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                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]



             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 13-10370
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                        Agency No. A087-896-554



MINERVA MARTINEZ-ESTRADA,

                                                                      Petitioner,

                                    versus


U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                      Respondent.

                       ________________________

                  Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                        ________________________

                             (September 18, 2013)

Before WILSON, MARTIN and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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       Minerva Martinez-Estrada seeks review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ (BIA) order affirming the Immigration Judge’s (IJ) denial of her

application for asylum pursuant to the Immigration and Nationality Act, § 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(a), withholding of removal under 8 U.S.C. 1231(b)(3), and withholding of

removal under the United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel,

Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c). On

appeal, Martinez-Estrada argues that she demonstrated extraordinary

circumstances justifying the untimeliness of her asylum application, which she

filed approximately ten years after her entry into the United States. She also

argues that the BIA and IJ erred in making an adverse credibility finding against

her.1 After review of the parties’ briefs, we dismiss Martinez-Estrada’s petition in

part and deny it in part.

                                               I.

       We consider our own subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Chao Lin v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 

, 1045 (11th Cir. 2012). An applicant for asylum must

demonstrate “by clear and convincing evidence that the [asylum] application has

been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the United States.” 8

U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). We lack jurisdiction to review “any determination of the


       1
        Martinez-Estrada did not raise the denial of her application for CAT relief on appeal. In
any event, she did not exhaust her CAT claim before the BIA, so we lack jurisdiction to review
it. Amaya Artunduaga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1250–51 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam).
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Attorney General under paragraph (2),” which includes the timeliness of asylum

applications. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). Because Martinez-Estrada’s asylum

application was filed ten years after her entry into the United States, we lack

jurisdiction to review the BIA’s decision regarding the timeliness of her

application. Consequently, we dismiss her asylum petition for lack of jurisdiction.

See Sanchez Jimenez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1231 (11th Cir. 2007)

(holding that we lack jurisdiction where the IJ found no evidence to excuse delay).

                                          II.

      We review only the decision of the BIA, unless to the extent that the BIA

expressly adopts the IJ’s opinion or reasoning. Cole v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 523 (11th Cir. 2013), petition for cert. filed, 

(U.S. June 12,

2013) (No. 12-1435). If the BIA explicitly agrees with the IJ’s findings, then we

review both decisions as to the agreed-upon issues. Ayala v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 948 (11th Cir. 2010). In this case, the BIA expressly stated that it agreed

with the IJ’s adverse credibility determination and based its disposition of the

appeal on the IJ’s findings. Consequently, we review both the IJ and BIA

decisions as they relate to Martinez-Estrada’s credibility.

      We review factual determinations, including credibility determinations,

under the substantial evidence test. Xiu Ying Wu v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

,

492 (11th Cir. 2013). We must affirm if the decision “is supported by reasonable,


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substantial, and probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” 

omitted). Using this test, reversal is appropriate only if

“the record not only supports reversal, but compels it.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      An applicant is eligible for withholding of removal if she can demonstrate

that her “life or freedom would be threatened on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

Mendoza v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1287 (11th Cir. 2003). The “alien

bears the burden of demonstrating that [s]he more-likely-than-not would be

persecuted or tortured” upon return to her country. 

ways to meet

this burden: (1) the alien may directly demonstrate a future threat to her life or

freedom based on a protected ground, or (2) she may establish past persecution

based on a protected ground, which gives rise to a rebuttable presumption of a

future threat of persecution. 

whether a basis for granting asylum or withholding of

removal exists, an IJ must assess whether the applicant is credible. See Niftaliev v.

U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1215 (11th Cir. 2007). A credibility determination

must be based on the totality of the circumstances, and the IJ may consider: (1) the

demeanor, candor, and responsiveness of the applicant; (2) the plausibility of the

applicant’s account; (3) the consistency between the applicant’s written and oral


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statements; (4) the internal consistency of each statement; and (5) the consistency

of the applicant’s statements with other record evidence, including country reports.

8 U.S.C. §1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Moreover, an adverse-credibility determination may

be based on inconsistencies, inaccuracies, or falsehoods, regardless of whether they

relate to the heart of an applicant’s claim. 

BIA must offer “specific, cogent reasons” for an adverse-

credibility determination. Shkambi v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 584 F.3d 1041,1048 (11th

Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[A] denial of relief

can be based entirely on an adverse credibility determination if the applicant fails

to provide sufficient corroborating evidence.” Todorovic v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1324 (11th Cir. 2010). Once an adverse credibility determination is

made, the applicant bears the burden on appeal of showing that the determination

was not supported by specific, cogent reasons or was not based on substantial

evidence. Tang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 

, 1277 (11th Cir. 2009).

      Here, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and IJ’s denial of

Martinez-Estrada’s withholding of removal claim based on the adverse-credibility

determinations. Martinez-Estrada claimed persecution by members of the Mara

gang after they fatally poisoned her brother: they targeted her as the oldest

surviving sibling, sent threatening letters to her mother, and went to her mother’s

home. Her testimony, however, tells a different story. Martinez-Estrada gave


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incorrect dates for crucial events, including the year and month of her brother’s

death and the year the Maras went to her mother’s house, which was the event that

supposedly prompted her to leave the country. She failed to produce corroborating

evidence to support her claims, and the evidence that she did produce—a letter

from her mother and her brother’s death certificate—was inconsistent with her

testimony. She testified that she was targeted because she was the oldest child,

while her mother’s letter stated that she was targeted for investigating her brother’s

death. Martinez-Estrada said that her brother was killed for trying to leave the

Maras, whereas her mother’s letter said he was killed for reasons unknown to the

family. The letter does not mention any such incident where people came to the

house and threatened Martinez-Estrada. In fact, the letter fails to include any

reference to the Maras or any other type of gang activity. Instead, it refers only

generally to “they” and “the problems.” Furthermore, Martinez-Estrada stated in

her application that her brother was poisoned in a bar and that her father found him

there already dead. Her mother’s letter, conversely, stated that he was poisoned in

a store. The death certificate presented a third version: her brother died in a

domicile.

      On appeal, Martinez-Estrada attempts to reconcile these inconsistencies.

She claims she was nervous during testimony, thus causing her to mix-up key

dates. She also claims that the letter was written under duress and her mother’s


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explanation for the threats—that Martinez-Estrada wanted to investigate her

brother’s death—is consistent with her own testimony that she was targeted as the

oldest child because she felt responsibility to investigate on behalf of her brother.

The BIA rejected these arguments in its opinion, and so do we. See Chen v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 

, 1233 (11th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (concluding that

even tenable explanations for implausible aspects of testimony did not compel

reversal of adverse-credibility finding, especially in light of dearth of corroborating

evidence).

      Next, Martinez-Estrada contends that the IJ gave inordinate evidentiary

weight to her mother’s letter. This argument fails to persuade. The IJ and BIA

were entitled to base their credibility finding on the inconsistencies between

Martinez-Estrada’s testimony and her mother’s letter, and to find Martinez-Estrada

not credible in light of those inconsistencies. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).

The BIA relied on the letter merely to the extent that it cited inconsistences or

discrepancies between its contents and Martinez-Estrada’s testimony. Such

reliance is proper in reaching a finding of adverse credibility. See 

the substantive merits of her withholding

of removal claim. We cannot address the substantive merits of her claim, however,

because the BIA based its decision to dismiss Martinez-Estrada’s appeal only on

its agreement with the IJ’s adverse-credibility determination; the BIA found it


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unnecessary to reach the substantive merits of her withholding of removal

application. See 

n.4 (noting that because the IJ limited his

discussion to the petitioner’s credibility, this court was “confined to reviewing the

IJ’s adverse credibility determination”).

      The record does not compel a finding that Martinez-Estrada’s testimony was

credible because substantial evidence supports the IJ’s and BIA’s adverse-

credibility determination. Accordingly, we deny Martinez-Estrada’s petition

challenging the BIA’s decision regarding her removal claim.

      PETITION DISMISSED IN PART, DENIED IN PART.




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