[DO NOT PUBLISH]


              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     FILED
                       FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                         ________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                              AUGUST 25, 2009
                               No. 08-16073                  THOMAS K. KAHN
                           Non-Argument Calendar                 CLERK
                         ________________________

                   D. C. Docket No. 07-00446-CR-T-27-EAJ

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                     versus

CLIFFORD DARDEN,

                                                            Defendant-Appellant.


                         ________________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Florida
                       _________________________

                               (August 25, 2009)

Before TJOFLAT, CARNES and PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

     A Middle District of Florida convicted Clifford Darden on all four counts of
an indictment: Count I, obstruction of commerce by robbery on June 4, 2007, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1951; Count 2, use of a firearm during a crime of

violence as charged in Count 1, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A); Count 3,

obstruction of commerce by robbery on July 3, 2007, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§§ 1951; and Count 4, use of a firearm during a crime of violence as charged in

Count 3, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A). The district court thereafter

sentenced Darden to imprisonment for the following terms: concurrent terms of

two years on Counts 1 and 3, a consecutive term of seven years on Count 2, and a

consecutive term of 25 years on Count 4, for a total of 34 years. Darden now

appeals his convictions on Counts 1, 2, and 4, and the sentences he received.

      Counts 1 and 2 relate to the armed robbery of Kris and Pamela’s market on

June 4, 2007. Darden took $300 from a store clerk at gunpoint. Counts 3 and 4

relate to the armed robbery of Kwik Stop Food Mart on July 3, 2007. Darden and

another man entered the store; Darden approached the cashier with a revolver,

forced the cashier to open the cash register, and stole cash, cigarettes, and lottery

tickets valued at $1,200. Darden challenges his convictions on Counts 1 and 2 on

the ground that the Government failed to prove that Kris and Pamela’s Market

engaged in interstate commerce during the time of the robbery. He challenges his

convictions on Counts 2 and 4 on the ground that the court refused to have the jury,



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rather than the court, decide whether the crimes charged in Counts 1 and 3 were

crimes of violence. Darden challenges his sentences on Counts 2 and 4 on the

ground that the court erred in making the sentences consecutive.

                                           I.

        We review the sufficiency of evidence to prove interstate commerce de

novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and

drawing all reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor of the jury’s

verdict. United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 1244 (11th Cir. 2000). A

district court’s denial of a motion for a judgment of acquittal is due to be affirmed

if a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the evidence established the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. 

of Title 18 of the United States Code, the Hobbs Act, states

that:

        Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce
        or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by
        robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or
        threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of
        a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be
        fined under this title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or
        both.

18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). The Hobbs Act’s jurisdictional language “speaks in broad

language, manifesting a purpose to use all the constitutional power Congress has to



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punish interference with interstate commerce by extortion, robbery or physical

violence.” Stirone v. United States, 

, 215, 

, 272, 

(1960). As such, the government need only establish a minimal effect

on interstate commerce to support a violation. 

. In

determining a minimal effect on commerce, we decide each case on its own facts.

      The prosecution sought to prove the interstate commerce element by

introducing evidence of a contract Kris and Pamela’s Market made with J.J. Taylor

for the purchase of out-of-state goods. The contract covered the entire month of

June 2007, and, in our view, sufficed to establish that Kris and Pamela’s Market

engaged in interstate commerce prior and during the June 4th robbery. We

therefore reject Darden’s challenge to the Counts 1 and 2 convictions.

                                         II.

      We review the legal correctness of a jury instruction de novo. United States

v. Prather, 

, 1270 (11th Cir. 2000). A conviction will not be

reversed on the basis of a jury charge unless the issues of law were presented

inaccurately, or the charge improperly guided the jury in a substantial way as to

violate due process. 

of violence” determination is a question of law

for the court. See United States v. Houston, 

, 1340 (11th Cir. 2006)



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(holding that a court decides, as a matter of law, whether a defendant’s prior

convictions constitute crimes of violence under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1). The court

therefore did not err in deciding that a Hobbs Act robbery constituted a crime of

violence.

                                          III.

      We review the interpretation of a criminal statute de novo. United States v.

Murrell, 

, 1285 (11th Cir. 2004). Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(c):

      no term of imprisonment imposed on a person under this subsection
      shall run concurrently with any other term of imprisonment imposed
      on the person, including any term of imprisonment imposed for the
      crime of violence or drug trafficking crime during which the firearm
      was used, carried, or possessed.

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(D)(ii). In United States v. Wright, 

(11th Cir.

1994), we held that the plain language of the statute expressly states that a term of

imprisonment imposed under § 924(c) cannot “run concurrently with any other

term of imprisonment, period.” 

Multiple offenses under § 924(c)

results in multiple sentences with multiple terms–one term for each offense. 

the court did not err in sentencing Darden to consecutive terms of

imprisonment on Counts 2 and 4.

      AFFIRMED.




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