[DO NOT PUBLISH]




             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        FILED
                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                      ________________________   ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                     MAY 13, 2008
                                                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                            No. 07-15442
                                                       CLERK
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                D. C. Docket No. 05-02205-CV-T-27TGW

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,


                                                Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

MICHAEL J. MARKOWSKI,
JOSEPH F. RICCIO,

                                               Defendants-Appellants.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Middle District of Florida
                     _________________________

                              (May 13, 2008)

Before HULL, PRYOR and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Michael Markowski and Joseph Riccio appeal the district court’s summary

judgment ruling to enforce the Security Exchange Commission’s order sustaining

disciplinary sanctions against Markowski and Riccio. For the reasons discussed

below, we affirm the district court’s order.

                                  BACKGROUND

      On July 13, 1998, an adjudicatory council of the National Association of

Securities Dealers (“NASD”) found that Appellants Markowski and Riccio had

violated NASD rules and federal securities laws and imposed disciplinary

sanctions. The NASD ordered

      that Markowski be censured, barred in all capacities from association
      with any member of [NASD], fined $300,000, and assessed costs of
      $3,961.88; and that Riccio be censured, barred in all capacities from
      association with any member of the NASD, fined $250,000, and
      assessed costs of $3961.88.

      Appellants appealed this order to the SEC. The SEC affirmed the sanctions

on September 7, 2000. Appellants then appealed the SEC’s decision to the DC

Circuit, which affirmed it, and to the U.S. Supreme Court, which denied certiorari.

See Markowski v. SEC, 

(2002).

      On March 8, 2000, the SEC issued a press release stating that it would begin

seeking to enforce fines imposed by the NASD and sustained by the SEC under

Section 21(e)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act which permits the SEC to apply to



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the U.S. District Courts for an order commanding compliance with SEC orders. In

the press release, the SEC referred to this initiative as a “new program” it was

“beginning” in order to prevent persons sanctioned by the NASD from escaping

payment of fines or restitution orders.

      In 2005, the SEC applied to the district court to enforce the sanctions

imposed upon Appellants by the NASD. Appellants responded with the

affirmative defense that application of Section 21(e)(1) to them violated their due

process rights. The district court disagreed and ordered Appellants to comply with

the SEC/NASD sanctions. Appellants timely filed the present appeal.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Appellants assert that application of Section 21(e)(1) to them would violate

their due process rights because (1) the SEC’s decision to begin enforcing

sanctions under that section is a new agency policy requiring fair notice to them

which they did not receive, (2) they would be punished for exercising their right to

appeal because the SEC only has authority to seek enforcement of NASD sanctions

that have been appealed to the SEC, and (3) the SEC is unlawfully applying its

“new policy” of enforcement retroactively to them.

      Since its enactment in 1975, the Exchange Act included Section 21(e)(1),

codified at 15 U.S.C. § 78u(e)(1). The section states that



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       [u]pon application of the [SEC] the district courts of the United States
       . . . shall have jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, injunctions,
       and orders commanding (1) any person to comply with the provisions
       of this chapter, the rules, regulations, and orders thereunder, the rules
       of a national securities exchange or registered securities association of
       which such person is a member . . . .

15 U.S.C. § 78u(e)(1). Prior to its March 8, 2000 press release, however, the SEC

had never sought judicial enforcement of NASD/SEC sanctions in the over twenty

years that Section 21(e)(1) had been present in the Act.1 As a practical matter,

therefore, persons sanctioned by the SEC had not been forced to pay the fines

imposed upon them unless they wished to regain membership in the NASD —a

requirement for work as a broker. Only when those individuals sought to rejoin the

NASD did NASD gain the leverage to require payment of the imposed fines.

       Appellants argue that the March 8, 2000 press release constituted the

initiation of a new government rule to enforce sanctions because it represented a

change in SEC practice and policy. Appellants contend that, as a new rule, it

cannot be applied without satisfying the fair notice requirements under the

Administrative Procedure Act (“the APA”). According to Appellants, because the

SEC’s policy was a new rule and because there is a presumption against retroactive

application of new rules to conduct that occurred prior to promulgation of the rule,



       1
        The parties do not dispute that the SEC did not utilize Section 21(e)(1) until after the
March 8, 2000 press release was issued.

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this “new rule” should not be applied to them. See INS v. St. Cyr, 

,

324 (2001) (noting that there is a presumption against retroactivity which applies

in both criminal and civil law). The SEC responds that it is not following a new

rule, but rather it is simply relying on the plain language of the statute which it

always had the power to do.

      The SEC’s decision to begin utilizing Section 21(e)(1) was not a “new rule”

requiring notice and publication under the APA. The APA includes an exception

to the notice requirements for “interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or

rules of agency organization, procedure, or practice.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(A); see

Ryder Truck Lines, Inc. v. U.S.,

, 1377 n.11 (11th Cir. 1983). The

courts have often struggled with determining the difference between rules and

policy statements. See Jean v. Nelson, 

, 1480 (11th Cir. 1983)

(stating that “analyzing a rule within the general statement of policy exception is

akin to wandering lost in the Serbonian Bog”). This court generally differentiates

on the basis that general policy statements leave agencies “free to exercise

discretion” whereas rules establish “binding norms.” 

      The SEC’s March 8, 2000 press release was not a new rule under any

definition. The press release represented a decision to act on authority (the statute)

previously given to the SEC, did not involve any change or interpretation of the



                                           5
statute, and in no way created a new binding norm on parties. Thus, the decision to

begin utilizing the plain language of the statute fell squarely into the category of

general statement of policy rather than a new rule requiring publication and notice.

The SEC’s long-standing practice of not using Section 21(e)(1) did not diminish its

ability to invoke the plain language of the statute nor transform the decision to

begin utilizing it into a “new rule.” United States v. Morton Salt Co., 

, 647 (1950).2 Neither did the wording in the press release referring to the

SEC’s decision to use Section 21(e)(1) as a “new program” that was “beginning”

create a new rule. Because there was no new rule, no issues of lack of notice were

raised by the SEC’s exercise of a power it had all along.

       There is also no problem of alleged retroactive application of law to

Appellants. Section 21(e)(1) has existed in the Exchange Act since 1975 and the

SEC applied the plain language terms of the statute to Appellants’ NASD sanction.

As stated above, the SEC applied the plain language of the statute to Appellants

rather than any “new rule” promulgated after Appellants’ SEC appeal.

       This Court has already reviewed and upheld the validity of Section 21(e)(1)

and the SEC’s power to invoke that section. SEC v. Vittor, 

(11th



       2
         Although Morton Salt involved an agency rule that was published in the Federal
Register in compliance with the APA, we still find Morton Salt instructive as to the power to
revive a dormant statute.

                                                6
Cir. 2003). Appellants argue that they have raised new issues challenging Section

21(e)(1) that were not addressed in Vittor. However, the effect of Section 21(e)(1)

on individuals’ appeal rights was addressed in Vittor. The dissent expressed

concern that the interplay of sections 21(f) and 21(e)(1) would create an incentive

not to appeal NASD disciplinary decisions to the SEC. 

(Black, J., dissenting). Although the majority opinion did not address this issue,

we can assume the majority read the dissent and found that the statute remained

valid despite this argument. To the extent that Appellants argue that they have

new, stronger arguments that Section 21(e)(1) is invalid because of the effect on

their appeal rights, these arguments are foreclosed by Vittor. We are bound by

court precedent regardless of whether future litigants feel they have better

arguments that prior litigants failed to raise. See Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc., 

, 1076 (11th Cir. 2000) (“Unless and until the holding of a prior decision

is overruled by the Supreme Court or by the en banc court, that holding is the law

of this Circuit regardless of what might have happened had other arguments been

made to the panel that decided the issue first.”).

                                   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the district court.




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