Case: 12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 1 of 15


                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]


                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 12-13925
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

          D.C. Docket Nos. 1:08-cr-20896-MGC-4; 1:11-cv-23080-MGC

DUANE MILLER,


                                                                 Petitioner-Appellant,

                                        versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,


                                                               Respondent-Appellee.
                           ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                   (April 3, 2014)

Before TJOFLAT, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

      Duane Miller, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the district

court’s denial of his motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his conviction and
                Case: 12-13925       Date Filed: 04/03/2014      Page: 2 of 15


sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. On appeal, Miller argues that the District Court

erred by denying his § 2255 motion in which he claimed in relevant part that his

trial counsel was ineffective for (1) failing to inform him of his right to testify at

trial, and (2) failing to move to strike a juror who had been present in the

courtroom during a hearing on Miller’s motion in limine to exclude evidence.

Although the District Court denied Miller’s § 2255 motion, it granted a certificate

of appealability (“COA”) as to those two issues. In his notice of appeal, Miller

requested that we also consider a third issue he had raised in his § 2255 motion—

that his trial counsel was ineffective at sentencing by failing to advise the District

Court that he was entitled to receive credit for time served in state custody. We

construed his notice of appeal as a motion to expand the COA and denied the

motion. In his appellate brief, Miller again argues that a COA was warranted as to

the additional issue in his § 2255 motion. 1

          Upon review of the record and consideration of the parties’ briefs, we

affirm.

                                               I.

       As part of an investigation into activities at several drug operations in

Miami, separate wiretaps were established on the cellular telephones operated by


       1
         In his appellate brief, Miller again argues that a COA was warranted as to the
additional issue in his § 2255 motion. We do not consider the argument.

                                                2
              Case: 12-13925    Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 3 of 15


John Ladson and Kilvin Jasmin. Ladson and Jasmin each operated separate drug

operations, but they discussed drugs sold, drug prices, and the presence of police in

the area. Jasmin employed several people in his business of selling drugs,

including defendant Duane Miller and Danny Glover. The intercepted phone calls

revealed numerous instances when Jasmin and Miller discussed the sale of drugs.

      A grand jury indicted Miller for conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute more than 50 grams of crack cocaine and detectable amounts of a

mixture and substance containing cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 846. The indictment alleged that the conspiracy began on or about March 1,

2007, and continued until on or about September 26, 2008.

      Before trial, Miller filed a motion in limine to preclude the Government from

introducing evidence under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b). The Government

opposed the motion. After jury selection, the District Court held a hearing, outside

the presence of the jury, to address Miller’s motion in limine. At the hearing, the

Government began with providing notice of its intent to rely on Miller’s prior state

conviction for the purpose of seeking a sentencing enhancement that would

increase the relevant statutory range under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) to 20 years to

life imprisonment. Miller did not object to that notice. But Miller did object to the

Government’s notice that it would introduce certain evidence, including testimony

and recorded statements regarding related arrests and drug transactions that


                                          3
              Case: 12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014     Page: 4 of 15


occurred outside the timeframe of the indictment. Miller argued that the evidence

was nothing more than propensity evidence that was not inextricably intertwined

with the charged offense and that the Government was simply attempting to

expand the indictment and the anticipated testimony.

      At some point during the hearing, the Government advised the District Court

that a juror was in the courtroom. The court verified that the individual was a juror

in the case and excused her from the courtroom. The proceedings continued

without further discussion about the juror. The District Court allowed the

Government to introduce evidence of Miller’s prior drug transactions outside the

timeframe of the indictment in order to provide the relevant backstory regarding

Miller’s participation in the conspiracy for which he had been indicted. The court

also permitted the Government to introduce evidence regarding Miller’s September

2007, arrest for marijuana possession.

      At the beginning of the trial, the District Court instructed the jury that: (1) it

was the jury’s duty to find the facts based on the evidence presented; (2) nothing

said during the trial should be taken to indicate a particular verdict; (3) the

evidence consisted of the witnesses’ testimony, documents and other items

received into evidence, and any facts agreed upon by the parties or instructed to be

found by the court; and (4) statements, arguments, and questions by the parties’

lawyers were not evidence.


                                           4
             Case: 12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 5 of 15


      At trial, Jasmin, who was serving a 15-year prison sentence, testified about

Miller’s involvement with drug transactions both inside and outside the timeframe

of his indictment. Jasmin testified that he met Miller in 2001 or 2002. Miller

eventually began working for him selling drugs, and Jasmin continued to keep in

touch with Miller over the years, from 2001 to 2007. Miller’s work for Jasmin in

2007 consisted of him bagging cocaine, delivering drugs, and serving as a lookout

for the police. Jasmin testified about the events that transpired on December 6,

2007. On December 6, 2007, Jasmin was in his backyard with Miller and Glover

when Glover got a phone call from John Ladson, the leader of another drug

operation. After Glover got off the call, he asked Miller to go with him

somewhere. Glover had bagged drugs for Ladson before and Ladson had called

Jasmin earlier in the day looking for Glover so Ladson could ask him to bag drugs.

Jasmin thus assumed that Glover was going to go bag drugs and wanted Miller to

go with him so he could do the same. Jasmin testified that he advised Miller not

to go with Glover because Miller had just gotten out of jail the day before. Miller

did not heed Jasmin’s advice and left with Glover. Miller’s counsel objected to

Jasmin’s mention of Miller’s jail time, and the District Court sustained the

objection. The Government then asked Jasmin whether Miller had bagged drugs

for Ladson in the past, and Jasmin answered in the affirmative. Jasmin explained




                                          5
              Case: 12-13925        Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 6 of 15


that knew about Miller’s history of bagging drugs for Ladson because Miller had

done the bagging for Ladson in Jasmin’s house.

      Miller’s attorney moved for a mistrial on the grounds that Jasmin’s

testimony that Miller had just gotten out of jail and had been separately involved

with Ladson's drug organization was prejudicial and was not allowed by the court's

ruling on the motion in limine. The District Court denied the motion for a mistrial

but struck Jasmin's answer for inadequate foundation. The court also instructed the

Government to clarify its questions. The court asked Miller if he wanted a limiting

instruction, but Miller declined.

      The Government also called as a witness a police officer with the City of

Miami Police Department, William Goins, who described Miller’s arrest for

marijuana possession in September 2007. Goins testified that on September 6,

2007, he was on patrol when he smelled marijuana and saw a car parked in the

middle of the road. He observed the occupants of the car, Miller and Glover, pass

a marijuana cigarette between each other. When Goins pulled up next to the car,

Miller dropped the marijuana cigarette to the ground. Goins approached the car,

asked them to get out, and placed them under arrest for marijuana possession.

Goins then searched the car and found in the glove compartment a bag of crack

cocaine that weighed 70.6 grams. Goins testified that Miller was not charged for

possession of crack cocaine; he was only charged with possession of marijuana.


                                             6
              Case: 12-13925      Date Filed: 04/03/2014    Page: 7 of 15


      The Government’s cooperating witness, Jamal Pratt, also took the stand.

Pratt, who at the time was incarcerated for selling drugs for Jasmin, testified about

Miller’s participation in Jasmin’s drug organization. Pratt stated that Miller had to

stop bringing drugs to Pratt in 2008 because Miller got arrested. Miller’s attorney

successfully objected to this testimony.

      Miller did not testify at trial. On request of Miller’s counsel, the District

Court gave the jury instruction that it should consider similar uncharged criminal

acts of Miller for the limited purpose of determining whether Miller had the state

of mind or intent necessary to commit the charged crime.

      The jury found Miller guilty of conspiracy to possess with the intent to

distribute more than 50 grams of crack cocaine and detectable amounts of cocaine

and marijuana. The District Court sentenced Miller to 240 months’ imprisonment.

Miller timely appealed. On appeal, Miller argued that the District Court erred in

denying his motion in limine to preclude evidence of his history of drug dealing

with Jasmin as early as 2001 and his September 2007 arrest for marijuana

possession. United States v. Miller, 431 F. App’x 847, 854 (11th Cir. 2011). He

also argued that the District Court erred by not granting a mistrial after Jasmin and

Pratt testified that Miller had been to jail. Miller did not argue that his trial counsel

was ineffective. We rejected both claims and affirmed Miller’s conviction. See 

12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 8 of 15


       On August 28, 2011, Miller filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his

conviction and sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 based on five claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel. The two claims at issue in this appeal are that Miller’s trial

counsel was ineffective for failing to allow him to testify and for failing to move to

strike the juror who was present in the courtroom.. In support of his motion, Miller

   filed a declaration, which he signed under penalty of perjury, stating that his

 attorney never advised him that he had the right to testify and that he would have

  chosen to testify had he been informed of this right. Miller also stated that his

attorney told him that the juror’s presence, though unusual, would not be an issue.

The District Court referred the § 2255 motion to a Magistrate Judge, who issued a

Report and Recommendation (“R&R”), recommending that the District Court deny

the motion. The judge also recommended that the District Court deny a certificate

  of appealability. Over Miller’s objections, the District Court adopted the R&R

  with respect to the merits. The court issued a COA as to the above two claims.

                                               II.

      In a proceeding on a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence, we

review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, and we review legal

issues de novo. Lynn v. United States, 

, 1232 (11th Cir. 2004).

Whether counsel was ineffective is a mixed question of law and fact that we

review de novo. Gomez-Diaz v. United States, 

, 790 (11th Cir. 2005).


                                           8
              Case: 12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014     Page: 9 of 15


We review a district court’s decision to grant or deny an evidentiary hearing for

abuse of discretion. McNair v. Campbell, 

, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005).

      A prisoner in federal custody may file a motion to vacate, set aside, or

correct sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, “claiming the right to be released

upon the ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or

laws of the United States, or that the court was without jurisdiction to impose such

sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or

is otherwise subject to collateral attack.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). Unless the claimed

error involves lack of jurisdiction or a constitutional violation, however, § 2255

relief is limited. United States v. Addonizio, 

, 185, 

,

2240, 

(1979).

      The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[i]n

all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the

Assistance of Counsel for his defense.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. To establish a

constitutional claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, a prisoner must prove

two things: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient

performance prejudiced the outcome of the case. Strickland v. Washington,

, 687, 

, 2064, 

(1984). Because both

prongs must be satisfied, we may decline to review either prong of this test if the

prisoner makes an insufficient showing on the other prong. 

104 S.Ct. at


                                           9
              Case: 12-13925    Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 10 of 15


2069. To prove deficient performance, the prisoner must show that counsel made

errors so serious that he failed to function as the counsel guaranteed by the Sixth

Amendment. 

104 S.Ct. at 2064. We measure attorney performance

based on prevailing professional norms, and scrutiny of counsel’s performance is

highly deferential. 

104 S.Ct. at 2065. A strong presumption exists

that counsel’s performance fell within the range of reasonable professional

assistance. 

104 S.Ct. at 2065. If the record is incomplete or unclear

about counsel’s actions, then it is presumed that counsel exercised reasonable

professional judgment. Chandler v. United States, 

, 1314 n.15 (11th

Cir. 2000).

      To establish prejudice under Strickland’s second prong, “[t]he defendant

must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”

, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. A reasonable probability is one

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. 

cannot

merely show that the error had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the

proceeding. 

104 S.Ct. at 2067.

                                         III.

                                         A.




                                         10
               Case: 12-13925    Date Filed: 04/03/2014   Page: 11 of 15


       Miller argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel during trial

because his attorney failed to inform or otherwise advise him that he had the right

to testify on his own. In support of this argument, Miller asserts that his testimony

would have cleared up any misconceptions the jury would have had about the 70.6

grams of crack cocaine found in the car with him during his September 2007, arrest

for marijuana possession. Miller contends that the District Court erred in denying

an evidentiary hearing to resolve whether his attorney had advised him about his

right to testify.

       “[A] criminal defendant has a fundamental constitutional right to testify in

his or her own behalf at trial.” United States v. Teague, 

, 1532 (11th

Cir. 1992) (en banc). Defense counsel invades this right by either refusing to

accept the defendant’s decision to testify or failing to inform the defendant of the

right to testify. 

       To establish the deficient performance prong of his ineffective counsel

claim, Miller presented his own self-serving statement that his attorney failed to

inform him of his right to testify. Miller, however, did sign this statement under

penalty of perjury, and there was no contrary evidence in the record indicating that

his attorney did inform him of his right to testify. Additionally, the content of

Miller’s affidavit was not clearly improbable, and failing to inform Miller of his

right to testify, if true, would have constituted deficient performance. When the


                                          11
             Case: 12-13925      Date Filed: 04/03/2014    Page: 12 of 15


record is unclear as to what took place, it is presumed that Miller’s attorney

exercised reasonable professional judgment, 

n.15, but

in the absence of evidence contradicting Miller’s statements, Miller may be able to

establish deficient performance.

      But even assuming, arguendo, that Miller establishes deficient performance,

his claim still fails because he cannot establish prejudice. See Strickland, 466 U.S.

at 

. Miller states that his testimony would have cleared the

misconceptions the jury had about the September 2007 arrest. The case against

Miller, however, consisted of other, significant testimony regarding his

involvement in the conspiracy. Jasmin testified that Miller bagged cocaine,

delivered drugs, and looked out for police. Pratt also testified about Miller’s

involvement in Jasmin’s drug organization. In light of this testimony from other

witnesses about Miller’s involvement in the conspiracy—testimony that

sufficiently established his guilt—the fact that Miller did not testify to clear up the

story surrounding a previous arrest was insufficient to undermine confidence in the

trial’s outcome. See 

, 104S.Ct. at 2068. Because

Miller cannot demonstrate prejudice, an evidentiary hearing was unnecessary to

resolve the factual issues of whether Miller’s attorney in fact advised him of his

right to testify at trial. See Diaz v. United States, 

, 834 (11th Cir.

1991) (holding that an evidentiary hearing is not necessary when the record


                                          12
             Case: 12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014    Page: 13 of 15


conclusively shows that a habeas petitioner was not denied effective assistance of

counsel). Accordingly, the District Court did not err in refusing to grant an

evidentiary hearing on whether Miller’s attorney had advised him about his right to

testify and in ultimately denying § 2255 relief on the grounds that Miller’s attorney

provided ineffective assistance in failing to inform him about his right to testify on

his own behalf.

                                          B.

      Miller also argues that his attorney was ineffective for failing to move to

strike the juror that was in the courtroom during the hearing on Miller’s motion in

limine. He contends that the District Court erred for failing to grant an evidentiary

hearing to determine whether the juror was biased.

      Unfortunately for Miller, he cannot establish deficient performance or

prejudice arising from his attorney’s failure to seek dismissal of the juror. When

the Government advised the District Court about the juror’s presence in the

courtroom, the District Court responded by dismissing the juror. Miller concedes

that the record does not contain any evidence establishing what, if anything, the

juror overheard or even how long the juror had been present. Additionally, at no

point during the hearing on the motion in limine, did any party express any concern

about the juror’s presence in the courtroom.




                                          13
              Case: 12-13925    Date Filed: 04/03/2014    Page: 14 of 15


      A trial court possesses broad discretion in determining how to proceed when

confronted with allegations of juror bias. United States v. Yonn, 

,

1344-45 (11th Cir. 1983). The discretion extends to the initial decision of whether

or not to interrogate jurors regarding bias. 

more speculative or

unsubstantiated the allegation of juror misconduct, the lower the burden is for a

trial court to investigate. United States v. Caldwell, 

, 998 (11th Cir.

1985). “In the absence of a colorable showing that the conduct complained of

impugned in any way the integrity of the trial process, the district court [is] not

required to make further inquiries or to conduct a hearing and its refusal to do so

did not constitute an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Barshov, 

,

852 (11th Cir. 1984). Where, as here, Miller cannot establish whether the juror

was tainted by what she heard and the District Court enjoys wide discretion in

addressing such allegations, Miller cannot establish deficient performance on the

part of his attorney.

      Even assuming that Miller could establish deficient performance, his

ineffective assistance claim would still fail because he cannot establish that failing

to strike the juror prejudiced the outcome of his trial. After dismissing the juror

from the hearing on the motion in limine, the District Court gave jury instructions

regarding what constituted evidence in the case and the proper consideration of

such evidence. Jurors are presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions. United


                                          14
             Case: 12-13925     Date Filed: 04/03/2014    Page: 15 of 15


States v. Ramirez, 

, 1352 (11th Cir. 2005). Thus, the jury

instructions mitigated any information that the juror might have overheard

concerning the potential sentence Miller was to receive or extrinsic evidence of

activity that took place outside of the charged conspiracy. Moreover, in light of

Jasmin and Pratt’s testimony establishing Miller’s guilt for his participation in the

conspiracy, Miller cannot show that failing to strike the juror undermined

confidence in the trial’s outcome. Accordingly, the failure to strike the juror was

simply insufficient to prejudice the outcome of the trial. See 

, 104S.Ct. at 2068.

      For the foregoing reasons, the District Court’s decision is

      AFFIRMED.




                                          15