[DO NOT PUBLISH]


            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                               FILED
                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                     ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                            MAY 27, 2005
                             No. 04-16054                 THOMAS K. KAHN
                         Non-Argument Calendar                CLERK
                       ________________________

               D. C. Docket No. 03-01790-CV-ORL-22-JGG

CHARLIE P. FOOTMAN, JR.,


                                                  Plaintiff,

GEORGE E. OLLINGER,


                                                 Interested Party-Appellant,

                                 versus

WANG TAT CHEUNG,
d.b.a. Chinese Food,

                                                 Defendant-Appellee.


                       ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Florida
                    _________________________

                            (May 27, 2005)
Before BLACK, WILSON and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      George E. Ollinger, an attorney proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s order imposing sanctions against him and denying his motion to disqualify

the district court judge. Ollinger filed the motion on behalf of the plaintiff, Charlie

P. Footman, Jr., in a lawsuit for alleged violations of Title III of the Americans

with Disabilities Act. Pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

and 28 U.S.C. § 1927, the district court imposed sanctions on Ollinger after

determining the following: (1) that Ollinger falsely alleged that Footman was

inflicted with multiple sclerosis (“MS”); (2) that Ollinger falsely alleged that

Footman entered the restroom and attempted to use the facilities at defendant

Wang Tat Cheung’s restaurant; and (3) that Ollinger altered Footman’s answers to

court-ordered interrogatories after the answers had been sworn and notarized.

      On appeal, Ollinger argues that the district court abused its discretion by

ordering sanctions against him because he acted reasonably and because the

lawsuit was not frivolous or brought in bad faith. He explains that the false MS

allegation in the amended complaint was the result of a “computer error,” that he

voluntarily struck the allegation, and that Cheung was not prejudiced by the error.

Next, he submits that Footman did in fact enter the restroom at Cheung’s restaurant



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as alleged in the amended complaint, despite the fact that this allegation is

inconsistent with Footman’s interrogatory answers. Finally, Ollinger admits that

he made post-signature alterations to Footman’s sworn interrogatory answers; but,

he argues that these alterations were neither material nor prejudicial and that they

made Footman’s answers more truthful and accurate. Ollinger concludes that he

conducted himself with candor and did not engage in conduct warranting

sanctions.

      We review a district court’s imposition of sanctions for an abuse of

discretion. Riccard v. Prudential Ins. Co., 

, 1294 (11th Cir. 2002)

(Rule 11); Schwartz v. Millon Air, Inc., 

, 1225 (11th Cir. 2003) (28

U.S.C. § 1927). A district court has the discretion to award sanctions pursuant to

Rule 11 under the following circumstances: “(1) when the party files a pleading

that has no reasonable factual basis; (2) when the party files a pleading that is

based on a legal theory that has no reasonable chance of success and that cannot be

advanced as a reasonable argument to change existing law; or (3) when the party

files a pleading in bad faith for an improper purpose.” Anderson v. Smithfield

Foods, Inc., 

, 915 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal quotations and citations

omitted).

      To determine whether to impose Rule 11 sanctions, the court first



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determines “whether the party’s claims are objectively frivolous–in view of the

facts or law–and then, if they are, whether the person who signed the pleadings

should have been aware that they were frivolous; that is, whether he would have

been aware had he made a reasonable inquiry.” Worldwide Primates, Inc. v.

McGreal, 

, 1254 (11th Cir. 1996). “The reasonableness of the inquiry

may depend on such factors as how much time for investigation was available to

the signer, [or] whether he had to rely on a client for information as to the facts

underlying the violative document.” 

and citation omitted).

      Pursuant to § 1927, sanctions may be imposed against “[a]ny attorney . . .

who . . . multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously.” 28

U.S.C. § 1927. “For sanctions under section 1927 to be appropriate, something

more than a lack of merit is required.” 

. Instead, “[t]he

statute was designed to sanction attorneys who ‘wilfully abuse the judicial process

by conduct tantamount to bad faith,’” but not by conduct constituting mere

negligence. 

Bad faith exists “where an attorney knowingly

or recklessly pursues a frivolous claim.” 

that the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing

sanctions on Ollinger. Throughout the litigation, Ollinger demonstrated a

consistent pattern of reckless, unprofessional, and unethical conduct including



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filing an amended complaint that contained false and unsupported allegations,

filing interrogatory answers that contradicted allegations in the amended

complaint, submitting multiple unsworn and un-notarized versions of answers to

court interrogatories that purported to be sworn and notarized, and filing a

frivolous motion to disqualify the district court judge. Ollinger’s lack of candor

cast doubt on the merits of Footman’s entire case. Because Ollinger knowingly or

recklessly pursued a frivolous claim based on false and unsupported allegations,

the district court did not abuse its discretion by imposing sanctions against him

pursuant to Rule 11 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

      Next, Ollinger argues that the district court judge should have disqualified

herself because of her bias and that the motion seeking the judge’s disqualification

was not frivolous. He submits that the judge’s record of decisions in the

employment litigation context, as well as her conduct in this case, would

objectively lead a reasonably-informed observer to entertain a significant doubt as

to the judge’s impartiality.

      In light of the parties’ settlement of the underlying ADA claims in this case,

the doctrine of mootness is determinative. “A case is moot when the issues

presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the

outcome. . . . If events that occur subsequent to the filing of a lawsuit or an appeal



                                           5
deprive the court of the ability to give the plaintiff or appellant meaningful relief,

then the case is moot and must be dismissed.” Troiano v. Supervisor of Elections

in Palm Beach County, Fla., 

, 1282 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal

quotations and citations omitted).

      Because the parties amicably settled all claims in this case, any remaining

issues related to the underlying ADA claims, including whether the district court

erred in denying the recusal motion, are moot. Accordingly, Ollinger’s demand for

relief from the order denying the motion to disqualify the district court judge is

moot, and we dismiss the appeal as to this issue.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART.




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