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                                                                           [PUBLISH]

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                                   No. 13-10280
                             ________________________

                        D.C. Docket No. 1:07-cv-02764-RWS


JOHN DOE,

                                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                          versus

OFFICER WOOTEN,
in his individual capacity, et al.,

                                                                           Defendants,

RICK STOVER,
in his individual and official capacities,
DIRECTOR, FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS,
in his official capacity,

                                                               Defendants-Appellees.
                             ________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Georgia
                           ________________________

                                      (April 8, 2014)
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Before PRYOR and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and HONEYWELL, ∗ District Judge.

MARTIN, Circuit Judge:

         The Supreme Court has reminded us:

         It is no small matter to deprive a litigant of the rewards of its efforts,
         particularly in a case that has been litigated up to this Court and back
         down again. Such action on grounds of mootness would be justified
         only if it were absolutely clear that the litigant no longer had any need
         of the judicial protection that it sought.

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater, 

, 224, 

, 726

(2000) (per curiam).

         The case now before us began in 2007 and is here on its second trip to this

Court. By this appeal, John Doe 1 challenges the District Court’s order dismissing

as moot his lawsuit alleging that two Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) officials

violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment. After careful review and with the

benefit of oral argument, we conclude that the defendants failed to demonstrate

unambiguous termination of the challenged conduct. We therefore reverse the

District Court’s order and remand for further proceedings.

                                                I.

         Mr. Doe was convicted in the District of Columbia for violations of the D.C.

Code and has since been incarcerated in various prisons run by the BOP. His


*
 Honorable Charlene Edwards Honeywell, United States District Judge for the Middle District
of Florida, sitting by designation.
1
    Mr. Doe was granted leave to proceed under a pseudonym based on concerns for his safety.
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complaint alleges the following facts, which on a motion to dismiss are accepted as

true. Nat’l Ass’n of Bds. of Pharmacy v. Bd. of Regents, 

, 1301 n.3

(11th Cir. 2011).

      While Mr. Doe was incarcerated at the United States Penitentiary (USP) in

Atlanta, a BOP officer coerced him into sexual relations. In 2004, Mr. Doe

cooperated with a federal investigation of the officer by wearing a wire and

engaging the officer in conversation about their earlier sexual interactions. The

officer resigned as a result of the investigation. In return for his role in the

investigation, Mr. Doe was promised that he would be kept safe and would be

transferred to a lower security prison.

      Soon after the investigation ended, Mr. Doe was transferred to a lower

security BOP facility in Alabama for several months. However, he was then

transferred to USP Coleman, a high-security facility in Florida. Mr. Doe filed a

confidential grievance about his placement, which explained his situation. But the

BOP failed to use the confidential correspondence channels in addressing this

grievance, and sent its response through standard prison mail. As a result, staff at

USP Coleman read Mr. Doe’s grievance and learned of his role as an informant at

USP Atlanta against another BOP officer. Within hours of the USP Coleman staff

learning this about Mr. Doe, he alleges he was put in a cell with two known sexual

offenders, who severely beat and assaulted him. Mr. Doe required hospitalization


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as a result of this assault. For his protection, he was then moved to the special

housing unit, severely restricted housing where prisoners spend up to 23 ½ hours a

day in their cells and cannot participate in programs available to the general

population.

       Mr. Doe was then transferred around to several high-security BOP locations,

where he often ended up in the special housing unit for his protection because of

threats of retaliation against him. On one of these transfers, he was sent through

and held at USP Atlanta until an officer there recognized the danger of retaliation

against Mr. Doe and had him moved.

       While at one of these high-security facilities, USP Victorville, Mr. Doe filed

another request for transfer to a low- or medium-security BOP facility based on his

cooperation, and resulting threats and retaliation. The USP Victorville warden

granted his grievance. Mr. Doe’s attorney then contacted Rick Stover, a Senior

Designator at the BOP’s Designation and Sentence Computation Center (DSCC),

which makes all transfer decisions and housing assignments. Mr. Stover

responded that he had all the information he needed and was aware of Mr. Doe’s

specific risk.

       But Mr. Doe was not transferred to a lower security prison. He was instead

first sent to the Federal Transit Center in Oklahoma City and then back to USP

Atlanta. In Atlanta, Mr. Doe was beaten by a BOP officer so badly that he


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required a trip to the emergency room. After returning from the hospital he was

briefly placed in the special housing unit of USP Atlanta and then sent to another

high-security facility, USP Big Sandy in Kentucky. At USP Big Sandy, a little less

than a year later, he was again attacked, this time by a fellow inmate who Mr. Doe

says referred to “what you did in Atlanta.” Soon after the attack in Kentucky, Mr.

Doe filed this lawsuit.

       Even while this suit was pending, Mr. Doe was transferred to at least four

more high-security BOP prisons, despite two wardens’ recommendations that he be

moved to a medium-security facility. During these transfers he suffered two more

attacks purportedly linked to his reputation as an informant. After the second

attack, Mr. Doe tried to take his own life.

       Mr. Doe’s lawsuit alleged that Mr. Stover and the then-Director of the BOP,

Harley Lappin, violated his Eighth Amendment rights against cruel and unusual

punishment by being deliberately indifferent to the protection he required after he

assisted the BOP in the investigation of its own officer in Atlanta. 2 After years of



2
  The two remaining individual defendants in this case are Mr. Stover, a senior member of the
BOP’s DSCC, and current BOP Director Charles Samuels, Jr. Mr. Doe’s remaining claims
against them are in their official capacities only. Doe v. Wooten, 376 F. App’x 883, 884 (11th
Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (affirming the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to Mr. Stover
in his individual capacity). For simplicity, we refer to these two defendants collectively as the
BOP. Contrary to the BOP’s arguments, Messers. Stover and Samuels—or any successors later
substituted automatically pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d)—have the authority through their
positions at the BOP to implement the injunctive relief Mr. Doe seeks. This Court has already
affirmed that the violations alleged here are appropriate for injunctive relief, Doe, 376 F. App’x
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litigation, including an appeal to this Court, the District Court scheduled the case

for trial to begin on April 16, 2012. Mr. Doe sought (1) an injunction preventing

the BOP from placing him in or transporting him through the BOP facility in

Atlanta; and (2) an injunction requiring the BOP to have Mr. Doe removed from a

high-security BOP facility and placed either in a medium-security BOP facility, a

state prison facility, or in a BOP witness protection program.

       Days before the scheduled trial date, the BOP moved to dismiss the case.

The BOP said it had taken action, just before filing the motion, that rendered Mr.

Doe’s claims moot. The motion to dismiss included an affidavit explaining that

Mr. Doe’s record in the BOP’s inmate computer system now had a “Do Not Erase”

entry that Mr. Doe should not be assigned to or transported through USP Atlanta.

The affidavit also averred that the BOP had gotten an agreement to allow the

transfer of Mr. Doe to the custody of an unnamed state department of corrections.

The BOP soon filed proof of Mr. Doe’s transfer to the Colorado Department of

Corrections.

       Mr. Doe opposed the BOP’s motion to dismiss, arguing that it had still failed

to demonstrate that Mr. Doe would not be returned to a high-security BOP facility

in the future. While he acknowledged that his recent move to the Colorado prison




at 884, and on remand the District Court found the BOP is capable of providing Mr. Doe with the
requested relief.
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and the instructions entered into his file were positive developments that mitigated

the danger to him, Mr. Doe argued he was still entitled to injunctive relief to

prevent the BOP from returning him to a high-security federal prison absent a

material change in circumstances justifying the transfer.

       After briefing, the District Court granted the BOP’s motion to dismiss,

relying heavily on the principle that a government actor that voluntarily ceases

objectionable behavior enjoys a rebuttable presumption that it will not recur. The

District Court found the controversy was moot because Mr. Doe failed to

overcome the presumption by showing “a substantial likelihood” that he would be

returned to a high-security BOP facility.

       Mr. Doe then filed this appeal.

                                               II.

       A District Court’s decision on mootness is a question of law we review de

novo. 3 See, e.g., Troiano v. Supervisor of Elections, 

, 1282 (11th

Cir. 2004). It is well settled that when a defendant chooses to end a challenged

practice, this choice does not always deprive a federal court of its power to decide

3
 The BOP contends that Mr. Doe waived several of his appeal arguments challenging the
District Court’s mootness determination because they were not raised expressly before the
District Court. We reject this BOP argument because “[w]hen a party presents something on
appeal that is part and parcel of its original argument, then we will consider it.” Info. Sys. &
Networks Corp. v. City of Atlanta, 

, 1227 n.7 (11th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Even if we were to credit the BOP’s characterization of Mr. Doe’s arguments,
we would still reach the mootness issues presented here, because we have an independent
obligation to assure ourselves of the justiciability of a controversy under Article III. See
Ouachita Watch League v. Jacobs, 

, 1170 (11th Cir. 2006).
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the legality of the practice. Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs.

(TOC), Inc., 

, 189, 

, 708 (2000). “[A] defendant

claiming that its voluntary compliance moots a case bears the formidable burden of

showing that it is absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not

reasonably be expected to recur.” 

120 S. Ct. at 709. The Supreme

Court has applied this same standard in cases involving government actors. See,

e.g., Parents Involved in Cmty. Sch. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1, 

, 719,

, 2751 (2007); Adarand 

, 120 S. Ct. at

726.

       In keeping with these Supreme Court decisions, this Court also employs this

standard, even for government actors. Harrell v. Fla. Bar, 

, 1268

(11th Cir. 2010) (reaffirming the principle that the initial “heavy” burden remains

with the government actor to show “that it is absolutely clear that the allegedly

wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur” (internal quotation

marks omitted)). Because of the unique characteristics of public defendants,

, this Court often gives government actors “more leeway

than private parties in the presumption that they are unlikely to resume illegal

activities,” Coral Springs St. Sys., Inc., v. City of Sunrise, 

, 1328–29

(11th Cir. 2004). We have called this leeway that we extend to government actors

a “rebuttable presumption,” 

, or a “lesser burden,” Rich


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v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 

, 531 (11th Cir. 2013). This

presumption is particularly warranted in cases where the government repealed or

amended a challenged statute or policy—often a clear indicator of unambiguous

termination. See 

–84.

      In applying this presumption, we have held that once a government actor

establishes unambiguous termination of the challenged conduct, the controversy

“will be moot in the absence of some reasonable basis to believe that the policy

will be reinstated if the suit is terminated.” 

Consistent with our

precedent, we emphasize that the government actor is entitled to this presumption

only after it has shown unambiguous termination of the complained of activity.

–68 (“[W]e are unable to say that the Board, through its

decision, ‘unambiguously terminated’ the challenged application of Rule 4-

7.2(c)(2) to Harrell’s slogan, as required to invoke the presumption we identified in

Troiano.”).

      In conducting both the initial inquiry of unambiguous termination as well as

the following evaluation about whether there is a reasonable basis the challenged

conduct will recur, this Court has considered the following factors: (1) “whether

the termination of the offending conduct was unambiguous;” (2) “whether the

change in government policy or conduct appears to be the result of substantial

deliberation, or is simply an attempt to manipulate jurisdiction;” and (3) “whether


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the government has ‘consistently applied’ a new policy or adhered to a new course

of conduct.” 

–32 (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Bds. of 

). The timing and content of the cessation decision are also

relevant in evaluating whether the defendant’s stopping of the challenged conduct

is sufficiently unambiguous. 

also “more likely to find a reasonable

expectation of recurrence when the challenged behavior constituted a continuing

practice or was otherwise deliberate.” Atheists of Fla., Inc. v. City of Lakeland,

, 594 (11th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). These

factors are not exhaustive and the analysis may vary depending on the facts and

circumstances of a particular case. See Md. Cas. Co. v. Pac. Coal & Oil Co., 

, 273, 

, 512 (1941) (noting the difficulty in fashioning a

precise test of universal application for determining whether a request for

declaratory relief has become moot).

      With this legal framework in mind, we now turn to the mootness issue

presented here.




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                                           B.

      We will first consider whether the District Court applied the correct legal

standard. Second we must decide whether Mr. Doe’s request for injunctive relief

prohibiting his return to a high-security BOP facility is moot.

      The District Court, quoting Troiano, described the applicable legal standard

by saying “an assertion of mootness involving government actors will only be

rejected ‘where there is a substantial likelihood that the offending policy will be

reinstated if the suit is terminated.’” But while it is true that this language does

appear in 

–84, this is not the standard we applied in

Troiano or in later cases involving voluntary cessation by government actors.

Highlighting the condition precedent, we held in Troiano that “a challenge to a

government policy that has been unambiguously terminated will be moot in the

absence of some reasonable basis to believe that the policy will be reinstated if the

suit is terminated.” 

(emphasis added). In other words, the government

is—and always has been—required to justify application of the presumption before

benefiting from it.

      The District Court skipped this crucial first step by failing to require the

government to shoulder its initial burden and therefore improperly shifting the

burden to Mr. Doe. And in any event, the District Court applied the wrong

standard for rebutting the government actor’s presumption. The District Court


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called upon Mr. Doe to show a “substantial likelihood” that the government

conduct would resume, when instead the correct standard is a “reasonable basis to

believe that the policy will be reinstated if the suit is terminated.” 

apply the correct legal standard to the facts of Mr. Doe’s case, we

conclude that his request for injunctive relief is not moot. The BOP has not met its

“formidable” or “heavy” burden of establishing “that it is absolutely clear the

allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur” or that the

challenged conduct has been unambiguously terminated. Friends of the Earth, 

–90, 120 S. Ct. at 708–09; 

–68. It is true

that Mr. Doe has now been moved to a state facility. However, given the facts of

this case, considered in light of the factors this Court has reviewed in deciding

earlier voluntary cessation cases, the BOP has not met its initial burden to show

Mr. Doe will not be returned to a high-security BOP facility.

      The mere fact that the BOP transferred Mr. Doe to the Colorado State

Corrections system simply does not show that the BOP has unambiguously

terminated its pattern of transferring Mr. Doe to one high-security prison after

another. We note that the BOP has never said Mr. Doe will not be transferred back

to a high-security facility. Hardwick v. Brinson, 

, 800 (5th Cir. 1975)

(“[C]ounsel for defendants were unable to advise that appellant would not be

returned to the Reidsville Prison. Thus the same alleged conduct which appellant


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complains of may recur.”); 4 accord 

(noting Florida has

“never promised not to resume the prior practice” (internal quotation marks

omitted)); Jager v. Douglas Cnty. Sch. Dist., 

, 833–34 (11th Cir.

1989) (rejecting mootness argument where no formal policy was adopted and

defendants never promised not to resume the prior practice). Instead the BOP

makes indirect statements about how the record does not show any evidence that

Mr. Doe will be moved. These statements do not carry the day for the BOP,

because it is the BOP’s burden to show that Mr. Doe will not be moved, not Mr.

Doe’s burden to show he will. Friends of the Earth, 

, 120 S.

Ct. at 709; 

–68.

       Our review of the record leads us to conclude that the BOP cannot meet this

burden. Mr. Doe’s assignment to a state facility is not permanent and is subject to

review every two years. The BOP agreement with Colorado could change for any

number of unrelated reasons requiring Mr. Doe’s reassignment—fiscal budgets,

political will, or Mr. Doe’s behavior among them. The BOP has not identified any

evidence in the record that could support a contrary finding, and our own review

has revealed none. See 

(“There is nothing to suggest that




4
 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 

(11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as binding
precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981. 

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Florida will not simply end the new kosher meal program at some point in the

future, just as it did in 2007.”).

          To the contrary, the fact that Mr. Doe has been transferred repeatedly over a

period of years supports a finding of likely recurrence. See Atheists of Fla., 

. This circumstance distinguishes Mr. Doe’s case from one like

Preiser v. Newkirk, where “[a]ll of the developments since the original challenged

transfer” showed a pattern of changed conduct rather than “a mere voluntary

cessation of allegedly illegal conduct” on the eve of trial. 

, 401–02,

, 2334–35 (1975) (internal alteration and quotation marks omitted).

In Newkirk, the prison system promptly addressed the prisoner’s concern after one

offending transfer, making a notation in his file to counteract the effect of the

disputed transfer and then returning him to his original housing placement, as well

as making a second favorable transfer at a later time. 

95 S. Ct. at 2334–

35. For Mr. Doe, the BOP has for years transferred him to objectionable facilities.

Indeed, this practice continued even after he filed suit. See Nat’l Ass’n of Bds. of

(considering the fact that “the Board of Regents made

similar promises before . . . and failed to keep them, prompting the current law

suit”).

          Further, neither the timing nor the substance of the BOP’s decision indicate

an unambiguous termination. 

. After years of litigation


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and questionable transfer decisions, the BOP suddenly changed its position days

before Mr. Doe’s trial was set to begin. This timing suggests a change was made

simply to deprive the District Court of jurisdiction. Compare 

(elections supervisor made changes even before lawsuit was filed), with

(“[T]he Board took up the matter of Harrell’s

advertisements only at the urging of the Bar’s counsel after this litigation had

commenced . . . .”). The BOP’s affidavit itself indicates that the state transfer

decision was based on “recent[] review” of Mr. Doe’s status. The record also

evidences that the BOP was able to make arrangements for Mr. Doe’s transfer to

Colorado in a matter of months or less, which is a remarkably short period of time

after years of inaction. This strongly suggests that the most recent transfer of Mr.

Doe was motivated by short-term convenience rather than long-term policy.

      As for the substance of the decision, the BOP’s documents show that the

reason given for Mr. Doe’s transfer to state custody was not his safety, but

purportedly “to ensure the safety and orderly running of” USP Coleman II. The

transfer request also gives the reason for Mr. Doe’s move as his failure “to

maintain any extended period of good adjustment in the High level facilities

available in the Bureau of Prisons.” On the record before us, the reasons given by

the BOP for Mr. Doe’s move do not establish that it intended to respond to Mr.

Doe’s concerns. And there is simply no indication that the BOP “intends to hold


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steady in its revised . . . course.” 

. As we have noted, the

BOP has told us nothing about how Mr. Doe’s future transfers will or should be

evaluated. See Nat’l Ass’n of Bds. of 

(noting in

finding that infringing activities by professor had not been unambiguously

terminated that “canceling the August review course did not bar a future course”).

      Neither is there evidence of any substantial deliberation. The BOP does not

explain why it decided to make the transfer now, when it had failed to do so

earlier. We are mindful that Mr. Doe had been recommended for transfer to

medium-security BOP facilities by BOP wardens going as far back as 2006. See

(finding reasonable basis to conclude infringement might continue

where counsel did not provide any reasoned basis for the voluntary cessation). “As

a result, we have no idea whether the [BOP’s] decision was ‘well-reasoned’ and

therefore likely to endure.” 

–67 (“[I]f a governmental

entity decides in a clandestine or irregular manner to cease a challenged behavior,

it can hardly be said that its ‘termination’ of the behavior is unambiguous.”).

Throughout Mr. Doe’s incarceration, the BOP has taken inconsistent positions

about whether his conviction renders him ineligible, regardless of his good conduct

or safety concerns, to be placed in anything but a high-security BOP facility. In

sum, the BOP’s record on the placement of Mr. Doe shows more confusion and

inconsistency than substantial deliberation.


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      Considering all the circumstances of Mr. Doe’s case and applying the proper

standard for evaluating voluntary cessation by a government actor, we conclude

that the BOP failed to carry its burden to demonstrate unambiguous termination of

the challenged conduct. Mr. Doe’s lawsuit is therefore not moot.

                                        III.

      The District Court’s order dismissing Mr. Doe’s claims as moot is reversed

and this case is remanded for further proceedings.

REVERSED and REMANDED.




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