Evans was originally placed in Cell 1 North 14, was never moved to another cell which [sic] he was incarcerated at the Fulton County Jail, ... and was not acting at the behest of the police which [sic] he engaged McCleskey and Depree in conversation."

We cannot conclude that the district court, in evaluating this evidence, was clearly erroneous. Depree's Massiah claim turns, in large part, on the credibility of the witnesses, an evaluation that the district court is better suited to make than we. See Amadeo v. Zant, 486 U.S. 214, 223, 108 S. Ct. 1771, 1777, 100 L. Ed. 2d 249 (1988); Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a). At best, we can only say that Depree's view of the evidence is plausible, as is the district court's; however, "[w]here there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous." Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 574, 105 S. Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L. Ed. 2d 518 (1985) (citing United States v. Yellow Cab. Co., 338 U.S. 338, 342, 70 S. Ct. 177, 179, 94 L. Ed. 150 (1949)). Accepting the facts the district court found, we hold that Depree has failed to show that Evans, when he elicited incriminating statements from Depree, was acting as a government agent. That Evans subsequently joined forces with the prosecution does nothing to prove Depree's claim. Therefore, we affirm the district court's rejection of the Massiah claim involving Evans.

Depree also raised a Massiah claim based on the testimony of Howard Smith (also known as Terry Ford). Smith was incarcerated in the Fulton County Jail in August 1978 on escape and auto theft charges. While in this jail, he was housed in a cell with Depree and one other inmate. During this time, according to Smith, Depree told Smith that he was involved in the robbery that led to the murder of Officer Schlatt. Additionally, Smith reported that Depree, upon learning that Ben Wright, who had been arrested and incarcerated in the jail, planned to testify against him, asked Smith to get him a knife so that Depree could kill Wright. Shortly after Depree asked Smith to obtain a knife for him, Smith instructed his sister to contact the Atlanta police and tell them that he had information concerning Officer Schlatt's murder. A detective subsequently came to the jail and interviewed Smith. Approximately three weeks later, on November 13, 1978, Smith gave a sworn statement to Harris, in which he related the facts discussed above. Smith testified to these facts, in the State's rebuttal case, at Depree's trial.

Depree's Massiah claim is based on Smith's testimony during the hearing before the district court. Smith stated that "I was asking him [Depree] the questions[ ] because I was told to find out more information from him about what happened;" Smith further stated that Harris instructed him to find out this information. Smith could not recall when this conversation occurred. Harris and Parker did not recall meeting with Smith prior to the time he testified at trial against Depree; they stated, however, that they never had asked any inmate to elicit information from Depree. The district court, after considering the evidence, concluded that "[s]ince Smith had initiated the contact with the police and had already relayed the substance of the information he had gathered from Depree, it is obvious that the statement by Detective Harris is little more than to the effect, 'If you learn any more information, please let us know.' This court holds that such encouragement given to an inmate is insufficient to invoke Massiah."

We are not convinced that the district court's conclusion is supported by the record. If Smith's testimony is credited, then Harris' "encouragement" to Smith might demonstrate an arrangement between Smith and the State sufficient to satisfy the "agency" prong of Depree's Massiah claim. Cf. Henry, 447 U.S. at 271, 100 S.Ct. at 2187 ("Even if the agent's statement that he did not intend that [the informant] would take affirmative steps to secure incriminating information is accepted, he must have known that such propinquity likely would lead to that result."). We, however, need not decide that issue. It is clear from the record that Smith gathered the bulk, if not all, of Depree's incriminating statements before he met with Harris. Indeed, according to his November 13, 1978 statement, Smith did not even meet Harris until the day he gave that statement, when he relayed most of the damaging statements made by Depree.20 Thus, even if we believe Smith's most recent testimony that Harris told him to gather more information from Depree, this encouragement could not have taken place until after Smith gave his November 13, 1978 statement to the police. There is nothing in the record to suggest that Smith was acting as a government agent prior to November 13, 1978, when most of these incriminating statements were collected.

Therefore, we conclude that most of the incriminating testimony gathered by Smith was not tainted by any constitutional violation. Depree has failed to demonstrate that Smith, while acting as a state agent, deliberately elicited any information from Depree; furthermore, he has not demonstrated that Smith learned any new information after November 13, 1978, when he may have been acting as a government agent.21 Moreover, since the State only used, at trial, the information that Smith supplied on November 13, 1978, before he was purportedly acting as a government agent, we conclude that any Massiah violation that occurred after November 13, 1978, with respect to Smith, was harmless.

Finally, Depree claims that the State violated his fourteenth amendment right to due process by failing to disclose the prosecution's promises of favorable treatment to witnesses whose testimony was used to obtain his conviction, in violation of Giglio, 405 U.S. at 150, 92 S.Ct. at 763. "The thrust of Giglio and its progeny has been to ensure that the jury know the facts that might motivate a witness in giving testimony." Smith v. Kemp, 715 F.2d 1459, 1467 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1003, 104 S. Ct. 510, 78 L. Ed. 2d 699 (1983). This is important because quite often "[t]he jury's estimate of the truthfulness and reliability of a given witness may well be determinative of guilt or innocence." Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S. Ct. 1173, 1177, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1217 (1959).

As with his Massiah claims, Depree's Giglio claims center on Evans and Smith. Evans testified, in McCleskey's state habeas corpus hearing, that a detective promised to "speak a word" in Evans' behalf in his own case. Following Depree's trial, the prosecutor contacted federal authorities to advise them of Evans' cooperation and the escape charges against him were dropped. This court, en banc, has considered once before whether the above testimony demonstrated that the State failed to disclose a promise of favorable treatment to Evans, in violation of Giglio. See McCleskey v. Kemp, 753 F.2d 877, 882-85 (11th Cir.1985) (en banc), affirmed in part, 481 U.S. 279, 107 S. Ct. 1756, 95 L. Ed. 2d 262 (1987) (not addressing Giglio claim). In McCleskey, evaluating this evidence, we held that "[t]he detective's statement offered such a marginal benefit ... that it is doubtful it would motivate a reluctant witness, or that disclosure of the statement would have had any effect on his credibility." Id. at 884. Therefore, we concluded that the State had made no promise, as contemplated by Giglio. Furthermore, assuming that the State had made a promise to Evans, we held that "there is no 'reasonable likelihood' that the State's failure to disclose the detective's cryptic statement ... affected the judgment of the jury," id. (quoting Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154, 92 S. Ct. at 766); thus, the error was harmless. The evidence presented to the district court in the present case is no different from that reviewed in McCleskey; Depree has offered no additional evidence to prove his Giglio claim. We perceive no reason, then, why our conclusion here should differ from that reached by the en banc court in McCleskey. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's rejection of Depree's Giglio claim involving Evans.

Smith testified, in the district court, that Harris and Parker told him that they would take care of him; he stated, however, that they promised him nothing. Depree argues that Smith's testimony suggests that either Harris or Parker, or both, promised to help Smith in return for his testimony; specifically, Depree gleans from Smith's testimony that either Harris or Parker promised somehow to alter the sentences Smith received for his most recent crimes (escape and automobile theft) so that they would run concurrently with those he was serving at the time of his escape. Both Harris and Parker denied making any promises to Smith; in particular, Parker noted that under Georgia law, Smith's sentences were unalterable22--the term of court during which Smith had been convicted and sentenced had passed by the time Smith testified against Depree.

The district court, after weighing the evidence, concluded that "the marginal statements purportedly made by Detective Harris and Mr. Parker were not of such a nature that, under the circumstances of this case, they had to be disclosed to defense counsel at Depree's trial.... [T]his court holds that no promises were made to Smith that were required to be disclosed to Depree under Giglio." We agree. By his own admission, Smith did not believe the State had promised him anything. While it is fair to assume, as the district court did, that Smith, like most informants, hoped his cooperation would result in more favorable treatment, this fact does not convert ambiguous statements by the State into promises that Smith would, in fact, receive more favorable treatment. The record simply does not demonstrate that the district court's finding was clearly erroneous. We, therefore, affirm the district court's decision on the Giglio claim involving Smith.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's dismissal of Depree's petition for writ of habeas corpus.

IT IS SO ORDERED.