Quik Cash Pawn and Jewelry, Inc. ("Quik Cash") and SKG Corp., d/b/a We Buy Pawnbrokers ("We Buy") (collectively, the "Pawnbrokers"), appeal the district court's summary judgment in favor of Ken Jenne, the Sheriff of Broward County (the "Sheriff"), on the Pawnbrokers' complaint against the Sheriff under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the Sheriff seized their property without due process of law, in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, and conducted an unlawful search of their shops, in violation of the Fourth Amendment. In granting summary judgment, the district court held that the Sheriff's search of the shops was authorized by the Florida Pawnbroking Act, 539.001, Florida Statutes (the "Pawnbroking Act"). The court also found that the Sheriff seized the Pawnbrokers' property as evidence of a crime and, noting that seizures of property for the purpose of preserving evidence do not trigger the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment, concluded that the Pawnbrokers could not sustain a claim under § 1983.

The Pawnbrokers operate pawnshops in Fort Lauderdale and Lauderdale Lakes, Florida. Both are duly licensed by the relevant state authorities. On November 30, 1999, during regular business hours, Detectives Ed Sileo and Joel Steinberg entered We Buy to conduct an inspection of the shop pursuant to the Pawnbroking Act. Sileo and Steinberg did not have a search warrant. During the inspection, Sileo and Steinberg demanded documentation describing the origin of all items in the store that were not openly "tagged" with markers corresponding to such documentation. When the manager was unable to provide forms for certain items, Sileo and Steinberg seized the items, including items that the manager claimed were his personal property, stating that the items would be returned upon the presentation of proper documentation. The seized items are still being held by the Sheriff.

On December 2, 1999, Detectives Sileo and Steinberg, along with a colleague, conducted a similar warrantless inspection of the Quik Cash shop, and likewise seized all property for which no transaction forms could be immediately produced. The items remain in the custody of the Sheriff.

In seizing the Pawnbrokers' property, the Sheriff maintained that the Pawnbroking Act required the Pawnbrokers to create and maintain a transaction form for each of the items in their shop, and to produce such forms immediately at the request of investigating officers. Because the Pawnbrokers were unable to produce transaction forms for some of the items in their shops, the Sheriff concluded that there was probable cause to believe that they had committed a misdemeanor by violating the record-keeping requirements of the Pawnbroking Act. In the Sheriff's view, the "undocumented" property was evidence of the Pawnbrokers' crime, and was therefore subject to immediate seizure.1

The Pawnbrokers argued that the Pawnbroking Act did not require them to maintain and produce transaction forms for all of the items in their shop, but only for those items that had been acquired within the three years preceding the search. Thus, they maintained that the Sheriff's seizure of property was not based on the violation of any law and was therefore impermissible.

We review the trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the record and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party (i.e., the Pawnbrokers). See Arrington v. Cobb County, 139 F.3d 865, 871 (11th Cir.1998).

The alleged crime that formed the basis of the Sheriff's seizure was violation of § 8(a) of the Pawnbroking Act. However, although we find adequate support for the Sheriff's search of the Pawnbrokers' shops in the Act, we cannot find any support for the Sheriff's view that the Act requires pawnbrokers to maintain and produce transaction forms for all of the items in their shops, or for his corresponding conclusion that "undocumented" items may be immediately seized as evidence of a crime. The Pawnbroking Act provides, in relevant part:

(8) Pawnbroker transaction form. —

(a) At the time the pawnbroker enters into any pawn or purchase transaction, the pawnbroker shall complete a pawnbroker transaction form for such transaction, including an indication of whether the transaction is a pawn or a purchase, and the pledgor or seller shall sign such completed form....

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(9) Recordkeeping; reporting; hold period. —

(a) A pawnbroker must maintain a copy of each completed pawnbroker transaction form on the pawnshop premises for at least 1 year after the date of the transaction. On or before the end of each business day, the pawnbroker must deliver to the appropriate law enforcement official the original pawnbroker transaction forms for each of the transactions occurring during the previous business day, unless other arrangements have been agreed upon between the pawnbroker and the appropriate law enforcement official.... If a criminal investigation occurs, the pawnbroker shall, upon request, provide a clear and legible copy of the image to the appropriate law enforcement official.

(b) If the appropriate law enforcement agency supplies the appropriate software and the pawnbroker presently has the computer ability, pawn transactions shall be electronically transferred. If a pawnbroker does not presently have the computer ability, the appropriate law enforcement agency may provide the pawnbroker with a computer and all necessary equipment for the purpose of electronically transferring pawn transactions. The appropriate law enforcement agency shall retain ownership of the computer, unless otherwise agreed upon. The pawnbroker shall maintain the computer in good working order, ordinary wear and tear excepted. In the event the pawnbroker transfers pawn transactions electronically, the pawnbroker is not required to also deliver to the appropriate law enforcement official the original or copies of the pawnbroker transaction forms. The appropriate law enforcement official may, for the purposes of a criminal investigation, request that the pawnbroker produce an original of a transaction form that has been electronically transferred. The pawnbroker shall deliver this form to the appropriate law enforcement official within 24 hours of the request.

(c) All goods delivered to a pawnbroker in a pawn or purchase transaction must be securely stored and maintained in an unaltered condition within the jurisdiction of the appropriate law enforcement official for a period of 30 calendar days after the transaction. Those goods delivered to a pawnbroker in a purchase transaction may not be sold or otherwise disposed of before the expiration of such period. The pawnbroker shall make all pledged and purchased goods and all records relating to such goods available for inspection by the appropriate law enforcement official during normal business hours throughout such period. The pawnbroker must store and maintain pledged goods for the period prescribed in subsection (10) unless the pledged goods are redeemed earlier....

(12) Prohibited acts. — A pawnbroker, or an employee or agent of a pawnbroker, may not:

(a) Falsify or intentionally fail to make an entry of any material matter in a pawnbroker transaction form.

(b) Refuse to allow the agency, the appropriate law enforcement official, or the state attorney, or any of their designated representatives having jurisdiction, to inspect completed pawnbroker transaction forms or pledged or purchased goods during the ordinary hours of the pawnbroker's business or other time acceptable to both parties.

(c) Obliterate, discard, or destroy a completed pawnbroker transaction form sooner than 3 years after the date of the transaction.

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(16) Hold orders; issuance; required information; procedures. —

(a) When an appropriate law enforcement official has probable cause to believe that property in the possession of a pawnbroker is misappropriated, the official may place a written hold order on the property. The written hold order shall impose a holding period not to exceed 90 days unless extended by court order. The appropriate law enforcement official may rescind, in writing, any hold order. An appropriate law enforcement official may place only one hold order on property.

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(17) Criminal penalties. —

(b) In addition to any other penalty, any person, who willfully violates this section or who willfully makes a false entry in any record specifically required by this section commits a misdemeanor of the first degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083. Clerical or recordkeeping errors, such as typographical errors or scrivener's errors, regarding any document or record required by this section do not constitute a willful violation of this section, and are not subject to criminal penalties. Clerical or recordkeeping errors are subject to the administrative remedies, as provided in this act.

539.001, Florida Statutes (emphases supplied).

The provisions of this statutory scheme, both with respect to pawnbrokers and law enforcement authorities, can be succinctly summarized as follows:

1. A pawnbroker must make a "transaction form" for every item pawned to, or purchased by, his shop (§ 8(a)).

2. The pawnbroker must keep every newly-created pawnbroker transaction form at the shop for at least 1 year (§ 9(a)).

3. Every business day, the pawnbroker must send the previous day's forms to the Sheriff (§ 9(a)).

4. If possible, the pawnbroker must transmit his forms to the Sheriff electronically (§ 9(b)).

5. The Sheriff can conduct criminal investigations to ensure compliance with these provisions (§ 9(a) & (b)).

6. The Sheriff can, for purposes of a criminal investigation, ask a pawnbroker for the paper original of a transaction form that has been transferred electronically (§ 9(b)).

7. In such a case, the pawnbroker has 24 hours to deliver the original to the Sheriff (§ 9(b)).

8. A pawnbroker must store every item purchased by the store for 30 days, without selling it, and every item acquired by pawn for 60 days. (§§ 9(c), 10). A pawnbroker must make such newly-acquired goods, and their corresponding transaction forms, available for inspection by law enforcement during these periods (§ 9(c)).

9. A pawnbroker cannot refuse to allow appropriate law enforcement officials to inspect transaction forms (or pledged or purchased goods themselves) during ordinary business hours (§ 12(b)).

10. A pawnbroker cannot discard a transaction form for 3 years after the date of the transaction (§ 12(c)).

11. In cases where a law enforcement official believes that a particular item was stolen (and then pawned or sold to the pawnshop), the official may place a "hold order" on the item, pending judicial determination of rightful ownership (§ 16).

12. A pawnbroker who willfully violates any of the above requirements (or any of the other requirements of the Act) commits a misdemeanor of the first degree (§ 17(b)).

13. However, ordinary Clerical or record-keeping errors, such as typographical errors or scrivener's errors, do not constitute willful violations, and are not criminal acts (§ 17(b)).

With these provisions in mind, we first address the Pawnbrokers' Fourth Amendment unreasonable search claim, and then turn to their Fourteenth Amendment claim of seizure without due process of law.

The Pawnbrokers argue that the Sheriff's search of their shops exceeded his authority under the Act, and therefore violated the Fourth Amendment.2 We disagree. The Pawnbroking Act refers repeatedly to the extensive participation of the Sheriff in administering its various prescriptions, as well as to the Sheriff's overarching enforcement authority. The Sheriff's integral role in the statutory scheme persuades us that the Act empowers him or her to conduct administrative searches of pawnshops to ensure compliance.

Specifically, in connection with the recordkeeping requirements of §§ 8 and 9, the Act provides that pawnbrokers must deliver all of their new transaction forms to the Sheriff, and that "if a criminal investigation occurs, the pawnbroker shall, upon request, provide a clear and legible copy of the image to the appropriate law enforcement official."3 § 9(a). The Act also provides that "[t]he appropriate law enforcement official may, for the purposes of a criminal investigation, request that the pawnbroker produce an original of a transaction form that has been electronically transferred. The pawnbroker shall deliver this form to the appropriate law enforcement official within 24 hours of the request." § 9(b). These references, without limitation, to criminal investigations by the Sheriff demonstrate the Florida legislature's intent to give the Sheriff authority to undertake inspections of pawnshops in order to ensure compliance with the Pawnbroking Act's prescriptions.

The Pawnbrokers argue that § 9(c) limits the Sheriff's investigative authority to items acquired by the pawnshops during the 30 days preceding an inspection (or 60 days in the case of a pawned item). But this interpretation is inconsistent with the Act's express empowerment of the Sheriff to enforce the recordkeeping prescriptions of §§ 8 and 9, which pertain to all items acquired by the pawnshop for three years after their acquisition. Put differently, the fact that § 9(c) expressly authorizes the Sheriff to inspect pawnshops for compliance with the 30-day rule does not mean that the Sheriff is deprived of authority to inspect pawnshops for compliance with the Pawnbroking Act's other provisions. To the contrary, the references throughout §§ 8 and 9 to the possible occurrence of a criminal investigation conducted by the Sheriff indicate that the Sheriff is affirmatively required to conduct such inspections. Thus, we conclude that the Sheriff's search was reasonable under the Pawnbroking Act.4

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that a private citizen be given notice and an opportunity to be heard before a government official seizes his or her property. See generally, Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 80-82, 92 S. Ct. 1983, 32 L. Ed. 2d 556 (1972). Nevertheless, "We tolerate some exceptions to the general rule requiring predeprivation notice and hearing, but only in `extraordinary situations where some valid governmental interest is at stake that justifies postponing the hearing until after the [seizure].'" United States v. James Daniel Good Real Property, 510 U.S. 43, 53, 114 S. Ct. 492, 126 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1993) (quoting Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 379, 91 S. Ct. 780, 28 L. Ed. 2d 113 (1971)); Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 678, 94 S. Ct. 2080, 40 L. Ed. 2d 452 (1974) (In certain "limited circumstances immediate seizure of a property interest, without an opportunity for prior hearing, is constitutionally permissible."). The Supreme Court has suggested that such a "limited circumstance" exists when law enforcement officials seize property as evidence of a crime. See James Daniel Good, 510 U.S. at 52, 114 S. Ct. 492. The Sheriff argues that his seizure of the Pawnbrokers' property falls within this exception to the Fourteenth Amendment's requirements because by failing immediately to produce transaction forms for all of the items in their stores, the Pawnbrokers violated § 8(a) of the Pawnbroking Act. The untagged property, the Sheriff asserts, constituted evidence of that crime, rendering it subject to seizure.

However, because we do not find sufficient probable cause to believe that the Pawnbrokers committed a crime in this case, the Sheriff's seizure of their property was not authorized and does not fall within any exception to the Fourteenth Amendment's requirement of pre-deprivation notice and a hearing.

To begin with, there is nothing in the Act that requires a Pawnbroker to attach "tags" to the items in his shop, or, for that matter, any other marker immediately apparent to law enforcement officers that corresponds to a transaction form required by § 8(a). Section 8(a) states only that "[a]t the time the pawnbroker enters into any pawn or purchase transaction, the pawnbroker shall complete a pawnbroker transaction form for such transaction." Section 12(c) provides that a pawnbroker may not "[o]bliterate, discard, or destroy a completed pawnbroker transaction form sooner than 3 years after the date of the transaction." The logical inference is that a pawnbroker may discard a transaction form after three years. Thus, § 8(a) cannot apply to items later than three years from the date of their acquisition by the pawnshop. It is simply not unlawful under the Pawnbroking Act for a pawnbroker to store an item in his shop, later than three years from the date of the transaction, without a form.

Given the fact that § 8(a) does not apply to items after three years from the date of the transaction, and given the fact (which the Sheriff concedes) that he did not know whether the items in question in this case had been acquired by the Pawnbrokers within the preceding three years, there is no way that the Pawnbrokers' failure to produce transaction forms for the items could give rise to probable cause that they had violated § 8(a). The Sheriff simply had no way of knowing whether the items he seized were subject to the Act's recordkeeping provisions at all. In turn, the Sheriff had no reason to believe that the items constituted evidence of a crime such that they could be seized.

Moreover, the Pawnbroking Act provides, with regard to all items, regardless of when they were acquired, that a pawnbroker has 24 hours to produce the paper original of any transaction form that has been transmitted to the Sheriff electronically. See § 9(b). Because both Pawnbrokers here participated in the electronic transfer program, it would appear that this allowance applied to them. Section 9(b) provides:

In the event the pawnbroker transfers pawn transactions electronically, the pawnbroker is not required to also deliver to the appropriate law enforcement official the original or copies of the pawnbroker transaction forms. The appropriate law enforcement official may, for the purposes of a criminal investigation, request that the pawnbroker produce an original of a transaction form that has been electronically transferred. The pawnbroker shall deliver this form to the appropriate law enforcement official within 24 hours of the request.

(emphasis supplied). Because they were participants in the electronic transfer program, the fact that the Pawnbrokers could not immediately produce transaction forms for Detectives Sileo and Steinberg could not have given rise to probable cause to believe that they had violated § 8(a), even if it were stipulated that the items in question had been acquired within the preceding three years and hence bound by the recordkeeping requirements of the Act. There is simply nothing unlawful in the Pawnbrokers' inability to provide forms to Sileo and Steinberg immediately when the Act expressly allows them 24 hours to produce forms upon request by authorities.5

The Sheriff argues that § 12(b) provides that a pawnbroker cannot refuse to allow appropriate law enforcement officials to inspect transaction forms (or pledged or purchased goods themselves) during ordinary business hours. The Sheriff reads this categorical provision as requiring pawnbrokers to make available to inspecting officers transaction forms for all items in the shop, and to do so immediately. But this reading is incorrect on both points. Section § 12(b) says nothing whatever about which items in a pawnshop are covered by the recordkeeping provision of § 8(a), nor about the timing of producing the transaction forms; it merely states that a pawnbroker may not absolutely refuse to produce a form upon request by the appropriate authority. We decline to read § 12(b) as inconsistent with § 8(a) or § 9(b) and instead, hold that the three provisions apply simultaneously, as they are written: A pawnbroker may not refuse to produce transaction forms to appropriate law enforcement authorities for three years after the date on which he acquired an item. Further, where, as here, a pawnbroker transmits transaction forms to the Sheriff electronically, the pawnbroker has twenty-four hours to produce the paper original of any form, upon request by the Sheriff.

For the foregoing reasons, we reject the Sheriff's argument that his seizure of the Pawnbrokers' goods did not rise to the level of a constitutional violation. The Sheriff's seizures of the Pawnbrokers' property, entirely unauthorized by the Florida Pawnbroking Act, violated the Pawnbrokers due process right to pre-deprivation notice and a hearing. See Fuentes, 407 U.S. at 82, 92 S. Ct. 1983. Because there was no legal basis for the taking of the Pawnbrokers' property, the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the Sheriff under the facts of this case.

The Sheriff argues vigorously that this result will functionally deprive him of any authority to enforce the Act's prescriptions. This, he contends, is because on any occasion on which he asks a pawnbroker for documentation regarding a particular item, the pawnbroker could simply state that the item was acquired more than three years ago, and the Sheriff would be required to take him at his word. We note that the Act is indeed silent on what would occur in such a situation. However, the problem the Sheriff cites is one that inheres in the Act itself, and thus, is one that must be addressed by the Florida Legislature should it wish to do so.

For the foregoing reasons the trial court's summary judgment in favor of the Sheriff is AFFIRMED on the Pawnbrokers' Fourth Amendment illegal search claim but REVERSED on the Pawnbrokers' claim that the Sheriff's seizure of their property violated the Fourteenth Amendment.