[PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           _________________________                         FILED
                                                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                   No. 99-12194                      ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         JUNE 13, 2001
                            _________________________
                                                                      THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                           CLERK
                         D. C. Docket No. 94-01266-CV-D-N




BRADLEY MURRAY, as a member and legal
representative of the Bass Anglers Sportsman
Society,
                                                         Plaintiff-Appellant,
      versus

RAY W. SCOTT, JR.,
B.A.S.S., INC., et al.
                                                         Defendants-Appellees.

                          ____________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Middle District of Alabama
                      ______________________________
                                 (June 13, 2001)


Before EDMONDSON and BIRCH, Circuit Judges, and SHAPIRO*, District
Judge.

______________
*     Honorable Norma L. Shapiro, U.S. District Judge for the Eastern District of
      Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
EDMONDSON, Circuit Judge:

       This appeal is about judicial recusal. Because we conclude that the district

court judge should have recused himself from this case, we vacate the judgment

and remand for further proceedings.



                                             I.



       Plaintiff Bradley Murray, a member of the Bass Anglers Sportsman Society

(BASS), brought suit individually and on behalf of approximately 500,000 other

BASS members against Bass Anglers Sportsman Society, Inc. (BASS, Inc.) and its

officers, claiming that BASS, Inc. fraudulently converted BASS funds and

property.1 Plaintiff initiated the litigation in the district court of Kansas, but the

Kansas district judge transferred the case to the Middle District of Alabama.

Murray v. Sevier, 

, 257 (D. Kan. 1994). The case was assigned to

Judge Ira DeMent. Relying largely on some acts that Judge DeMent had taken in

regard to BASS before he became a judge, Plaintiff moved to recuse Judge

DeMent; the motion was denied.


   1
     We may at times refer to BASS and BASS, Inc. collectively as BASS. But our reference to
BASS or BASS, Inc. in this opinion carries no legal significance, and we make no legal
determination about the status of BASS or BASS, Inc.

                                             2
      In his fifth amended complaint, Plaintiff claimed that when Defendant Ray

W. Scott, Jr. first formed BASS in 1967, it was an unincorporated association

dedicated to promoting conservation and bass fishing. BASS sponsored bass

fishing tournaments and communicated with its members through BASS Masters

Magazine. In 1969, Scott filed a certificate of incorporation for BASS, Inc. under

the laws of Alabama. Plaintiff claims that Scott convinced potential members that

they were joining a non-profit entity devoted to promoting bass fishing,

conservation, and youth fishing when they were actually joining BASS, Inc., a for-

profit entity. Plaintiff claims that under this “shell game” Scott was siphoning off

members’ dues for his own personal benefit. Defendant responds that BASS was

founded as a membership club owned and operated for profit by Scott.

      Both sides filed summary judgment motions on various grounds. The

district court granted summary judgment for Defendants and certified the order for

appeal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b).



                                         II.



      Plaintiff argues that Judge DeMent abused his discretion when he did not

recuse himself from this case under 28 U.S.C. § 455. Congress amended the


                                          3
recusal statute in 1974, which “liberalize[d] greatly the scope of disqualification in

the federal courts.” United States v. State of Alabama, 

, 1541 (11th

Cir. 1987). Under section 455, a judge has a “self-enforcing obligation to recuse

himself where the proper legal grounds exist.” 

Most important, the

benefit of the doubt must be resolved in favor of recusal. 

a judge’s

decision to recuse for abuse of discretion. McWhorter v. City of Birmingham, 

, 678 (11th Cir. 1990).



                                               A.



       As an initial matter, both parties have argued that the characterization of the

“threshold” issue of the merits portion of the litigation is relevant to determine

whether Judge DeMent should have been recused.2 But when a district judge

considers recusal, he must consider his potential conflict with regard to the overall



   2
     Judge DeMent characterized the threshold issue as “whether Plaintiff has met his burden
and proven that BASS, prior to its incorporation in 1969, was created as an unincorporated
association.” Murray v. Sevier, 

. 1257, 1274 (M.D. Ala. 1999). Thus, to resolve
the threshold issue, only evidence before the 1969 incorporation was relevant, and the later 1970
BASS lawsuit in which Judge DeMent participated was “not relevant to the present
determination.” 

DeMent concluded that BASS was not operating as an
unincorporated association in 1967, he never reached the ultimate issue and instead dismissed
the case. So Judge DeMent considered no evidence of which he allegedly had prior knowledge
or participation.

                                                4
case, not just his potential conflict for each separate issue or each stage of the

litigation. See United States v. Feldman, 

, 145 (9th Cir. 1992)

(“[W]hen a judge determines that recusal is appropriate it is not within his

discretion to recuse by subject matter or only as to certain issues and not others.”).

Thus, even though some historical evidence involving Judge DeMent may not have

been pertinent to resolve the threshold issue (whether BASS was created as an

unincorporated association), such evidence -- depending on how DeMent resolved

the threshold issue -- might become relevant to resolve the ultimate issue: whether

BASS Inc. fraudulently absorbed the assets of BASS. So we must review Judge

DeMent’s decision not to recuse himself in the light of the ultimate issue in the

case at the time of recusal. That Judge DeMent defined and ruled on a potentially

dispositive threshold issue means nothing to our review of Judge DeMent’s recusal

decision.3



                                              B.



       Plaintiff points to a series of facts that Plaintiff says require Judge DeMent’s



   3
     We note that Judge DeMent ruled on the recusal issue in March, 1996, but did not define or
rule on the “threshold issue” until June 1999.

                                               5
recusal in this case. First, in 1970, Morris Dees, an attorney representing BASS,

mailed a letter to DeMent, then United States District Attorney for the Middle

District of Alabama, informing DeMent that some companies were depositing

refuse into streams without a permit, allegedly in violation of 33 U.S.C. § 407.

Dees referred to his client as “Bass Anglers Sportsman Society of America, Inc.”

but also described the entity as “a national association of bass fishermen.” Plaintiff

argues that this letter shows that in 1970, Defendant held itself out to DeMent as a

national association and failed to reveal its for-profit status.

       Second, DeMent, in 1970, was mentioned in the complaint and served as

counsel of record in an unsuccessful civil suit filed by BASS against industrial

plants and the government for violation of 33 U.S.C. §407. See Bass Angler

Sportsman Society v. United States Steel Corp. 

, 413 (S.D. Ala.

1971). Attorney Dees’ letter to DeMent served as the prerequisite for the lawsuit

and was attached to the 1970 complaint in an effort to establish standing to enforce

the federal statute.4

       Third, as counsel of record in the 1970 litigation, DeMent filed a brief on

behalf of the government defendants. The caption of that brief lists the plaintiff as

   4
    The suit was ultimately dismissed for lack of standing because the statute that plaintiffs
sought to enforce provided only for criminal sanctions; no civil action existed to enforce it.

. The issues of associational standing and the status of plaintiff as
an unincorporated association or a for-profit corporation were not litigated.

                                                6
“Bass Anglers Sportsman Society, Inc.,” but then refers to the plaintiff as “Bass

Anglers Sportsman Society” in the body of the brief. Plaintiff argues that this brief

demonstrates that DeMent, as counsel of record in federal court, took the position

that BASS and BASS Inc. existed as the same entity.

         Fourth, Plaintiff notes that during a status conference in the present case,

Judge DeMent referred to BASS/BASS Inc. as a business. Also, during the

summary judgment hearing, Defendant said that BASS Inc. filed the 1970 BASS

lawsuits; but Judge DeMent recalled seeing a television interview where Scott and

Dees claimed to have filed the lawsuits.

         Fifth, Plaintiff alleges that Judge DeMent shares a 30-year friendship with

Dees and that he is associated with people known to be politically associated with

Scott.



                                            C.



         Plaintiff says that these facts implicate the federal recusal statute. 28 U.S.C.

§455. Section 455(b) requires disqualification under certain circumstances, for

example, when a judge has “personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts,”

§455(b)(1), when a judge “served in governmental employment and . . .


                                             7
participated as counsel . . . concerning the proceeding,” §455(b)(3), or when a

judge is “likely to be a material witness in the proceeding.” §455(b)(5)(iv).5 Under

this provision, recusal is mandatory. In such situations, “the potential for conflicts

of interest are readily apparent.” State of 

.

       Plaintiff argues that Judge DeMent has personal knowledge of disputed

evidentiary facts based on his involvement with the 1970 litigation, in which

DeMent participated as counsel of record, filed a brief, and received a letter from a

BASS/BASS, Inc. attorney.6            A district judge who previously served as counsel

of record for a related case may be disqualified. State of 

. State of Alabama involved the desegregation of Alabama’s higher


   5
     Plaintiff also relies on section 455(a), which requires a federal judge to “disqualify himself
in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” 28 U.S.C. §455(a).

We do not rely on the appearances test to decide this case.
      For a criticism of appearance ethics, see P.W. Morgan & G.H. Reynolds, The
Appearance of Impropriety (1997).
   6
     Plaintiff also points to statements made by Judge DeMent that he had observed pertinent
representations made by Scott and Dees on television. But we doubt that Congress intended to
disqualify judges based on representations that a judge saw on television years before the case
was filed in his court.
        Plaintiff also argues that Judge DeMent’s associations with Dees and Scott create an
appearance of impropriety that warrants recusal. Judge DeMent’s relations with these persons,
when viewed in the light of the overall circumstances, probably do not create even an appearance
of impropriety. We have previously recognized that “an inescapable part of our system of
government [is] that judges are drawn primarily from lawyers who have participated in public
and political affairs.” State of 

(quoting Curry v. Baker, No. 86-7639
(11th Cir. Sept. 24, 1986) (Vance, J. mem.). And we cannot expect, nor do we require, judges to
eliminate all relations outside of their judicial roles.

                                                8
education institutes under Title VI. The case was assigned to Judge Clemon, who

– as a lawyer – had previously represented different plaintiffs in another Title VI

desegregation case against some of the same defendants. Although Judge Clemon

explained that his involvement was limited to representing black high school

principals (who were not parties to the State of Alabama litigation) in a race

discrimination suit,7 we concluded that “[e]ven this limited involvement [] left

Judge Clemon with knowledge of facts that were in dispute in the instant case.” 

Even though the underlying issue in State of Alabama (desegregation of

state institutes of higher education) was not about racial discrimination against

high school principals, the question of whether black high school principals

suffered racial discrimination ultimately became a factual issue in the case; and the

plaintiff presented testimony and exhibits about the status of the state’s black high

school principals. Thus, Judge Clemon was confronted with evidence about which

he had prior knowledge based on his role as counsel of record in a separate lawsuit.



       Likewise, Plaintiff argues that representations made during the 1970 BASS

litigation in which Judge DeMent was then counsel of record may potentially



   7
    The case on which Clemon worked was one of many cases captioned Lee v. Macon County
Bd. of Educ., some of which did not include the claims against higher education institutes.

                                             9
become an issue in the present litigation. This contention seems plausible. If the

district court had concluded that BASS was an unincorporated association in 1967,

then Plaintiff apparently would have used the complaint in B.A.S.S. v. United

States Steel Corp, the letter to then U.S. Attorney DeMent, and the brief filed by

DeMent as evidence that Defendant held itself out as an association when it was

actually operating as a for-profit company.

      The State of Alabama decision leads us to require recusal here. Because of

Judge DeMent’s involvement in the earlier BASS litigation, Plaintiff has shown

that Judge DeMent may have knowledge of facts in dispute in the present case.

That the underlying issue in the present case was not litigated in the 1970 litigation

makes no difference. Plaintiff hopes that the evidence may show that in the 1970

BASS litigation, BASS represented itself both as an unincorporated association

and a for-profit corporation to then U.S. Attorney DeMent and that DeMent

accepted BASS and BASS, Inc. as the same entity. And even if Judge DeMent

cannot now recall the specific facts about his involvement in the 1970 BASS

litigation, his memory might have sharpened as the litigation advanced. More

important, the record is strong enough to presume personal knowledge of facts by

virtue of his having participated as counsel of record in the 1970 BASS litigation,

litigation that – given the arguments of Plaintiff – concerns (that is, might affect)


                                          10
this proceeding. Doubt must be resolved in favor of recusal.

       We appreciate that judges are often reluctant to recuse themselves and,

thereby, to send a tough or unpleasant case to a colleague. Furthermore, we do not

decide or hint today that Judge DeMent either has acted unfairly to the parties as he

ruled on this case or has utterly disregarded his ethical duties. We also recognize

that this litigation spans nine years, two states, and numerous appeals. The record

as already developed is extensive. The federal judiciary has already devoted

considerable time and resources to resolve this litigation. So, many factors make

recusal an unattractive course. But Congress has directed federal judges to recuse

themselves in certain situations, and we accept that guidance. Judges must not

recuse themselves for imaginary reasons; judge shopping should not be

encouraged. Still, federal judges must early and often consider potential conflicts

that may arise in a case and, in close cases, must err on the side of recusal.8 And if

a judge must step aside, it is better to do it sooner instead of later.



   8
     Defendants suggest in a footnote that, even if Judge DeMent should have disqualified
himself, any error was harmless. See Liljeberg v. Health Serv. Acquisition Corp., 

, 2203-5 (1988); Parker v. Connors Steel Co., 

, 1526-27 (11th Cir. 1988).
Because of the many rulings by Judge DeMent that pre-dated the summary judgment decision,
see, e.g., Murray v. Sevier, 

1257 (M.D. Ala. 1999); Murray v. Sevier, 993 F.
Supp. 1394 (M.D. Ala. 1997), some of which involved exercises of discretion, we conclude that
the harmless error standard is practically unworkable and, thus, inappropriate here. See

(“[Harmless error] relief is [] neither categorically available nor
categorically unavailable for all § 455(a) violations.”).

                                               11
                                          III.



      At oral argument, Plaintiff’s counsel suggested that we must still resolve the

transfer issue even if we concluded that Judge DeMent should be recused. We

disagree.

      Both Plaintiff and Defendants have spent a considerable portion of their

briefs arguing the merits of the Kansas court’s transfer order. But we “lack[]

appellate jurisdiction to review the decision of a district court in another circuit,”

Roofing & Sheet Metal Serv., Inc. v. La Quinta Motor Inns, 

, 986

(11th Cir. 1982). See also Moses v. Business Card Express, Inc., 

,

1136 (6th Cir. 1991); Linnell v. Sloan, 

, 67 (4th Cir. 1980). Plaintiff

followed the proper avenue of review by filing a petition for mandamus in the

Tenth Circuit to enjoin the transfer. A two-judge panel from the Tenth Circuit

denied the writ of mandamus. Further review of that decision must be pursued to

the Supreme Court.

      If our recusal decision had gone the other way, we would have jurisdiction

to review the Plaintiff’s motion in the Middle District of Alabama for transfer back

to the Kansas district court. See Roofing & Sheet 

(“[T]his


                                           12
court would naturally have jurisdiction to review the disposition of [a motion to

retransfer].”). See also Brock v. Entre Computer Ctr., Inc., 

, 1257

(4th Cir. 1991); 

. Because we conclude that Judge

DeMent should have recused himself, we will not review the substance of his

denial of Plaintiff’s motion to retransfer. But we note that “[i]f the transferee court

can find the transfer decision plausible, its jurisdictional inquiry is at an end.”

Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 

, 2179 (1988)

(concluding that adherence to law of the case doctrine obviates the need to review

“every marginal jurisdictional dispute.”); see also Doko Farms v. United States,

, 256-57 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“[Appellee]’s argument persuades us that

the [transfer] question is close. Under such circumstances, to engage in a full

review would be contrary to law-of-the-case principles.”).

      VACATED and REMANDED for assignment to another district judge in the

Middle District of Alabama and for further proceedings.




                                           13