BLACK, Circuit Judge:

Alabama death-row inmate Billy Joe Magwood's 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition was partially granted by the district court on his claim that his death sentence violated the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause because it was based on Ex parte Kyzer, 399 So.2d 330 (Ala. 1981), which was decided after he committed his offense and was retroactively applied to his case. Magwood v. Culliver, 481 F.Supp.2d 1262, 1287 (M.D.Ala.2007). The State of Alabama then appealed the district court's grant of relief on the fair-warning issue,1 asserting the district court erred when it granted relief on Magwood's claim that Kyzer deprived him of due process of law because the claim was (1) procedurally defaulted, (2) precluded under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b), and (3) meritless. We reversed the district court's grant of relief on Magwood's fair-warning claim, holding the claim was successive and governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2).2 Magwood v. Culliver, 555 F.3d 968, 976 (11th Cir.2009). The Supreme Court granted certiorari, reversed our decision that the fair-warning claim was successive, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with its opinion. Magwood v. Patterson, ___ U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 2788, 2803, 177 L.Ed.2d 592 (2010).

In its supplemental briefing on remand, the State again contends the district court erred in granting relief on the fair-warning claim because the claim is (1) procedurally defaulted, and (2) meritless. Magwood asserts this claim is not procedurally defaulted and that Kyzer unforeseeably suggested that Magwood's crime was a death-eligible offense. Magwood further contends the Alabama Supreme Court has subsequently made clear that Kyzer's dicta, on which Magwood's death sentence was based, was never the law.

This case presents a unique situation. The Alabama Supreme Court's interpretation of its death penalty statute in Kyzer— that the charge averred in the indictment can be used as the aggravating circumstance for a judge to impose the death penalty—provided the required, and only, "aggravating circumstance" for Magwood to receive the death penalty when he was resentenced in 1986. See Kyzer, 399 So.2d at 337-38. In 2006, however, the Alabama Supreme Court held the pertinent language in Kyzer was both (1) incorrect and never the law of Alabama, and (2) dicta. Ex parte Stephens, 982 So.2d 1148, 1152-53 (Ala.2006). Magwood is an anomaly on Alabama's death row. According to Magwood's counsel, Magwood is the sole person on Alabama's death row without an aggravating circumstance for his crime, and is the only person on Alabama's death row whose case is affected by Stephens.

Based on a clear reading of Alabama law, we conclude that Magwood was not eligible for the death penalty. Magwood is entitled to habeas relief because his death sentence violated the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause3 as it was based on Kyzer, which was an "unforeseeable and retroactive judicial expansion of narrow and precise statutory language." Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 352, 84 S.Ct. 1697, 1702, 12 L.Ed.2d 894 (1964).

I. BACKGROUND

A. Factual background

The facts of Magwood's offense are not in dispute. They are set forth in an opinion by the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals, as follows:

Magwood v. State, 426 So.2d 918, 920 (Ala. Crim.App.1982).

B. Procedural background

Magwood murdered Sheriff Grantham on March 1, 1979. Id. Magwood was convicted and sentenced to death for the murder in June 1981. Id. at 920 n. 1. On direct appeal, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals and the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed Magwood's conviction and death sentence. Id. at 929, aff'd Ex parte Magwood, 426 So.2d 929, 932 (Ala.1983), cert. denied 462 U.S. 1124, 103 S.Ct. 3097, 77 L.Ed.2d 1355 (1983).

On July 13, 1983, Magwood filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the Circuit Court of Coffee County. Magwood v. State, 449 So.2d 1267, 1267 (Ala.Crim. App.1984). This petition was denied and on March 20, 1984, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the denial of the coram nobis petition. Id. at 1268.

Magwood then filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama. On March 26, 1985, the district court upheld Magwood's conviction but conditionally granted the writ as to the sentence, based on the failure of the sentencing court to find two mitigating circumstances. Magwood v. Smith, 608 F.Supp. 218, 225-26 (M.D.Ala. 1985). This Court affirmed the district court's decision. Magwood v. Smith, 791 F.2d 1438, 1450 (11th Cir.1986).

A resentencing hearing was conducted on September 17, 1986. Magwood v. State, 548 So.2d 512, 513 (Ala.Crim.App. 1988). On October 2, 1986, the Alabama trial court, after considering the additional mitigating circumstances as ordered by the federal district court, again sentenced Magwood to death. Id. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals and the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed Magwood's resentencing. Id. at 516, aff'd, 548 So.2d 516 (Ala. 1988), cert. denied 493 U.S. 923, 110 S.Ct. 291, 107 L.Ed.2d 271 (1989).

Magwood filed an application in this Court for permission to file a second habeas corpus petition in the district court challenging his conviction, which we denied. In re Magwood, 113 F.3d 1544, 1553 (11th Cir.1997). Magwood filed a second habeas petition challenging his resentencing on April 23, 1997. The district court granted in part and denied in part Magwood's second habeas petition. Magwood v. Culliver, 481 F.Supp.2d 1262, 1295 (M.D.Ala. 2007).

II. ANALYSIS

To determine whether the application of Kyzer to Magwood's case was a violation of the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause we must first set out the relevant portions of Alabama's death penalty statute at the time of Magwood's offense. We then discuss the effect of Kyzer and Stephens on Magwood's eligibility for the death penalty. Finally, we conclude Magwood can overcome any procedural default and that the application of Kyzer violated the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause.

A. The 1975 Act

Magwood murdered Sheriff Grantham on March 1, 1979. At that time, Alabama's death penalty statute provided in Alabama Code § 13-11-2(a)(5) (1975):4

Alabama Code § 13-11-4, entitled "Determination of sentence by court; court not bound by punishment fixed by jury" provided:

(emphasis added).

Magwood's crime, the murder of a law enforcement officer, is not listed as one of the aggravating circumstances in § 13-11-6. Additionally, the resentencing court specifically found that Magwood's crime did not qualify him for any of the aggravating circumstances enumerated in § 13-11-6.

Thus, although Magwood's conviction under § 13-11-2(a)(5) forced the jury to fix the punishment at death, the judge could nonetheless have sentenced Magwood to life imprisonment without parole. Magwood asserts that under § 13-11-4, the judge was required to set forth an aggravating circumstance from § 13-11-6. Magwood contends that because he indisputably did not have an aggravating circumstance listed in § 13-11-6, the judge was required to sentence him to life imprisonment.

B. Ex parte Kyzer

Kyzer was tried and convicted under Alabama's 1975 death penalty statute, § 13-11-2(a)(10), for first degree murder "wherein two or more human beings are intentionally killed by the defendant by one or a series of acts." Kyzer, 399 So.2d at 332. The Alabama Supreme Court concluded there was an evidentiary basis for lesser included offense instructions in Kyzer's case, and thus reversed and remanded for a new trial to be conducted in conformance with Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980).5 Kyzer, 399 So.2d at 333.

The Alabama Supreme Court went on to address the issue of whether the death penalty would be an available option to the State if Kyzer was retried. Kyzer, like Magwood, was convicted of an aggravated offense in § 13-11-2 for which the legislature failed to provide a corresponding aggravating circumstance in § 13-11-6. The Alabama Supreme Court stated: "[t]his case presents in purest form an anomaly in Alabama's Death Penalty Statute." Id. at 334. The Alabama Supreme Court concluded "[a] literal and technical reading of the statute" would lead to the conclusion that if the trial judge cannot find the existence of an aggravating circumstance other than the charge averred in the indictment, the trial judge must refuse to accept the death penalty as fixed by the jury. Id. at 337. The Alabama Supreme Court could think of no reason the Alabama legislature would have imposed such a result, however, and concluded the trial judge is authorized to use the charge averred in the indictment in lieu of an aggravating circumstance listed in § 13-11-6 to impose a sentence of death. Id. at 337-38.

C. Ex parte Stephens

In 2006, the Alabama Supreme Court held the discussion in Kyzer regarding the aggravating circumstances in sentencing was dicta and "completely irrelevant to our decision." Ex parte Stephens, 982 So.2d at 1152-53. The Alabama Supreme Court rejected the conclusion that the jury and the trial judge could find the charge averred in the indictment as the aggravating circumstance even though the charge is not listed in § 13-11-66 as an aggravating circumstance. Id. at 1153. The Court stated "Kyzer did not `hold' anything with respect to sentencing," and its discussion of aggravating circumstances "was premature and should not be persuasive." Id. The Court reasoned:

Id. (emphasis added).

D. Whether Magwood was eligible for the death penalty

Magwood's claim and the State's appeal are based on the retroactive application of Kyzer to his case. The Alabama Supreme Court has held in unambiguous, clear language that Kyzer is incorrect. Thus, we must determine whether Magwood's death sentence violated the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause when the case that was retroactively applied to him has since been held to be dicta and incorrectly decided.7

Stephens tells us that Kyzer should not have applied to Magwood's case. Therefore, Magwood was not eligible for the death penalty at the time of his conviction. Regardless of the conclusion that Magwood was ineligible for the death penalty under Alabama law, we must still consider whether Magwood has established a constitutional violation upon which federal habeas relief may be granted.

E. Procedural default

The State first argues Magwood has procedurally defaulted his constitutional claim that he did not have fair warning by failing to raise it in the State courts. Even assuming, arguendo, that Magwood did not sufficiently raise this claim, any procedural default is excused because Magwood meets the test of being actually innocent of the death penalty, as explained in Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 346-47, 112 S.Ct. 2514, 2523, 120 L.Ed.2d 269 (1992). "Sawyer excuses procedural default. . . when a petitioner shows by clear and convincing evidence that, but for a constitutional error, no reasonable juror would have found the petitioner eligible for the death penalty under the applicable state law." Cade v. Haley, 222 F.3d 1298, 1308 (11th Cir.2000) (quotations omitted). The actual innocence requirement focuses on those elements that render a defendant eligible for the death penalty. Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 345, 112 S.Ct. at 2522. This Court has explained that "the actual innocence exception applies to constitutional errors in capital sentencing only when the constitutional error resulted in the petitioner becoming statutorily eligible for a death sentence that could not otherwise have been imposed." Gilbert v. United States, 640 F.3d 1293, 1320 (11th Cir.2011) (en banc); see also Cade, 222 F.3d at 1308 ("[A] showing of actual innocence can only refer to those state-law requirements that must be satisfied to impose the death penalty, i.e., the elements of the capital crime and minimum required aggravating factors.").

Here, the only aggravation found by the sentencing body was the murder charge in the indictment. Stephens tells us that the charge of the murder of a law enforcement officer should not have been used as an aggravating circumstance to impose the death penalty, as it was not listed in § 13-11-6. See Stephens, 982 So.2d at 1153.

We conclude that but for the alleged violation of the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause, the judge could not have found any statutory aggravating factors and Magwood was therefore ineligible for the death penalty. See Gilbert, 640 F.3d at 1320. Thus, even if Magwood's claim is procedurally defaulted, he is the rare capital defendant who meets Sawyer's actual innocence exception and his procedural default is excused. See Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 346-47, 112 S.Ct. at 2523. We turn now to the constitutional error that Magwood has established.

F. Fair warning

As an initial matter, because Magwood arguably procedurally defaulted this claim, we do not have a state court adjudication of his fair-warning claim and our "review is not subject to the deferential standard that applies under [the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996] to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings." See Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 129 S.Ct. 1769, 1784, 173 L.Ed.2d 701 (2009) (quotations omitted). "Instead, the claim is reviewed de novo." Id.

Due process prohibits the retroactive application of judicial interpretations of criminal statutes that are "unexpected and indefensible by reference to the law which had been expressed prior to the conduct in issue." Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451, 461, 121 S.Ct. 1693, 1700, 149 L.Ed.2d 697 (2001) (quoting Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 354, 84 S.Ct. 1697, 1703, 12 L.Ed.2d 894 (1964)). In Bouie, the Supreme Court stated that "a deprivation of the right of fair warning can result . . . from an unforeseeable and retroactive judicial expansion of narrow and precise statutory language." Bouie, 378 U.S. at 352, 84 S.Ct. at 1702 (quotations omitted). "If a judicial construction of a criminal statute is unexpected and indefensible by reference to the law which had been expressed prior to the conduct in issue, it must not be given retroactive effect." Id. at 354, 84 S.Ct. at 1703. Rogers later clarified that if a judicial decision is a "routine exercise of common law decisionmaking in which the court brought the law into conformity with reason and common sense" rather than "a marked and unpredictable departure from prior precedent," its retroactive application to conduct that occurred before the decision was made would not contravene the fair-warning principle of the Due Process Clause. Rogers, 532 U.S. at 467, 121 S.Ct. at 1703.

"Although petitioner's claim is one of due process, the Constitution's Ex Post Facto Clause figures prominently in his argument." See id. at 456, 121 S.Ct. at 1697. This clause provides that "`[n]o State shall . . . pass any . . . ex post facto Law.'" Id. (quoting U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1). The Ex Post Facto Clause prohibits four distinct categories of legislative action: laws that (1) make innocent conduct criminal, (2) "aggravate[] a crime, or make[] it greater than it was, when committed;" (3) "change[] the punishment, and inflict[] a greater punishment," and (4) "alter[] the legal rules of evidence . . . in order to convict the offender." Id. (quoting Calder v. Bull, 3 Dall. 386, 390, 1 L.Ed. 648 (1798)). Although the Ex Post Facto clause deals with legislative action, the Supreme Court has observed that "limitations on ex post facto judicial decisionmaking are inherent in the notion of due process." Id.

Magwood's due process claim falls into the third Calder category. The State asserts that Bouie only dealt with Calder's first category, and that the Supreme Court clarified in Rogers that "nowhere in the [Bouie] opinion did we go so far as to incorporate jot-for-jot the specific categories of Calder into due process limitations on the retroactive application of judicial decisions." Id. at 459, 121 S.Ct. at 1699. The State contends the Supreme Court has not incorporated the third Calder category, retroactively increasing punishment, into the Due Process Clause. This Circuit has never decided this issue. See United States v. Duncan, 400 F.3d 1297, 1307 n. 12 (11th Cir.2005) ("assum[ing] arguendo, without deciding, that Rogers' fair warning principle does apply to retroactive increases of punishment as well as to the core Calder category of retroactive criminalization of conduct").

If, as the State suggests, we decline to extend Calder's third category to Bouie's holding in a capital case, it would necessarily "mean that no judicial expansion of a death-qualifying [aggravating] circumstance could ever be challenged under Bouie on retroactivity grounds." See Clark v. Brown, 450 F.3d 898, 912 (9th Cir.2006). Even though the Supreme Court has not explicitly incorporated the retroactive increase of punishment into its Bouie holding, we are mindful that "death is a different kind of punishment from any other which may be imposed in this country." Gardner v. Florida, 430 U.S. 349, 357, 97 S.Ct. 1197, 1204, 51 L.Ed.2d 393 (1977). Sawyer instructs us that convicting someone of a capital offense as opposed to a non-capital one is not a mere enhanced sentence, it is a sentence for which one can be "innocent." Sawyer, 505 U.S. at 345, 112 S.Ct. at 2522. Thus, while we express no opinion in the context of non-capital cases, we conclude that a capital defendant can raise a Bouie fair-warning challenge to a judicial interpretation of a statute that increases his punishment from life to death. See Clark, 450 F.3d at 913-16 (conducting a Bouie analysis of a death-qualifying special circumstance statute to determine whether it had been improperly expanded and retroactively applied); Webster v. Woodford, 369 F.3d 1062, 1073-75 (9th Cir.2004) (same).

In Magwood's case, we conclude that Kyzer was "an unforeseeable and retroactive judicial expansion of narrow and precise statutory language." See Bouie, 378 U.S. at 352, 84 S.Ct. at 1702. Alabama's death penalty statute provided that a jury should fix the punishment at death for a defendant who murders a law enforcement officer. Ala.Code § 13-11-2. Thus, Magwood's punishment should have been fixed at death by a jury. However, Alabama's statutory process for imposing the death penalty did not end with the jury fixing the punishment at death. The judge was required to perform an additional step. "Notwithstanding the fixing of the punishment at death by the jury . . . the court . . . shall set forth in writing as the basis for the sentence of death, findings of fact from the trial and the sentence hearing, which shall at least include . . . [o]ne or more of the aggravating circumstances enumerated in section 13-11-6." Ala.Code § 13-11-4 (emphasis added). There is no dispute that § 13-11-6 did not have a corresponding aggravating circumstance for the crime for which Magwood was convicted—the murder of a law enforcement officer. Additionally, the resentencing court specifically found that Magwood's crime did not qualify him for any of the aggravating circumstances listed in § 13-11-6.

Magwood became "eligible" for the death penalty only when Kyzer interpreted the statute to allow the charge in § 13-11-2 to be used in lieu of a § 13-11-6 aggravating circumstance for purposes of the judge's written sentencing findings.8 The Alabama Supreme Court admitted in Kyzer that "[a] literal and technical reading of the statute" would not allow a defendant to be sentenced to death absent an aggravating circumstance as provided in § 13-11-6. Kyzer, 399 So.2d at 337. Magwood did not have fair warning that a court, when faced with an unambiguous statute, would reject the literal interpretation. This conclusion is buttressed by the Alabama Supreme Court's pronouncement that "[t]he dicta in Kyzer conflicts with the plain language of the Alabama Criminal Code" and that Kyzer was "incorrect." Stephens, 982 So.2d at 1153.

We conclude that Kyzer's interpretation of the Alabama death penalty statute was an unexpected and indefensible construction of narrow and precise statutory language.9 See Bouie, 378 U.S. at 352, 84 S.Ct. at 1702. The application of Kyzer to Magwood's case violated the fair-warning requirement of the Due Process Clause. Thus, we affirm the district court's grant of Magwood's habeas petition.

AFFIRMED.