Filed: Sep. 24, 2009
Latest Update: Feb. 22, 2020
Summary: [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS _ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT Sept. 24, 2009 No. 09-10327 THOMAS K. KAHN Non-Argument Calendar CLERK _ D. C. Docket No. 08-00038-CR-4-RH UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus KEVIN LAMAR RATLIFF, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida _ (September 24, 2009) Before BARKETT, MARCUS and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM:
Summary: [DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS _ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT Sept. 24, 2009 No. 09-10327 THOMAS K. KAHN Non-Argument Calendar CLERK _ D. C. Docket No. 08-00038-CR-4-RH UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus KEVIN LAMAR RATLIFF, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida _ (September 24, 2009) Before BARKETT, MARCUS and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM: ..
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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
Sept. 24, 2009
No. 09-10327 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 08-00038-CR-4-RH
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
KEVIN LAMAR RATLIFF,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
_________________________
(September 24, 2009)
Before BARKETT, MARCUS and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Kevin Lamar Ratliff appeals his convictions for conspiracy to distribute or to
possess with the intent to distribute five grams or more of cocaine base, and
possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of cocaine base, in violation
of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(iii), (b)(1)(C), and 846. On appeal, Ratliff
argues that the prosecutor improperly impeached him during cross-examination by
asking him about his prior felony conviction for aggravated battery with a deadly
weapon. Ratliff further argues that the prosecutor’s reference during closing
argument to the fact that he had $200 in his possession at the time of his arrest
although he was unemployed, coupled with the question about the aggravated
battery conviction, was so prejudicial that it warrants a reversal.
I. Prior Conviction For Aggravated Battery With a Deadly Weapon
Ratliff argues that the district court erred in admitting his testimony on
cross-examination regarding his prior conviction for aggravated battery with a
deadly weapon. Ratliff’s counsel did not object to the question regarding the
aggravated battery, and Ratliff confirmed the conviction. While the prosecution’s
next question regarding a different prior conviction was pending, Ratliff’s counsel
made a general objection. The court held a bench conference and ruled that the
prosecution could only cross-examine Ratliff about certain prior offenses, not
including the aggravated battery conviction. The prosecution then cross-examined
Ratliff regarding the permissible convictions.
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We review preserved district court evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion. United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1202 (11th Cir.2005). “To
preserve an issue for appeal, a general objection or an objection on other grounds
will not suffice.” United States v. Gallo-Chamorro,
48 F.3d 502, 507 (11th
Cir. 1995). By failing to object to the admission of evidence on a particular
ground, a defendant “denies the trial court an opportunity to cure immediately any
error created by the admission.” United States v. Chilcote,
724 F.2d 1498, 1503
(11th Cir. 1984). If an error was not preserved, we do not apply the usual abuse of
discretion standard of review but rather review for plain error.
Id. Under the
plain-error standard, we will not correct an error raised for the first time on appeal
unless there is (1) error, (2) that is plain, (3) that affects substantial rights; and, if
the first three conditions are met, (4) the error seriously affects the fairness,
integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v. Rodriguez,
398 F.3d 1291, 1298 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation and citation omitted). “A
substantial right is affected if the appealing party can show that there is a
reasonable probability that there would have been a different result had there been
no error.” United States v. Bennett,
472 F.3d 825, 831-32 (11th Cir. 2006).
“Once a criminal defendant chooses to testify, he places his credibility in
issue as does any witness.” United States v. Vigliatura, 878 F.2d 1346, 1350 (11th
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Cir. 1989). The admissibility of prior convictions to impeach a testifying witness
is governed by Fed.R.Evid. 609(a)(1), which provides that, for the purposes of
attacking a witness’s character for truthfulness, evidence that the witness has been
convicted of a felony “shall be admitted if the court determines that the probative
value of admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to the accused.”
Fed.R.Evid. 609(a)(1). However, if the prior conviction was for a crime of
dishonesty or false statement, it is admissible for the purpose of attacking the
testifying witness’s credibility. Fed.R.Evid. 609(a)(2).
Whether or not the defendant takes the stand, however, evidence of other
crimes or bad acts is admissible, under certain circumstances, to prove an element
of the crime such as motive, intent, knowledge, or plan. Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). This
court has explained that evidence of prior bad acts is admissible if (1) it is relevant
to an issue other than the defendant’s character, (2) sufficient proof would allow a
jury to find that the defendant committed the extrinsic act, (3) its probative value is
not substantially outweighed by its undue prejudice, and (4) it meets the other
requirements of Fed.R.Evid. 403. United States v. Matthews, 431 F.3d 1296,
1310-11 (11th Cir. 2005). Under Rule 403, otherwise relevant evidence may be
excluded if “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair
prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of
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undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
Fed.R.Evid. 403.
Here, the district court did not err in its evidentiary ruling because the court
weighed the value versus the prejudice arising from Ratliff’s prior criminal history
and directed the government to limit its discussion of Ratliff’s criminal history to
certain convictions. Ratliff’s counsel made only a general objection after Ratliff
had answered the question regarding the aggravated battery conviction and never
asked the court for a curative instruction. After the court decided which prior
convictions could be introduced, the government made no further comment on
Ratliff’s prior aggravated battery conviction. Moreover, even had the trial court
plainly erred in admitting the aggravated felony conviction, or failing to issue a
curative instruction, we doubt such an error would give rise to a reasonable
probability of changing the outcome of the proceedings, in light of the substantial
evidence supporting Ratliff’s conviction. We therefore affirm the district court on
this issue.
II. Closing Argument
During closing argument, the prosecutor referred to the fact that Ratliff had
$200 in cash in his pocket at the time of his arrest, although he was apparently
unemployed. Ratliff argues that this comment unfairly attacked his character and
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prejudiced his defense. However, because Ratliff failed to object to the
prosecutor’s closing argument, relief is available only if the error was so obvious
that failure to correct it would jeopardize the fairness and integrity of the trial.
United States v. Rodgers, 981 F.2d 497, 499 (11th Cir. 1993).
“A prosecutor’s comments [in closing argument] must be viewed in the
context of the record as a whole, and will be the basis of reversal only if they result
in prejudice affecting the substantial rights of the defendant.” United States v.
Harmas, 974 F.2d 1262, 1269 (11th Cir. 1992). “The sole purpose of closing
argument is to assist the jury in analyzing the evidence.” United States v. Iglesias,
915 F.2d 1524, 1529 (11th Cir. 1990). While a prosecutor may not exceed the
evidence in closing argument,
id., he may state conclusions drawn from the
evidence, United States v. Johns,
734 F.2d 657, 663 (11th Cir. 1984).
The government’s closing argument was consistent with the evidence
introduced at trial. Ratliff himself testified that, although he never had full-time
employment, he had $200 in his pocket when arrested. Therefore, it was not error
for the prosecutor to refer to this evidence—which carried the legitimate inference
that Ratliff had cash because he was dealing drugs—during the closing argument.
AFFIRMED.
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