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                                                       [DO NOT PUBLISH]



          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                  FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                    ________________________

                           No. 12-11288
                     ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 6:11-cr-00049-JA-DAB-3



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                versus

ALEXANDR POSTICA,
a.k.a. Aleksandr,
a.k.a. Sasha,
a.k.a. Kumatru,
ALEKSANDRA LIUBINA,
a.k.a. Sasha,
a.k.a. Tess,
NATALIA FEDOROVA,
a.k.a. Katie,
a.k.a. Sonya,
a.k.a. Natasha,
ALINA PRIADKO,
a.k.a. Sophia,
SAIDA BABAEVA,
a.k.a. Sasha,
a.k.a. Tess,

                                                    Defendants - Appellants.
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                              ________________________

                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                   (December 31, 2013)

Before CARNES, Chief Judge, HULL and GARZA, ∗ Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

       The defendants in this case participated in a multi-state prostitution

enterprise involving spas where the masseuses offered to provide clients with

“happy endings” in exchange for cash. The scheme, however, did not end happily

for the five defendants who brought this appeal. A jury ultimately convicted all

five of them –– Alexandr Postica, Aleksandra Liubina, Natalia Federova, Alina

Priadko, and Saida Babaeva –– of aiding and abetting a violation of the Travel Act,

18 U.S.C. § 1952(a), and of conspiring to violate the Travel Act. Postica was also

convicted of conspiring to violate three additional statutes: 8 U.S.C. § 1328, 8

U.S.C. § 1324a(a)(1)(A), (a)(2), and 18 U.S.C. § 2421. The other four defendants

in this appeal were not charged with conspiring to violate those three other statutes.

The district court sentenced Postica to concurrent terms of 15 months

imprisonment while the other four defendants were sentenced to time served. They



       ∗
        Honorable Emilio M. Garza, United States Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit Court of
Appeals, sitting by designation.


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now appeal their convictions on various grounds. The defendants challenge their

convictions, not their sentences.

                                              I.

        Roman Caraiman was the leader of a multi-state prostitution scheme

involving spas in Orlando, Tampa, Atlanta, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Boston. At

those spas, female masseuses gave male customers massages and offered to

masturbate them for an additional charge, usually $40.00 or $50.00. Caraiman

advertised his spas over the Internet, and those ads provided a central telephone

number that prospective clients could call to set up appointments at the various

spas.

        In June 2010 Caraiman opened his Tampa spa, intending to staff that

location with women who had worked for him before. Two of those women,

Federova and Liubina, flew from Moscow to Miami on June 19, 2010. Caraiman

picked them up at the airport and drove them to Tampa. As part of an investigation

that began in July 2010, undercover detectives set up appointments for massages at

the Tampa spa. Those undercover detectives received massages from Federova

and Liubina, and both women offered to masturbate the detectives for an additional

$50.00.1



        1
        The prices were not, however, firm. When the detective told Liubina that he only had
$30.00 she offered to do it for that amount.
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      In October 2010 Federova and Liubina travelled from Tampa to Boston,

where they began working at another spa owned by Caraiman. As in the Tampa

investigation, undercover officers investigating Caraiman’s Boston spa got

massages and received offers from masseuses to masturbate them for more money.

Both Federova and Liubina spoke with Caraiman by cell phone while they were in

Boston, keeping him apprised of how business was going at the Boston spa.

Postica later took the two women to work at Caraiman’s spa in Detroit.

      In early November 2010, investigators conducting surveillance of

Caraiman’s Atlanta spa observed Priadko and Babaeva at that location. The next

month, however, the women were working at Caraiman’s Cincinnati spa.

Undercover officers investigating the Cincinnati spa received massages from

Priadko and Babaeva on separate occasions, and during those massages the two

women offered to masturbate the undercover officers for additional money. At

Caraiman’s request Postica soon brought Babaeva from Cincinnati to Detroit so

she could work at the Detroit spa. Postica, who helped Caraiman recruit women to

work at the various spas, was in charge of that Detroit spa. He also helped

Caraiman transport many of the female masseuses between the different spa

locations as part of the multi-state scheme.

      Caraiman’s scheme did not last. In February 2011 a federal grand jury

returned an indictment charging him and eleven other codefendants with


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conspiring to violate various federal laws, including the Travel Act. Eight of the

defendants were also charged with aiding and abetting substantive violations of the

Travel Act. Caraiman fled the United States before the authorities could arrest

him, and he had not been captured at the time of this trial. His eleven codefendants

were arrested and pleaded not guilty to the charges against them. A jury acquitted

five of them, but the other six were convicted on the substantive aiding and

abetting counts as well as the conspiracy count. Five of those convicted

defendants are the appellants now before us. 2

                                               II.

       Postica’s only contention on appeal is that two restrictions the district court

placed on his cross-examination of Agents Darrell McCaskill and Ryan Eggland

violated his Sixth Amendment right to present a complete defense.

       “Trial judges retain wide latitude to impose reasonable limits on cross-

examination based on concerns about, among other things, confusion of the issues

or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” United States v.

Baptista-Rodriguez, 

, 1370–71 (11th Cir. 1994). We review those

restrictions only for an abuse of discretion, 

the defendant claims

that the restrictions violated his Sixth Amendment rights. See United States v.

Lyons, 

, 1255–56 (11th Cir. 2005).

       2
         Tatiana Belinschi, the sixth codefendant who was found guilty, did not appeal her
convictions.
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      Cross-examination is a crucial element of a defendant’s right to confront

witnesses under the Sixth Amendment, and “[s]ignificant restrictions on cross-

examination can eviscerate this right and compel reversal.” United States v.

Berkowitz, 

, 1138 (5th Cir. Unit B Dec. 1981). However, the

defendant’s right to confront witnesses is not boundless. See 

“is

entitled only to an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-

examination that is effective” in whatever way he may wish. 

.

                                         A.

      During his cross-examination of Agent McCaskill, Postica sought to ask him

whether he was aware of any statements made by certain codefendants that

mentioned Postica while they were discussing illicit activity. He planned to ask

those questions only about codefendants whom he did not know, and for that

reason anticipated they would respond “no” to each question. His strategy was to

use those answers to suggest to the jury that the government could not prove he

knew of any ongoing conspiracy. The government objected to Postica’s line of

questioning, arguing that it would mislead the jury because if any of the other

codefendants had made statements to McCaskill implicating Postica, the Bruton

decision would prevent the government from having McCaskill testify about them.

See Bruton v. United States, 

, 

(1968). The jury could be


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misled. The district court ruled that it would not allow Postica to limit his

questions in the way he wanted. When questioning resumed, instead of asking

whether Agent McCaskill was aware of certain statements made by certain

codefendants, he asked if McCaskill knew whether Postica had discussed certain

things, such as masturbating spa clients, with those codefendants. McCaskill

responded that he did not know whether Postica had discussed those topics with

those codefendants.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion by restricting Postica’s cross-

examination of McCaskill. The questions that Postica was allowed to ask

prevented any misleading implications while still permitting him to advance his

defense theory that the government had not satisfied its burden of showing that

Postica was a knowing and intentional participant in the conspiracy. The

restrictions the district court imposed did not prevent Postica from presenting a

complete defense; he still had the opportunity to effectively cross-examine

McCaskill. See Kentucky v. Stincer, 

, 739, 

, 2664

(1987) (noting that a defendant is not entitled to “cross-examination that is

effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, [he] might wish”); Baptista-

. District courts have broad authority to restrict cross-

examination in order to avoid the risk that the jury will be misled or confused. See

(noting that district courts “retain wide


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latitude to impose reasonable limits on cross-examination” based on a variety of

concerns including “confusion of the issues”).

                                            B.

      During a brief recess in the middle of Postica’s cross-examination of Agent

Eggland, Postica told the court that he intended to go through each wiretap

recording the government had discussed (about fifty), have Eggland take the time

to review the transcript of it, and then ask him the same three questions about each

transcript. The district court recognized that would be an inefficient way to

question Eggland that would waste time. Because Postica expected to receive a

“no” response to all of his proposed questions, the court reasoned that it would be

more efficient for Postica to ask his three questions as to all the exhibits at once,

instead of repeating the three questions for each exhibit over and over again.

Using its authority under Federal Rule of Evidence 611, the court directed him to

streamline his strategy. At the district court’s direction, Postica listed all of the

exhibits he wanted to ask Eggland about, Eggland reviewed those transcripts while

the trial was recessed, and then Postica asked his three questions of Eggland as to

all of those transcripts at once.

      The district court’s ruling was not an abuse of discretion. Requiring Postica

to ask his three questions about the identified wiretaps all at once, instead of going

through each of the fifty conversations and wiretaps one by one, allowed him to


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establish the fact he wanted to put before the jury without wasting time. The

court’s reasonable exercise of control over the mode of questioning did not harm

Postica and was entirely appropriate under Rule 611. See Fed. R. Evid. 611(a)(2)

(noting that the “court should exercise reasonable control over the mode . . . of

examining witnesses . . . so as to avoid wasting time”).

                                          III.

      Federova, Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva were all convicted of aiding and

abetting substantive violations of the Travel Act and conspiring to violate the Act.

At the close of evidence, all four women moved under Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 29 for judgments of acquittal. The district court denied those motions.

They now challenge the court’s decision, arguing that there was insufficient

evidence to convict them on the aiding and abetting and conspiracy counts.

      “We review de novo the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial, and

we will not disturb a guilty verdict unless, given the evidence in the record, no trier

of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. White,

, 1213 (11th Cir. 2011) (quotation marks omitted); see also United

States v. Castro, 

, 1450 (11th Cir. 1996). “In reviewing the

sufficiency of the evidence, we look at the record in the light most favorable to the

verdict and draw all reasonable inferences and resolve all questions of credibility

in its favor.” 

(quotation marks omitted).


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       To prove guilt under the aiding and abetting counts the government had to

prove that: (1) at least one of the defendants violated the Travel Act, (2) Federova,

Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva committed an act that contributed to or furthered

the Travel Act violation, and (3) they intended to aid the violation. See United

States v. Camacho, 

, 1317 (11th Cir. 2000). To convict Federova,

Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva on the conspiracy count, the government had to

prove that (1) there was an agreement between each of them and at least one other

person to violate the Travel Act, (2) they knowingly and voluntarily participated in

that agreement, and (3) one of the conspirators committed an overt act in

furtherance of the agreement. See United States v. Hasson, 

, 1270

(11th Cir. 2003). The government is not limited at trial to proving the conspiracy

solely through the overt acts pleaded in the indictment. See United States v. Perez,

, 70 (5th Cir. 1973).3 Instead, it may prove the conspiracy by showing

other acts of the conspirators that occurred during the conspiracy. See United

States v. Ayres, 

, 62 (5th Cir. 1970).

       To establish a Travel Act violation, the government had to show that (1) a

defendant traveled or used a facility in interstate or foreign commerce, (2) with the

intent to promote, manage, establish, carry on, or facilitate unlawful activity, and


       3
        In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 

, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before
October 1, 1981.
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(3) thereafter actually attempted to or did in fact promote, manage, establish, carry

on, or facilitate the unlawful activity. 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a); see also United States

v. James, 

, 1345 (11th Cir. 2000). “Unlawful activity” under the

Travel Act includes “any business enterprise involving . . . prostitution offenses in

violation of the laws of the State in which they are committed or of the United

States.” 18 U.S.C. § 1952(b)(1). The government must show “a continuous course

of conduct to establish that a ‘business enterprise’ was involved.” 

.

        The government presented sufficient evidence to convict Federova, Liubina,

Priadko, and Babaeva on the aiding and abetting counts. There was abundant

evidence that, at the very least, Caraiman engaged in a continuous course of

conduct by traveling and using facilities in interstate and foreign commerce with

the intent to manage and carry on a business enterprise involving prostitution.

Reasonable jurors would have no trouble finding beyond a reasonable doubt that

Caraiman violated the Travel Act. See 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a); 

.

        The government also presented sufficient evidence for a reasonable juror to

conclude that Federova, Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva committed an act that

contributed to or furthered Caraiman’s Travel Act violation. Several detectives

testified at trial that all four women offered to masturbate them in exchange for


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money when the detectives went in for massages at Caraiman’s spas. In addition,

the government played wiretaps for the jury that showed several of the women

discussing business matters at the spas with Caraiman. That evidence was

sufficient to establish that all four women committed at least one act to further

Caraiman’s Travel Act violation. A reasonable juror also could have inferred that

based on their conduct the four intended to aid Caraiman. See United States v.

Gooding, 

, 428 (5th Cir. 1973) (“It is well established that intent, an

element of the offense, may be inferred from objective facts, such as defendant's

conduct immediately before and after travel.”); see also United States v. Maxwell,

, 1301 (11th Cir. 2009); Lancaster v. Newsome, 

, 370

(11th Cir. 1989) (“It should be emphasized that juries are free to infer intent from

conduct.”). For these reasons, we conclude that the government presented

sufficient evidence to convict Federova, Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva of aiding

and abetting a Travel Act violation, and the district court did not err in denying

their Rule 29 motions on those counts.

      We similarly conclude that there was sufficient evidence to convict those

four defendants of conspiring to violate the Travel Act. The evidence at trial

showed that Federova, Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva all engaged in similar

conduct by offering to masturbate clients for money and traveling across state lines

to work at several of Caraiman’s spas. Evidence of their participation in virtually


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the same illegal conduct was sufficient to allow a reasonable juror to infer that

there was an agreement among the defendants to engage in conduct that violated

the Travel Act and that Federova, Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva knowingly and

voluntarily participated in that agreement. See, e.g., United States v. Seher, 

, 1364 (11th Cir. 2009) (“The government can show the existence of [a

conspiracy] via circumstantial evidence, which would include making inferences

based on the conduct of those allegedly involved in the scheme.”); United States v.

Macko, 

, 1533 (11th Cir. 1993) (“Circumstantial evidence may

prove knowledge and intent.”); United States v. Slone, 

, 803 (5th Cir.

1979) (“[T]he necessary guilty knowledge, often difficult to prove through direct

evidence, may be inferred from other circumstantial evidence.”) (quotation marks

omitted). Finally, evidence that all four women offered to masturbate clients for

money was sufficient for a jury to conclude that the women committed overt acts

to further the conspiracy. For these reasons, the evidence was sufficient to convict

Federova, Liubina, Priadko, and Babaeva of conspiring to violate the Travel Act.4


       4
          As part of her sufficiency challenge, Liubina also argues that the government proved at
best several separate conspiracies, instead of the single larger conspiracy charged in the
indictment. She claims that this material variance requires reversal of her conviction. To
determine whether a variance occurred, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government and ask whether a reasonable juror could have found the existence of a single
conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Coy, 

, 633 (11th Cir. 1994).
A single conspiracy may exist even if a particular co-conspirator did not participate in every
stage of the conspiracy. United States v. Moore, 

, 1042 (11th Cir. 2008). What
matters is that the co-conspirator’s actions “facilitated the endeavors of other co-conspirators, or
facilitated the venture as a whole.” 

original). The evidence at trial showed that
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                                              IV.

       In its jury instructions, the district court provided the jury with a general

definition of prostitution under the law of all the states where Caraiman operated

spas. Federova now contends that the district court erred by providing that general

definition instead of Florida’s specific definition of prostitution, as expressed in

Florida Standard Criminal Jury Instruction 23.5. She did not ask the district court

to provide the jury with that specific instruction at trial, and she did not object to

the instructions that the court did give the jury. Therefore, we review her argument

only for plain error. See United States v. Gibson, 

, 1275 (11th Cir.

2013); United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 1298 (11th Cir. 2005). Under

that standard, Federova has the burden of showing that (1) an error occurred, (2)

the error was plain, and (3) it affected her substantial rights. United States v. Felts,

, 1344 (11th Cir. 2009).

       Federova’s argument fails because she cannot meet the second or third

requirements of the plain error standard. First, she cannot show any error that was

plain. “In order to be plain enough for the plain error rule, an asserted error must

be clear from the plain meaning of a statute or constitutional provision, or from a


Caraiman was the key man in the conspiracy, operating spas in five states and employing
Liubina and others to work in several of them. Based on that evidence, a reasonable juror could
have found that a single conspiracy existed beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v.
Edouard, 

, 1347 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he finding of a single conspiracy is
permitted where a ‘key man’ directs and coordinates the activities and individual efforts of
various combinations of people.”).
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holding of the Supreme Court or this Court.” 

. Our

predecessor court specifically rejected the contention that the district court erred by

not providing the jury with the state law definition of arson, which was the relevant

unlawful activity (like prostitution here) underlying the Travel Act violation in that

case. United States v. Conway, 

, 1051–52 (5th Cir. 1975) (“‘Arson’

is a commonly used and understood word. There was sufficient evidence upon

which the jury could find that the appellant traveled in interstate commerce with

intent to bomb and/or burn a Maryland building. There is no requirement that the

jury be instructed on the Maryland definition of arson and there is no reversible

error here.”). We are bound by Conway’s holding. In light of it, the district court

did not commit any error, much less plain error, by instructing the jury as it did on

the definition of prostitution.

       Nor has Federova carried her burden of proving that the district court’s

instruction affected her substantial rights. To establish that the district court’s

failure to instruct the jury on Florida’s definition of prostitution affected her

substantial rights, Federova must show that the omission affected the outcome of

her case. 

. In other words, she must show a

“reasonable probability of a different result” but for the district court’s failure to

give the jury that instruction. 

of showing prejudice to meet the

third-prong requirement is anything but easy.” 

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       Because Caraiman’s business enterprise operated in several states and

Federova was charged with aiding and abetting and conspiring to operate that

larger enterprise, the outcome here would have been different only if her actions

and those of her codefendants did not qualify as prostitution in any of the states

where Caraiman ran spas. See 18 U.S.C. § 1952(b) (providing that “‘unlawful

activity’ means (1) any business enterprise involving . . . prostitution offenses in

violation of the laws of the State in which they are committed or of the United

States”). Federova does not argue that giving the jury Florida’s definition of

prostitution would have led it to conclude that the acts occurring in Michigan,

Ohio, Massachusetts, and Georgia did not qualify as prostitution under the laws of

those states. Therefore, she has not carried her burden of establishing that she

would have been acquitted, but for the omission from the jury instructions. 5

           AFFIRMED. 6




       5
          Federova also complains that the court’s jury instructions were confusing and allowed
the jury to convict her based on conduct not charged in the indictment. After reviewing the
court’s jury instructions, we conclude that Federova’s argument is meritless.
       6
       This appeal was originally scheduled for oral argument but was removed from the oral
argument calendar by unanimous agreement of the panel under 11th Cir. R. 34-3(f).
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