Roberto Garza-Mendez, a Mexican citizen who pled guilty to unlawful re-entry into the United States by an aggravated felon, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2), appeals the calculation of his sentence. The district judge applied an 8-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C) (2011) for Garza-Mendez's Georgia-family-violence-battery conviction, declined to give him a variance or departure based on cultural assimilation, and imposed a 3-year term of supervised release, including a special condition requiring Garza-Mendez to report his address from Mexico after he is deported. We affirm.
Garza-Mendez's deportation from the United States resulted from his guilty plea and conviction under a Georgia-family-violence-battery statute for striking his girlfriend, the mother of his three minor children, causing visible bodily injury. On August 30, 2007, he was sentenced to confinement for 12 months; the remainder of his sentence was probated after he had served 30 hours in prison. Garza-Mendez was deported from the United States to Mexico on January 25, 2011.
In February 2011, he illegally re-entered this country and subsequently was arrested for striking an unattended vehicle and driving without a driver's license on January 27, 2012. Following confinement in local custody for these offenses, Garza-Mendez was released to the custody of the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement on outstanding warrants for failure to appear and probation violation on February 7, 2012. He was transferred to the United States Marshals Service on March 9, 2012. A grand jury indicted him for illegal re-entry into the United States on March 6, 2012.
The only sentence calculation by the Probation Office in his Pre-Sentence Investigation Report to which Garza-Mendez objected was the addition of 8 levels under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C) for his previous conviction of an aggravated felony, the family-violence battery.
Following Garza-Mendez's guilty plea to the family-violence battery, Gwinnett County Judge Matthew Robins sentenced Garza-Mendez on August 30, 2007, to "12 months" of "confinement in the Gwinnett County Comprehensive Correctional Complex," credited him "30 hours" for time served, permitted the remainder of the sentence to be served on probation, and fined him "$350.00." R1-14 Ex. 1. Following his apprehension for illegal re-entry into the United States in January 2012, Garza-Mendez sought a clarification of his sentence. On April 17, 2012, Gwinnett County Judge Pamela D. Smith issued a clarification order:
R1-14 Ex. 2.
At his June 26, 2012, federal sentencing for illegal re-entry into the United States of a previously deported alien, Garza-Mendez argued the state-court clarification order showed he had not been sentenced to 12 months of imprisonment for his family-violence-battery crime. Consequently, he contended he should not have an 8-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C) for a crime, where the sentence was not 12 months of confinement. The district judge denied this objection, denied his request for downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n. 8 for cultural assimilation, and imposed a reporting requirement from Mexico as a special condition of his supervised release. He sentenced Garza-Mendez to the middle of the Sentencing Guidelines range: 20 months of imprisonment, 3 years of supervised release, and a $100 mandatory special assessment. R1-17 at 1-4. Following imposition of his sentence, Garza-Mendez objected to the application of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C), the failure to depart for cultural assimilation, and the special condition of his supervised release requiring him to report from Mexico. He pursues these issues on appeal.
Under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C), "[i]f the defendant previously was deported" and had "a conviction for an aggravated felony," the sentencing judge must increase the sentence "by
On appeal, "Garza-Mendez does not contend that [his state] conviction is not a `crime of violence' under 18 U.S.C. § 16"; instead, he argues that he was not sentenced to an imprisonment term of at least one year. Appellant's Br. at 13. He bases his argument on another Gwinnett County judge's clarification order stating he had not been sentenced to 12 months of incarceration. In overruling Garza-Mendez's objection at sentencing, the district judge found the clarification "[wa]s simply the judge's stating what actually she intended to happen, but it doesn't impact the actual imposition of the sentence that was imposed." R3 at 150-51 (emphasis added). "We review questions of law with respect to the district court's application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo." United States v. Aguilar-Ortiz, 450 F.3d 1271, 1272 (11th Cir.2006).
There are three problems with the argument presented by Garza-Mendez concerning
Garza-Mendez did not challenge his 12-month-confinement sentence, when it was imposed in 2007. Five years later, his counsel requested a clarification from a different state-court judge in April 2012, prior to his June 26, 2012, federal sentencing for illegal re-entry into the United States. The substantial period between the imposition of Garza-Mendez's original sentence and the clarification of that sentence by a different state judge, strategically timed to precede and influence his federal sentence for illegal re-entry into the United States, presents an issue of first impression in our circuit.
Because this is a federal case for unlawful re-entry into the United States following deportation and involves the interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines and federal statutes, a federal judge is in a better position to interpret the state-sentence order regarding its effect on Garza-Mendez's federal sentence under federal law than another state judge, who did not impose his sentence. See Aguilar-Ortiz, 450 F.3d at 1273 (stating a federal court generally "look[s] no farther than the judgment of conviction" and applicable federal statutes to determine "whether a prior conviction is a qualifying offense for enhancement purposes"). The original state sentence plainly speaks for itself but then must be interpreted under federal law in federal court concerning a federal crime.
Accordingly, our interpretation of whether Garza-Mendez's original sentence was an imprisonment term of at least one year governs, not the subjective, interpretive clarification order obtained from a different state judge five years after imposition of the sentence for the purpose of preventing an 8-level enhancement for his state-battery conviction. Garza-Mendez pled guilty to a state crime of violence, which he does not contest, and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of at least one year. That qualifies as an aggravated felony as defined by 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F), which made application of the 8-level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C) proper.
Garza-Mendez contends the district judge erred for failing to depart downward based on his cultural assimilation in the United States under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n. 8. The Sentencing Guidelines allow departure under cultural assimilation only where
U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n. 8. In determining whether this departure is appropriate, the sentencing judge considers:
Id. In denying his request for a departure or variance for cultural assimilation, Garza-Mendez argues the judge had a single-minded focus on his criminal history with no consideration of his assimilation into the United States.
We review all sentences "under a deferential abuse-of-discretion standard." Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007). A district judge need not discuss each 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factor in explaining a sentence, provided defendant's arguments at sentencing are considered, and the judge states "the § 3553(a) factors [have been taken] into account." United States v. Sanchez, 586 F.3d 918, 936 (11th Cir.2009). "The weight to be accorded any given § 3553(a) factor is a matter committed to the sound discretion of the district court"; we will not remand for resentencing unless "we are left with the definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing the § 3553 factors by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable sentences dictated by the facts of the case." United States v. Clay, 483 F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir.2007) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
The sentencing judge recognized that Garza-Mendez's "immigration history is that he's in the United States illegally" and "he illegally returned to the United States," which is the basis of his conviction under 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). R3 at 160. In addition, the government noted his criminal history in the United States was "extremely lengthy." Id. at 163. Although brought to the United States "as a child at seven" in 1996, "[a]fter he turned 17 in 2006 is when his criminal history began," and "basically every year from 2006 through 2012, he was arrested and/or convicted for crimes in the U.S." Id. Garza-Mendez had "ten convictions for either
The district judge recognized that, prior to his illegal return to the United States, Garza-Mendez "had a history of not being able to comport his conduct to the law, including striking a woman that is apparently the mother of his children." Id. at 160. "[H]e will be sentenced based in part upon his criminal history and his ... inability to conform his conduct to the laws of the United States." Id. at 161. In denying Garza-Mendez a departure for cultural assimilation, the judge explained:
Id. at 167-68. He also said he had "looked at all the factors under 3553" and concluded "the community is entitled to a just punishment. That's what most—half of the factors deal with, and that is just punishment, deterring you." Id. at 171.
The judge determined Garza-Mendez's criminal history both before and after he was deported outweighed the other § 3553(a) factors. Therefore, he concluded a departure or variance for cultural assimilation was inappropriate for Garza-Mendez and sentenced him to 20 months of imprisonment. Based on our review of the record and sentencing proceedings, we find no abuse of discretion in the judge's declining to accord Garza-Mendez a departure or variance on cultural assimilation.
Garza-Mendez challenges the district judge's requiring him to report from Mexico during his 3-year term of supervised release, following his deportation. A special condition of Garza-Mendez's supervised release states that, after his deportation, he
R3 at 176. On appeal, he further contends U.S.S.G. § 5D1.1(c) instructs a sentencing judge not to impose supervised release, when the convicted defendant is likely to be deported following imprisonment.
Similar to this case, Guzman concerned a Mexican citizen, who illegally reentered the United States after being deported. He contended on appeal his 3-year term of supervised release was unreasonable, because it included strict extraterritorial reporting requirements. Since the government would know of his deportation, he argued the reporting requirement was not reasonably related to the § 3553(a) factors. We determined his reporting was not imposed to confirm Guzman had been deported but to ensure he remained in Mexico by allowing his probation officer to monitor his location. Guzman, 558 F.3d at 1265. We concluded the reporting requirement to verify Guzman remained in Mexico was reasonably related to several § 3553(a) factors: his unlawful re-entry crime, deterrence from illegally re-entering the United States again, and protection for the public from his future attempt to re-enter this country unlawfully. Id.; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B)-(C). This rationale applies to Garza-Mendez's same contentions.
To the extent Garza-Mendez argues that 3 years of reporting his location from Mexico is overly focused on deterrence, his re-entry into the United States a month after his deportation in 2011 belies his
I respectfully dissent from Part II.A of the Majority Opinion, which holds that Mr. Garza-Mendez's family violence battery conviction is an "aggravated felony" for purposes of United States Sentencing Guidelines (USSG) § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C). Unlike the Majority, I believe a proper application of our precedent requires the District Court to defer to the clarification order issued by the Gwinnett County State Court, which clearly states that Mr. Garza-Mendez's sentence for his family violence battery conviction was 12 months of probation, with the first 30 hours served in custody, not 12 months of incarceration. State v. Garza-Mendez, No.2007-D-04212-S5 (Ga.Gwinnett Cty.Ct. Apr. 17, 2012) (Order Clarifying Sentence). Deferring to this order, I would find that Mr. Garza-Mendez's conviction does not constitute an "aggravated felony" because he did not receive a "term of imprisonment" of at least one year. See United States v. Guzman-Bera, 216 F.3d 1019, 1021 (11th Cir. 2000) (holding that "when a court does not order a period of incarceration and then suspend it, but instead imposes probation directly, the conviction is not an `aggravated felony'") (quoting United States v. Banda-Zamora, 178 F.3d 728, 730 (5th Cir.1999)).
I also write separately, however, to express my concerns about the Majority's astonishing refusal to defer to the State Court's order. The failure to do so is not consistent with the longstanding tradition in this Court of promoting comity between state and federal courts in criminal cases. In the vast majority of criminal cases, deference to comity works to the detriment of federal defendants because it bars them from challenging their State Court convictions, which are used to enhance their federal sentences. See, e.g., United States v. Phillips, 120 F.3d 227, 231 (11th Cir.1997) ("Collateral attacks on prior convictions are allowed in federal sentencing proceedings in one narrow circumstance only: when the conviction was obtained in violation of the defendant's right to counsel."); United States v. Jackson, 57 F.3d 1012, 1018 (11th Cir.1995) ("Generally, we do not allow a defendant to collaterally attack in the sentence proceeding convictions being used to enhance his sentence.").
This case, of course, presents one of the rare instances in which showing deference and comity to the State Court would benefit a federal defendant. But here, in contrast to our usual practice, the Majority shows no comity and no deference to an order of the State Court clarifying the terms of the sentence that it imposed on Mr. Garza-Mendez. The Majority's refusal to credit the State Court's clarification of its own sentence is perplexing, especially given that, in my experience, we do not scrutinize State Court judgments in the same way when they result in a harsher sentence for criminal defendants. See, e.g., United States v. Sanchez, 586 F.3d 918, 931 (11th Cir.2009) ("Except for convictions that are presumptively void, a defendant may not use a sentencing proceeding to mount a collateral attack on a prior conviction."); United States v. Brand, 163 F.3d 1268, 1275 (11th Cir.1998) ("Brand's collateral attack of the state court order is not cognizable.").
The Majority's efforts to justify its lack of comity are not persuasive. Although the Majority correctly points out that the state judge who issued the clarification order was not the sentencing judge,
The Majority also suggests that the State Court's clarification order need not be given any weight because it involves the interpretation of a "state-sentence form as to federal law." This argument, however, is simply wrong on its face. Nowhere does the State Court's clarification order reflect an attempt to apply federal law in determining how the Sentencing Guidelines should be applied to Mr. Garza-Mendez in this case. All that the order purports to do is clarify that Mr. Garza-Mendez's sentence for his family violence battery conviction was 12 months of probation, with the first 30 hours to be served in custody, rather than 12 months of incarceration. Even though this clarification may have the practical effect of resolving the aggravated felony enhancement issue in this case, the record before us is utterly devoid of any indication that the State Court attempted to answer any questions of federal law in its order. Rather, all of its determinations were either factual or based on state law, and we owe deference to these determinations. See Baggett v. First Nat'l Bank of Gainesville, 117 F.3d 1342, 1353 (11th Cir.1997) ("State courts, not federal courts, should be the final arbiters of state law.").
Finally, the Majority implies that the State Court's order is not reliable because it was "strategically timed" by Mr. Garza-Mendez's attorney "for the purpose of preventing an 8-level enhancement." But I see no reason at all why the State Court's order should be given any less deference because it was obtained by Mr. Garza-Mendez's attorney. Certainly we give no less deference to State Court sentencing orders obtained and presented by prosecutors. We also know that, as a general rule, federal criminal defendants are not permitted to collaterally attack a prior State Court conviction in federal court. See Custis v. United States, 511 U.S. 485, 496-97, 114 S.Ct. 1732, 1738-39, 128 L.Ed.2d 517 (1994) (holding that with the sole exception of convictions obtained in violation of the right to counsel, defendant has no right under the Armed Career Criminal Act or the Constitution to collaterally attack a prior State Court conviction at his federal sentencing proceeding). This being the case, the only way that Mr. Garza could attack or clarify his prior State Court conviction was to go back to the State Court that imposed it. See United States v. Medlock, 12 F.3d 185, 189 (11th Cir.1994) ("Our system of federalism does not envision federal sentencing courts sitting as open-door review boards at the beck and call of defendants who have failed to avail themselves of well-established
I close by emphasizing again that the Majority's lack of deference here is striking because, in my experience, it has always been the practice of this Court to exercise great deference to State Court judgments in criminal cases, especially when comity bars defendants from obtaining relief in federal court. Surely it is true that equal justice requires us to show deference and comity to State Court judgments in all situations, whether it serves to help or hurt a defendant in our Court. Indeed, it must be our charge to prevent the principle of comity from being reduced to a mere tool that works only to the disadvantage of criminal defendants. Cf. United States v. Early, 686 F.3d 1219, 1223-25 (11th Cir.2012) (Martin, J., concurring) (observing that this Court typically upholds any upward variance above the Sentencing Guidelines range but rarely shows deference to a sentencing court's decision to grant a downward variance).
I respectfully dissent to the denial of relief to Mr. Garza-Mendez with respect to the use of his 2007 family violence battery conviction to enhance the federal sentence we consider here.
We do not suggest the subsequent state judge was attempting to apply federal law in the clarification order. As the district judge recognized, the subsequent Gwinnett County judge may think that is what the sentencing judge meant to do, but that is not what he did. Comity is respect for the law of another jurisdiction, but not blind adherence! See Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale v. U.S. Dist. Court for the S. Dist. of Iowa, 482 U.S. 522, 543 n. 27, 107 S.Ct. 2542, 96 L.Ed.2d 461 (1987) ("`"Comity," in the legal sense, is neither a matter of absolute obligation, on the one hand, nor of mere courtesy and good will, upon the other.'" (quoting Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 163-64, 16 S.Ct. 139, 40 L.Ed. 95 (1895))); see also Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 305, 112 S.Ct. 2482, 120 L.Ed.2d 225 (1992) (O'Connor, J., concurring) ("We have always held that federal courts, even on habeas, have an independent obligation to say what the law is."). This case is not about comity; it concerns applying the correct federal law to Garza-Mendez's federal sentence for illegal re-entry into the United States.
The dissent's assertion that we use comity only when it increases a defendant's sentence is off the mark. When comity aids defendants in reducing federal sentences, the overwhelming probabilities are there would be no appeals. The dissent does not cite one case in the posture of this case, where defense counsel obtained a clarification order of a state-court sentence well after the state procedural period for challenging the sentence had expired to attempt to alter a later federal sentence in federal court. Under the circumstances of this case, the district judge determined the subsequent state-court clarification order was not entitled to deference, because of the unambiguous language of the sentencing order as well as federal statutory and circuit law. The dissent's charges impugning the integrity of our court are both outrageous and totally unfounded.
